Trends in Electrical Transmission

Trends in Electrical Transmission and Distribution Technology
Professor Chris DeMarco

Power Systems Engineering Research Center(PSERC) Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA demarco@engr.wisc.edu
C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 1
PSERC
Main Points for Todays Talk

Self-Promotion: past & continuing role of UW-Madison and other Universities in basic research that fed grid technologies & developments. Context: policy developments in the energy industry; most recently, 2005 Energy Policy Act. Hardware: highlight some technologies poised for wider application power electronics & FACTS devices; advanced conductor materials and superconductors; wide-area grid monitoring & visualization.
PSERC
Part I: Self-Promotion (of course)

UW-Madison has long history of achievement in Electrical Power Systems education, outreach and research. Much is coordinated through three groups: (i) Power Systems Engineering Research CenterPSERC;
www.pserc.wisc.edu
(ii) Wisconsin Electric Machines & Power Electronics ConsortiumWEMPEC;
www.wempec.wisc.edu
(iii) Center for Power Electronic SystemsCPES
www.cpes.vt.edu
PSERC
What is PSERC?
In bureaucratic terms, PSERC is a National Science Foundation Industrial/University Collaborative Research Center. In practical terms, it is a group of U.S. universities sharing federal private funding to conduct educational and research programs in collaboration with industry members and governmental agencies (e.g., DOE).
PSERC
What is PSERC?
PSERC Mission: engineer the future electric power infrastructure by
conducting research on challenges in providing customers with reliable, economical, and environmentally-acceptable electric energy; using collaboration among universities, industry, and government; informing policy-makers through research and education; educating the next generation of engineers.
PSERC
PSERC Collaborating Universities

Arizona State University - Gerald Heydt University of California at Berkeley - Shmuel Oren Carnegie Mellon University - Sarosh Talukdar Colorado School of Mines - P.K. Sen Cornell University - Robert J. Thomas Georgia Institute of Technology - Sakis Meliopoulos Howard University - James Momoh University of Illinois at Urbana - Peter Sauer Iowa State University - Jim McCalley Texas A&M University - Mladen Kezunovic Washington State University - Anjan Bose University of Wisconsin-Madison - Chris DeMarco Wichita State University - Ward Jewell
PSERC
PSERC Industry Members

ABB American Electric Power American Transmission Co. AREVA T&D Arizona Public Service Baltimore Gas & Electric British Columbia Trans. Co. California ISO CenterPoint Energy Duke Energy Entergy EPRI Exelon GE Energy FirstEnergy Institut de recherche dHydro-Qubec (IREQ) ISO New England Korea Elec. Power Res. Inst. Michigan Electric Transmission Co.
MidAmerican Energy Co Midwest ISO National Grid USA National Rural Elec. Coop. Asn. New York ISO New York Power Authority NxtPhase Pacific Gas and Electric PJM Interconnection PowerWorld Corp. RTE French TSO Salt River Project Siemens, EMA Southern Company Steel Tube Institute TVA Tri-State G&T TXU Electric Delivery U.S. DOE Western Area Power Admin.
PSERC
Selected PSERC Successes

Advanced power system visualization tools (including commercialization of PowerWorld software) Institutional concept of testing power market designs and policies before they are implemented Power system reliability
Expertise for national grid reliability studies Joint formation of the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions Blackout of 2003 investigation and information resources
PSERC
PSERC Role in Consortium for Electric Technology Solutions

CERTS created in 1999 to research, develop, and disseminate electric reliability technology solutions Goal: to protect and enhance the reliability of the U.S. electric power system under the emerging competitive electricity market structure <http://www.certs.lbl.gov> Funding: DOE EERE/Transmission Reliability program and California Energy Commission Public Interest Energy Research program Performers: 4 National Labs (LBNL, ORNL, PNNL, SNL); PSERC; and Electric Power Group PSERC provided researchers who participated in the DOE National Transmission Grid Study (2001/2), Power Outage Study Team (1999/2000), advisors to 03 Blackout study
PSERC
Part II: Policy & Utility Industry Context

