Solved Problems

1. For the following sections it is required to determine: a). the centroid location; b). the principal centroidal system of axes; c). the principal moments of inertia and the principal gyration radii.

16t
1

C1
2

2t

C 2.59t

y 1
C2
20t

z2
3

C3

2t 8t

z2
Solution:

a). The section has one symmetry axis (y axis), so that, the single unknown coordinate of the centroid is zC . The section will be divided in three parts: two flanges and the web. According to expression (0.3):

zC =

z A
i =1 3 i

A
1=1

This relation could be applied with respect to an arbitrary axis, but in this case we choose axis y 2 : zC = z1A1 + z 2 A 2 ( 11t)32t 2 + 11t 16t 2 = = 2.59t A1 + A 2 + A 3 32t 2 + 20t 2 + 16t 2

b). The symmetry axis is one of the principal centroidal axes (z axis in our case) and the other one is the perpendicular axis at the section centroid (y axis in this case). So, the principal system of axes is quite yCz. c). The principal moments of inertia with respect to the axes of the previously mentioned system are:

I1 = max(Iz ,Iy ) I2 = min(Iz ,Iy ) Iy = I1 + I2 + I3 y y y 16t ( 2t ) 2 + 32t 2 (11t 2.59t ) = 2273.96t 4 I= 12

3 1 y

t ( 20t ) 2 + 20t 2 ( 2.59t ) = I = 800.83t 4 12

3 2 y 3 3 y

8t ( 2t ) 2 I = + 16t 2 (11t + 2.59t ) = 2960.34t 4 12

Iy = 6035.13t 4

Iz = I1 + I2 + I3 z z z 2t (16t ) = = 682.67t 4 I 12 20t t 3 2 = = 1.67t 4 Iz 12

3 1 z

2t ( 8t ) = = 85.33t 4 I 12
3 3 z

Iz = 769.67t 4

Finally:

I1= Iy= 6035.13t 4 I2= Iz= 769.67t 4

So, the y axis will be the principal axis 1, while z axis will be the principal axis 2.

The principal gyration radii with respect to the principal centroidal axes are:

i1 = i2 =

I1 = A I2 = A

6035.13t 4 = 9.42t 68t 2 769.67t 4 = 3.36t 68t 2

2.

0.035a
1

a
2

a
y2

C1

C2
a

2a z 1
Solution:

z1

a). The symmetry axis is now y axis, so that, only the coordinate y C must be computed. The section has two component parts: the full rectangle 1 and the circular hole 2.
2

yC =

y A
i =1 2 i

A
i =1

This relation will be applied by using the axis z1

a2 a y 2 A 2 4 2 = 0.035a yC = = a2 A1 A 2 12a2 4 b). The coordinate system yCz is the principal centroidal system of axes because one of its axes is a symmetry one. c). The moments of inertia with respect to this coordinate system are: 4a ( 3a ) a 4 Iy = I I = = 8.95a 4 12 64
3 1 y 2 y

Iy = 8.95a 4
Iz= I1 I2 z z 3a ( 4a ) 2 + 12a2 ( 0.035a ) = 4 I = 16.015a 12 a 4 a 4 2 I2 = + 0.274a ( 0.5a + 0.035a ) = 4 z 64 4
3 1 z

Iz = 15.741a 4

I 1 = max( I z , I y ) = 15.741a 4 I 2 = min( I z , I y ) = 8.95a 4 The axis z is the axis denoted by 1 because Imax = Iz and the axis y is denoted by 2 because Imin = Iy . The principal gyration radii are:

i1 = i2 =

I1 15.741a 4 = = 1.18a A 11.21a 2 I2 8.95a 4 = = 0.89a A 11.21a 2

Where A is the cross-sectional area: A = 12a 2 3.

a 4
4

= 11.21a 2

0.1a
1

C2 C1
0.2a C

2
4a

y1
y

1
2a

2a

z1

Solution: a). The section has no symmetry axis, therefore, both coordinates of the centroid must be determined:

yC =

yiAi
i =1 2

A
i =1

zC =

z A
i =1 2 i

A
1=1

These relations presume the adoption of a coordinate system that will be in this case y1C1z1 : = yC ( 0.5) 4a2 = 0.1a 24a2 4a2 ( a) 4a2 = = 0.2a zC 24a2 4a2

The rotation angle " " between zCy coordinate system and the principal one is given by relation (0.25), where the moments of inertia I z and I y and the product of inertia I zy are involved.
2 I zy = I 1 I zy zy

