MA 2930, April 6, 2011 Worksheet 10

1.
Let f (x) = cos 2x, 0 x /2 (a) Extend f (x) to an even periodic function and nd its Fourier series. (b) Extend f (x) to an odd periodic function and nd its Fourier series. Where do the series converge and to what? (a) If you draw the graph of f (x) extended to an even function (by reecting the portion from 0 to /2 in the y-axis) and then to a periodic function, youll see that the resulting function is cos 2x. And the Fourier series of cos 2x is clearly itself since its already a linear combination of sines and cosines of appropriate frequencies. (b) If you draw the graph of f (x) extended to an odd function (by reecting it in the origin) and then to a periodic function, youll see that its actually a periodic function of period /2 equal to f (x) on (0, /2). Since the function is odd, the Fourier series has only sine terms whose coecients are bn = = = = = = = 1 /4
/2

cos 2x sin(
0 /2

nx )dx /4

4 cos 2x sin 4nxdx 0 2 /2 sin(4n + 2)x + sin(4n 2)xdx 0 2 cos(4n + 2)x cos(4n 2)x /2 [ ] (4n + 2) (4n 2) 0 2 1 1 cos(2n + 1) cos(2n 1) [ + ] (4n + 2) (4n 2) (4n + 2) (4n 2) 4 1 1 [ + ] (4n + 2) (4n 2) 8n (4n2 1)

So the Fourier series is

n=1

8n sin 4nx (4n2 1)

Except at x = m(/2), where m is any integer, the extended function is continuous, so the Fourier series there converges to the value of the function. At x = m(/2), the value of the function is not dened, but f (x) = 1 and f (x+) = 1, so the Fourier series converges to 1/2[f (x) + f (x+)] = 0.

2.
Show that any function can be expressed as a sum of an even and an odd function. How is the Fourier series of the function (assuming it is periodic) related to the Fourier series of its even and odd parts? First, lets assume that any function f (x) can be so written: f (x) = fe (x) + fo (x) where fe (x) is even and fo (x) is odd. Then, f (x) = fe (x) + fo (x) = fe (x) fo (x) So, by rst summing and then by subtracting the two equations we nd that fe (x) = f (x) + f (x) , 2 fo (x) = f (x) f (x) 2

Now, any function can indeed be written as f (x) = [ f (x) + f (x) f (x) f (x) ]+[ ] 2 2

(provided if it is dened at x, it is dened at x as well). The rst summand is even, the second odd. This proves what is required. If f (x) has a Fourier series, then the sum of the cosine terms is the even part and the sum of the sine terms is the odd part.

3.
Consider the heat equation 4uxx = ut , u(0, t) = u(/2, t) = 0, u(x, 0) = f (x)

where f (x) is the function dened in problem 1. Find the temperature distribution at any moment. Describe in words what happens to temperature over time - how do its average and its uctuations about the average change? Comparing to the standard heat equation we see that = 4, L = /2, and the initial temperature distribution f (x) = cos 2x. So, the solution is

u(x, t) =
n=1

cn e

n ( /2 )2 4t

n sin x= /2

cn e16n t sin 2nx

n=1

where 1 cn = /4 as found in problem 1. Thus,

0

/2

cos 2x sin(

nx 8n )dx = /4 (4n2 1)

u(x, t) =
n=1

8n 2 e16n t sin 2nx 2 1) (4n

Its clear that the average temperature at any time is 0 whereas the uctuations die down with time because of the decaying exponentials: limt u(x, t) = 0 for any x [0, /2]. Note that higher-frequency components decay faster than the lower-frequency ones.

4.
Suppose a meter-long copper bar ( = 1.14 cm2 /s) is heated to a temperature of 100 C, and then, its two ends are put into ice at 0 C and kept there. No heat is allowed to escape through the lateral surface. How does the temperature along the bar evolve with time? The heat equation for the situation is (1.14)2 uxx = ut , u(0, t) = 0 = u(100, t), u(x, 0) = 100

Note that we have expressed the length of the bar in cm to match with the units of .

Since = 1.14, L = 100 and f (x) = 100, the solution is

u(x, t) =
n=1

cn e(

1.14n 2 ) t 100

sin

n x 100

where 2 cn = 100
100

100 sin
0

n 100 xdx = 2 [1 cos n] = 100 n

400 , n

0,

n odd n even

So the solution is u(x, t) = n 400 ( 1.14n )2 t e 100 sin x n 100 n=1,nodd

or, if we choose to write odd integers n as 2k 1 where k = 1, 2, . . ., then

u(x, t) =
k=1

1.14(2k1) 2 400 (2k 1) e( 100 ) t sin x (2k 1) 100