To understand trends in transmission & distribution technologies, important to understand environment in which technology investments may (or may not) occur. Restructuring of U.S. power industry dramatically shook up responsibilities and roles for who owned, planned for, and invested in components of the grid.
PSERC
Policy & Utility Industry Context

Not surprisingly, uncertainty in who would own and/or be responsible for what grid hardware exacerbated long-standing downward trend in U.S. grid infrastructure investment. Following graph from E. Hirst, U.S. Transmission Capacity: Present Status and Future Prospects, June 2004, has gotten wide press www.electricity.doe.gov/
documents/transmission_capacity.pdf
PSERC
PSERC

Significant that this provocative graphs hard data ends at 2000. Trend it captures was very real, but growing evidence that trend is beginning to reverse pretty dramatically. Even preceding Energy Policy Act of 2005, pretty strong evidence that U.S. transmission & distribution investment rebounding post-2000.
PSERC

Contributors to reversal of long decline in grid technology investment: August 2003 Eastern U.S. Blackout August 2003 Eastern U.S. Blackout August 2003 Eastern U.S. Blackout August 2003 Eastern U.S. Blackout August 2003 Eastern U.S. Blackout
PSERC

Perhaps proceeding slide oversimplifies slightly. But it is no over-simplificiation to say 2003 Blackout brought national focus to transmission grid technology & infrastructure, reflected in many parts of 2005 Energy Policy Act (H.R. 6). No legislation is ideal. But 2005 EPA makes effort to facilitate new grid technology adoption through mandatory reliability and interconnection standards, and gives Federal Energy Regulatory Commission new powers as backstop in transmission siting disputes.
PSERC
Part III: The Hardware (finally)

Power Electronics & Flexible AC Transmission More quietly than information processing revolution, advanced semi-conductors have brought a parallel revolution in power processing in silicon. First hints of future came as semi-conductor thyristors to replaced mercury-arc values in high voltage dc (HVDC) transmission (1967).
PSERC
The Hardware
Power Electronics & Flexible AC Transmission But much of the advanced technology ready for grid application today got its start as means to provide flexible speed and torque control in electric motors (beginning early 80s). Much of the pioneering work carried out at UW-Madison, in previously mentioned WEMPEC consortium.
PSERC
The Hardware Advanced Grid Technologies

Power Electronics & Flexible AC Transmission One key new building-block technology is what is known as the Voltage Source Converter (VSC). Roughly, the VSC a very versatile configuration of high speed, low loss semiconductor switches, able to convert power extracted from one connection point in grid, and inject it at another point as a voltage source with fully controllable magnitude & phase.
PSERC
The Hardware FACTS Technologies

Why is a fully controllable voltage source important? What need is being addressed by these new technologies? Key element of reliable transmission and distribution operation is maintaining voltage to customer as close as possible to 60 Hz sinusoidal waveform at the rated magnitude (e.g., at your wall outlet, you want 120 Volts rms, with a clean, harmonic free waveform).
PSERC

In the high voltage transmission grid, one big role for FACTS technologies is in reactive power supply and voltage support. Reactive power (Vars) is a much misunderstood concept in power engineering. It is an inherent consequence of Teslas (rightful) victory over Thomas Edison the historic choice to build the worlds power grid using sinusoidally varying voltages and currents. To understand why we might want new FACTS devices, we have to understand a little about Vars.
PSERC

So, what is this Reactive Power (Volt-AmperesReactive=Vars)? Just to confound the lawyers, we engineers also call this Imaginary Power.
WARNING: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LESSON TO FOLLOW!!! Ill try not to make it too painful. Stay awake, and youll know soon enough about reactive power to confound the lawyers too.
PSERC
Background FACTS Technologies for Reactive Power Support