I 1 = 24a 2 (0.1a )(0.2a ) = 0.48a 4 zy

2 I zy = 4a 2 (0.6a )(1.2a ) = 2.88a 4

I zy = 0.48a 4 2.88a 4 = 2.4a 4 b) +c) The coordinate system zCy is only a centroidal system (not also a principal one, because the product of inertia of the section with respect to it is different from zero). Iy= I1 I2 y y 4a ( 6a ) 2 + 24a2 ( 0.2a ) = I = 72.96a 4 12
3 1 y 3 2 y

a ( 4a ) 2 + 4a2 (1.2a ) = I = 11.093a 4 12 Iy = 61.867a 4

Iz= I1 I2 z z 6a ( 4a ) 2 I = 32.24a 4 + 24a2 ( 0.1a ) = 12 4a a3 2 I2 = + 4a2 ( 0.6a ) = 4 1.773a z 12

3 1 z

tan 2 =

2 2.4a 4 = 0.153 = 4 0 20 ' 4 4 30.467 a 61.867 a

The angles between y axis and the principal centroidal axes can be also obtained by using expressions (0.26). They offer a possibility of checking up the accuracy of results:

1 2 =

In order to apply them, the principal moments of inertia I 1 and I 2 are needed. According to relation (0.23): = I1,2 30.467a 4 + 61.867a 4 1 2 2

( 61.867a

30.467a 4 ) + 4 ( 2.4a 4 )
2

I 1 = 62.05a 4 I 2 = 30.284a 4 Checking up: I 1 + I 2 = I z + I y

2.4a 4 = 0.076 1 = 4 0 20 ' 4 4 30.467 a 62.05a 2.4a 4 = 13.11 2 = 85 0 40 ' tan 2 = 30.467 a 4 30.284a 4 tan 1 =

Checking up 1 2 = The gyration radii are:

i1 = i2 =

I1 = A

62.05a 4 = 1.761a 20a 2

I2 30.284a 4 = = 1.231a A 20a 2

4.

0.371a
1

0.5a
2

C1

y1

C2

d1 = 1.773a

C3
2a

2
Solution:

z1

a). The section admits no symmetry axis. In order to determine the centroid coordinates it is divided in three parts, as shown in the figure. 9

The centroid location will be evaluated with respect to the coordinate system z1C1 y1 .

( 0.5a) 4a2 yC = = 0.371a (0.5a)2 2 2 + a + 4a 2 0.712a a 2 + 2.212a 4a 2 z C = 1.773a (0.5a)2 + a2 + 4a2 2

b) +c) The coordinate system zCy is not a principal centroidal system of axes because the product of inertia I zy is different from zero.
2 3 I zy = I 1 + I zy + I zy zy

I1 = zy
2 I zy

0.371a (1.773a ) = 0.258a 4 2 = a 2 0.371a (1.061a ) = 0.394a 4

(0.5a) 2

3 I zy = 4a 2 (0.129a )(0.439a ) = 0.227 a 4

I zy = 0.879a 4 The principal centroidal axes are defined by the angles 1 and 2 , but their evaluation presumes that the moments of inertia I z , I y and the principal moments of inertia I 1 , I 2 are already known. Iy = I1 + I2 + I3 y y y I1 Iy1 + A1d12 = y
Iy1 can be easily obtained.

Let us consider the following half-circular section:

10

C1

y1
y'

d=

4R = 0.212a 3

z1

With respect to the diameter, the moment of inertia is: = Iy ' R 4 (0.5a) 4 = = 0.025a 4 8 8

Iy ' = Iy1 + A1d2 Iy1 = Iy ' A1d2 but Iy1 = 0.025a 4 (o.5a)2 (0.212a)2 = 0.007a 4 2

So, I1 = 0.007a 4 + y
2 y

a4 + a2 I =(1.061a)2 = 1.209a 4 12 = I
3 y

(0.5a)2 (1.773a)2 = 1.241a 4 2

( 2a )

12 Iy = 4.554a 4

+ +4a 2 (0.439a)2 2.104a 4 =

In the same manner: Iz = I1 + I2 + I3 z z z

(0.5a) 4 (0.5a)2 I1 = + (0.371a)2 = 0.079a 4 z 8 2 4 a + a2 (0.371a)2 = I2 = 0.221a 4 z 12 I 12 Iz = 1.7a 4
3 z

( 2a ) =+ 4a2 (0.129a)2 = 1.4a 4

4

The principal moments of inertia are: 11

4.554a 4 + 1.7 a 4 1 I 1, 2 = 4.554a 4 1.7 a 4 2 2 4 I 1 = 4.803a I 2 = 1.451a 4

+ 4 0.879a 4

Checking up: I 1 + I 2 = I z + I y
0.879a 4 = 0.283 1 = 15 0 49 ' 4 4 1.7 a 4.803a 0.879a 4 = 74 011' tan 2 = 4 4 1.7 a 1.451a tan 1 =

Checking up: 1 2 =

i1 =
The principal gyration radii are:

4.803a 4 = 0.944a 5.393a 2 1.451a 4 = 0.519a 5.393a 2

i2 =

12

5.
2

200 20 (mm) INP300 C

160 (mm) INP300

1

y 1

200 20 (mm)

z2 Fig. 0.12

a). The section consists of two universal beam shapes INP300 and two steel plates. As the section has two symmetry axes, the centroid lies at their intersection. b) The symmetry axes are the principal centroidal axes. c) All geometrical properties for steel rolled shapes are taken from tables:

