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Chapter 1
1. Introduction to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Technique 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The History of OFDM 1.3 OFDM and Multicarrier Transmission 1.4 The Applications of OFDM
1.4.1 DAB 1.4.2 HDTV 1.4.3 Wireless LAN 1.4.4 IEEE 802.16 1.4.5 IEEE 802.20
1.1 Introduction
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Due to the high data rate transmission and the ability to against frequency selective fading, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising technique in the current broadband wireless communication system. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technology is to split a high-rate data stream into a number of lower rate streams that are transmitted simultaneously over a number of subcarrier. Because the symbol duration increases for the lower rate parallel subcarrier, the relative amount of dispersion in time causes by multipath delay spread is decreased. In OFDM systems, the spectrum of individual subcarrier is overlapped with minimum frequency spacing, which is carefully designed so that each subcarrier is orthogonal to the other subcarriers. The bandwidth efficiency of OFDM is another advantage.
1.1 Introduction
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Output Signal
1.1 Introduction
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The employment of discrete Fourier transform to replace the banks of sinusoidal generator and the demodulation significantly reduces the implementation complexity of OFDM modems.
cos(2 f1t )
cos(2 f 2t )
s (t )
cos(2 f N t )
IFFT
s (t )
1.1 Introduction
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Intersymbol interference is eliminated almost completely by introducing a guard interval with zero padding in every OFDM symbol.
Guard interval with zero padding
Guard Interval (Zero padding)
1.1 Introduction
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In the guard time , the OFDM symbol is cyclically extended to avoid intercarrier interference.
Guard interval with cyclic extension (cyclic prefix)
Guard Interval
(Cyclic Extension)
1.1 Introduction
The way to avoid ICI
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Delayed subcarrier #2 Guard time FFT integration time=1/carrier spacing OFDM symbol time Guard time FFT integration time=1/carrier spacing OFDM symbol time CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
1.1 Introduction
The advantages of OFDM
Immunity to delay spread and multipath Resistance to frequency selective fading Simple equalization Efficient bandwidth usage
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The idea, which was proposed in mid-1960s, used parallel data transmission and frequency division multiplexing (FDM) [1,14]. In the 1960s, the OFDM technique was used in several highfrequency military system
KINEPLEX [15] ANDEFT [16] KATHRYN [17]
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In the 1980s, OFDM was studied for high-speed modems digital mobile communication, and high-density recording.
Pilot tone is used to stabilize carrier and frequency control Trellis code is implemented
COFDM
In 1980, Hirosaki suggested an equalization algorithm in order to suppress both intersymbol and intercarrier interference caused by the channel impulse response or timing and frequency errors[4,19]. In 1980. Hirosaki also introduced the DFT-based implementation of Saltzburgs O-QAM OFDM system[4,20].
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In the 1990s, OFDM was exploited for wideband data communications [1-7]
Mobile radio FM channels Fix-wire network [7,26] High-bit-rate digital subscriber line (HDSL) Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) Very-high-speed digital subscriber line (VDSL) Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) [9,21] Digital video broadcasting (DVB) High-definition television (HDTV) terrestrial broadcasting [10,22] There exist three mechanisms about the digital terrestrial television broadcasting system in European (COFDM), North America (8-VSB), and Japan (BST-OFDM). Wireless LAN [11-13,23-25] HIPERLAN2 (European) IEEE 802.11a (U.S.A) IEEE 802.11g (U.S.A)
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Multicarrier transmission
The concept of multi-carrier transmission is that a user can employ a number of carriers to transmit data simultaneously.