Thanks to Mr. Tesla, voltages and currents shipped down a transmission/distribution line are sinusoidally varying with time, WITH ZERO AVERAGE VALUE! (i.e., voltage & current oscillate back and forth, swinging equally positive and negative, 60 times per second). But POWER (=voltageXcurrent) shipped down a transmission line, while also sinusoidally varying, DOES NOT HAVE ZERO AVERAGE VALUE. Power swings to large positive peak in the direction of delivery, but can have smaller negative peak against direction of delivery so 120 times per second, the load can send some power back to the source!
PSERC
Typical Voltage & Current vs. time

200
150
100
50
-50
-100
-150
-200
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
PSERC
Superimpose graph of power vs. time: note +/ swings

1000 800
600
400
200
-200
-400
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
PSERC
Power vs. time: more reactive power, larger negative swing

1000 800
600
400
200
-200
-400
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
PSERC
The Hardware Advanced Grid Technologies

As of last few years, technology vendors are now poised to deliver a number of transmissionlevel devices that offer very flexible control of power, newest (and perhaps most promising ones) based on underlying VSC technology. Following slides show some of these technologies, and photos of installations.
PSERC

Academics should avoid plugging any one vendors hardware, but relatively small number of players. Range of current technology on market from Seimens, GE, Mitsubishi, ABB. Credits: FACTS hardware slides to follow excerpted from Mike Bahrman, ABB, presentation for NSF Workshop on Teaching for Power Systems, Orlando FL, Feb. 05.
http://www.ece.umn.edu/groups/power/workshop_feb05/ Bahrman_Role_of_HVDC_&_FACTS.pdf
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PSERC
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The Hardware Advanced Conductor Technologies

Challenge to transmission planning today is often that of getting maximum benefit with minimal footprint get the most out of existing rights of way. Therefore, Key Question: at high voltage transmission level, what limits how much power can be pushed down a line?
PSERC

Answer(s): a number of factors may place a power or current limit on a line: thermal/sag, steady state voltage problems, voltage stability problems, or angular stability problems. On shorter distance lines (very roughly - up to 150 miles), thermal issues/line sag often limiting issue.
PSERC

Following scenario repeated too many time times in blackouts of 1996 and 2003: carry more current on line line heats up due to I2R losses conductors expand line looses sufficient clearance to trees/structures arcs over breakers remove line from service remaining lines on system forced to carry more current ??? Low tech aside: doesnt help if utility had been economizing on its vegetation control (tree trimming) budget.
PSERC

Possible higher tech solutions (without full upgrade of voltage level or #of circuits): new conductor materials that stand more heat with less thermal expansion. Again, a couple of vendors have current products with these characteristics; I will unfairly highlight that one that makes pretty photos available on the web: 3M www.3m.com/market/industrial/mcc/accr
PSERC
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The Hardware Superconducting Technologies

Return to some UW-Madison bolsterism - long history of research effort in both high temperature superconducting materials, and in utility applications of superconducting magnetic energy storage. (Truth in advertising some key breakthroughs in practically processing & manufacturing superconducting wire belong to buddies at MIT)
PSERC

Again, relatively small number of players in this field. One of the key ones is company founded by MIT folks, but whose power systems expertise is firmly housed in Wisconsin: American Superconductor. Keys to useful power systems applications are coupling of practical high (in relative terms) temperature superconducting wire, with power electronics such as Voltage Source Inverter to get flexible delivery to distribution & transmission grid.
PSERC

One proven application: tractor trailer sized superconducting coils, with power electronics to deliver very fast acting, fully controllable reactive power, and optionally some short term active power.
PSERC

Experience with installations here in WI include Distributed Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (D-SMES) systems in Rhinelander. Entergy and several other utilities actively promoting need for dynamic reactive support to get maximum utilization of their transmission system, including American Superconductors reactive product, the D-VAR
PSERC
The Software Visualization, Situational Awareness