13

Iy= I1 + I2 y y I1 = 2 9800 = 19600cm4 y 20 23 + 20 2 162 = 20506.7cm4 Iy 2 = 2 12 4 Iy = 40106.7cm Iz= I1 + I2 z z I1 = ( 451 + 69.1 82 ) = 2 9746.8cm4 z 2 203 Iz 2 = 2 2666.7cm4 = 12 Iz = 12413.5cm4

The principal moments of inertia are: I 1 = max( I z , I y ) = 40106.7cm 4 I 2 = min( I z , I y ) = 12413.5cm 4

So, axis y coincides to axis 1 and axis z coincides to axis 2. The principal gyration radii:

i1 = i2 =

40106.7 = 13.56cm 2(69.1 + 40) 12413.5 = 7.54cm 2(69.1 + 40)

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6.
2

UNP300 e = 2.7cm C 7.55

C2

y 1
y1

C1
1

INP400

z2

Solution: a). The symmetry axis of the section is z axis. The unknown coordinate of the centroid is zC :

zC =

z A
i =1 2 i

A
1=1

The relation will be applied by considering the arbitrary axis " z1 "
zC = 58.8( 22.7) = 7.55cm 118 + 58.8

b). The principal centroidal system of axes is zCy, as it contains a symmetry axis of the section (z axis). c).

15

Iy= I1 + I2 y y I1= 29210 + 118 7.552= 35936cm4 y Iy 2 = 495 + 58.8 (22.7 7.55)2 =13991cm4

Iy = 49927cm4
Iz = I1 + I2 = 1160 + 8030 = 9190cm4 z z = max(Iz ,Iy ) 49927cm4 I1 = = min(Iz ,Iy ) 9190cm4 I2 =

i1 =

The principal gyration radii are:

i2 =

49927 = 16.8cm 118 + 58.8 9190 = 7.21cm 118 + 58.8

7.

L100 100 10
2

e2 e1 C2 z2
C

e2

y2

1
y1

2 3.143
C1

UNP260
1

1.226

z1

a). In order to determine the centroidal coordinates, the reference system

z1C1 y1 is adopted.

16

yC =

( 4.31)19.2 = 1.226cm 48.3 + 19.2 ( 11.05)19.2 = 3.143cm zC = 48.3 + 19.2

b). + c). The coordinate system zCy could be a principal centroidal one only when the product of inertia I zy = 0 .
2 I zy = I 1 + I zy zy

I 1 = 48.3 (1.226)(3.143) = 186.115cm 4 zy For the equal legs angle shape (L100x100x10) the product of inertia with respect to z 2 C 2 y 2 coordinate system is not given in the tables.
e2

There are known the moments

C2 z2
v(2)

e2 y2

of inertia with respect to the principal axes u(1) and v(2). It is known that:

u (1)

I= 1

Iy2 + Iz2 2

1 2

(I

y2

Iz2

+ 4Iz2 y2 2
2

So that: Iz2 y2

Iy + Iz 1 = I1 2 2 Iy2 Iz2 2 4

but Iy= Iz2 2

I z2 y2 =

(I

I z2 ( y2 )

= I 1 I z2 ( y2 )

17

I z2 y2 = (280 177) = 103cm 4 In our case I z2 y2 = 103cm 4 because the most part of the material is located in quadrant I and III where both co-ordinates have the same sign.
2 So, I zy = 103 + 19.2(3.084)(7.907) = 571.2cm 4

I zy = 757.315cm 4 The moments of inertia with respect to y and z axes are:

Iy= I1 + I2 y y I1 = 4820 + 48.3 3.1432 = 5297.13cm4 y Iy 2 =177 + 19.2 7.9072 =1377.4cm4 Iy = 6674.53cm2 Iz= I1 + I2 z z
I1 = 317 + 48.3 1.2262 = 389.6cm4 z I2 =177 + 19.2 3.0842 = 359.61cm4 z Iz = 749.21cm2

The principal moments of inertia are:

6674.53 + 749.21 1 2 2 4 I 1 = 6769.791cm I 1, 2 = I 2 = 653.949cm 4

(6674.53 749.21)2 + 4 757.315 2

Checking up: I 1 + I 2 = I z + I y The principal centroidal axes will be defined by the following angles:
tan 1 = tan 2 = 757.315 = 0.126 1 = 7 010 ' 749.21 6769.791 757.315 = 7.95 2 = 82 0 50 ' 749.21 653.949

18

Checking up: 1 2 =

The principal gyration radii are:

i1 = i2 = 6769.791 = 10.01cm 48.3 + 19.2 653.949 = 3.113cm 48.3 + 19.2

19