Utilities have long recognized the need for accurate real-time view of whats going on in their distribution & transmission systems. Successful history of SCADA, state-estimation and various control center functions in many utilities. But these systems broke down badly in 2003 Blackout prompting blackout report to call for improved situational awareness.
PSERC

Editorial comment: not clear that situational awareness failure in 2003 was primarily technological (i.e. probably not fair to blame the software designers if somebody forgets to turn it back on after lunch). But significant advances are taking place in software to make it easier to wade through huge masses of data modern SCADA systems can provide.
PSERC

Here I unapologetically hawk one vendors product, as firms founder is my former graduate student, and PSERC researcher, Prof. Tom Overbye. Overbye and his coworkers created Powerworld software package, with original goal of making power systems computations more easily understandable to policy makers. www.powerworld.com
PSERC

Powerworld is adapting advanced 3-D imagining technologies that these days are driven by computer gaming community. Bring these technologies and careful human factors studies to bear on putting information to operators in quickly and intuitively understandable form.
PSERC

Examples include geographic profiles of voltage support throughout a system.
PSERC
The Hardware Situational Awareness

Operators will need advanced tools, because the flood of useful data being measured and collected on the system grows. Advent of very accurate, geographically distributed time synchronization via GPS opened the doors years back to cost-effective phasor measurement units. Remember those sinusoidal waveforms we now continuously measure their relative phase in time, from locations 10s, 100s even 1000s of miles apart.
PSERC
The Hardware Situational Awareness

Western U.S.s WSCC system has more than ten years of experience installing phasor measurement units, collectively termed Wide Area Measurement Systems WAMS. On-going project to get wide penetration in east: Eastern Interconnect Phasor Project (EIPP). But getting real value from all these measurements will depend on creatively getting data to system operators in a meaningful form.
PSERC
Conclusions, in a nutshell
Lots of relatively new technology has reached reasonable maturity over past decade, while investments waited for resolution of policy uncertainties. These technologies are now waiting in the wings to offer greater capability to more fully utilize grid resources, while monitoring and maintaining reliability. Last university pitch please dont forget to keep priming the pump for students and new research to keep these advances coming in future decades.
PSERC

Trends in Electrical Transmission

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Trends in Electrical Transmission

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Trends in Electrical Transmission and Distribution Technology

Professor Chris DeMarco

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 1

Main Points for Todays Talk

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 2

Part I: Self-Promotion (of course)

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 4

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 5

PSERC Collaborating Universities

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 6

PSERC Industry Members

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 7

Selected PSERC Successes

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 8

PSERC Role in Consortium for Electric Technology Solutions

Part II: Policy & Utility Industry Context

Policy & Utility Industry Context

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 11

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 12

Policy & Utility Industry Context

Policy & Utility Industry Context

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 14

Policy & Utility Industry Context

Part III: The Hardware (finally)

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 16

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 17

The Hardware Advanced Grid Technologies

The Hardware FACTS Technologies

The Hardware FACTS Technologies

The Hardware FACTS Technologies

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 21

Background FACTS Technologies for Reactive Power Support

Typical Voltage & Current vs. time

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 23

Superimpose graph of power vs. time: note +/ swings

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 24

Power vs. time: more reactive power, larger negative swing

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 25

The Hardware Advanced Grid Technologies

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 26

The Hardware FACTS Technologies

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 27

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 28

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 29

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 30

The Hardware Advanced Conductor Technologies

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 31

The Hardware Advanced Conductor Technologies

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 32

The Hardware Advanced Conductor Technologies

The Hardware Advanced Conductor Technologies

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 34

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 35

The Hardware Superconducting Technologies

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 36

The Hardware Superconducting Technologies

The Hardware Superconducting Technologies

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 38

The Hardware Superconducting Technologies

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 39

The Software Visualization, Situational Awareness

C. L. DeMarco, Transmission & Distribution Technology, Feb 2006 - 40

The Software Visualization, Situational Awareness