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cos(2 f 2t )
s (t )
S/P
cos(2 f N t )
s (t )
cos(2 f1t )
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Time domain
Frequency domain
x1 ( t ) x ( t ) d t = 0
* 2
* X 1 ( f ) X 2 ( f )df = 0
Bandpass signal
12 = e
0
(e
i 2 f 2 t *
) dt = e
0
i 2 ( f1 f 2 ) t
sin( ( f ) T ) i ( f )T dt = e ( f )
12 = 0
Orthogonal
1 T
Orthogonal, n=3
1 T
Orthogonal, n=2
f c + f1
fc + f2
fc + f3
fc + f4
f c + f5
(OFDM)
Orthogonal, n=1
Non-orthogonal
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subcarrier f1 subcarrier f 2
4 2 3 1 0.81.5 2.5 3 0.6 2 1 2 0.4 1.5 0.20.5 1 1 0 0 0.5 -0.2 0 0 -0.5 -0.4 -0.5 -1 -0.6 -1
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-5
10
1 0.8 0.6
1.2 1 0.8
0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 0 -0.6 -0.8 -1 -0.8 -0.2 -0.4 -10 0.6 0.4 0.2
0 0 0
0.20.2 0.2
0.40.4 0.4
0.60.6 0.6
0.80.8 0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-5
10
1.21.2 1 1
1 0.8
1.2 1
subcarrier f 3
subcarrier f 4
0.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 0 -0.6 -0.8 -1 -0.8 -0.2 -0.4 -10 0.6 0.4 0.2
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 0.8 0.6
1.2 1 0.8
0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 0 -0.6 -0.8 -1 -0.8 -0.2 -0.4 -10 0.6 0.4 0.2
-5 -5
0 0
5 5
10 10 10
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-5
10
18
19
c2
Data Stream
cos(2 f 2t )
Copier t t
sMC (t)
6
a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10
1 2 3 4 5 7
cN
cos(2 f N t )
8 9 10
t
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f1 f2 f3 f4 f5
c(t )
t
(a) Transmitter
c (t )
cos(2 f1t )
c(t )
Data Stream
cos(2 f 2t )
sMD (t ) or sMT (t )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
f6 f7 f8 f9
c(t )
cos(2 f N t )
t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
f10
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DAB is a digital technology offering considerable advantages over today's FM radio, both to listeners and broadcasting. DAB's flexibility will also provide a wider choice of programs, including many not available on FM. A single station might offer its listeners a choice of mono voice commentaries on three or four sporting events at the same time, and then combine the bitstreams to provide high-quality sound for the concert which follows.
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1.4.3 The Applications of OFDM - Wireless LANs 6/17 IEEE 802.11a Standard
IEEE 802.11a, 1999
5GHz band Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) 6Mbps to 54Mbps
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1.4.3 The Applications of OFDM - Wireless LANs 7/17 IEEE 802.11g Standard
IEEE 802.11g [28]
IEEE 802.11g will use the same 2.4 GHz radio spectrum as current 802.11b equipment, but with the higher data rates, packet structure, and modulation technology of 802.11a. IEEE 802.11g standard achieves its 54 Mbps data rate through a OFDM technique. IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g are operated in the same 2.4 GHz frequency band. When their devices are used in the same area, they will coexist, sharing the airspace between them.
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1.4.3 The Applications of OFDM - Wireless LANs 8/17 IEEE 802.11g Standard
Operational modes
802.11b Mode OFDM Mode (Support of 6, 12 and 24 Mbit/s data rates is mandatory ) PBCC-22 and PBCC-33 Modes (Optional) CCK-OFDM Modes (Optional)
802.11b OFDM PBCC-22 and PBCC-33 CCK-OFDM (Mbit/s) 1, 2, 5.5, 11 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 2, 5.5, 11, 22, 33 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 DSSS, CCK, PBCC OFDM DSSS, PBCC DSSS, OFDM
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1.4.3 The Applications of OFDM - Wireless LANs 9/17 IEEE 802.11a/b/g Standards
Maximum Data rate
IEEE 802.11a
54 Mbps For example, an 802.11a network, which broadcasts on the 5GHz frequency band, supports 12 simultaneous channel (in North American).
1.4.3 The Applications of OFDM - Wireless LANs 10/17 IEEE 802.11a/b/g Standards
Maximum Theoretical Data Rate Mixed-Mode Data Rate vs. 802.11g Data Rate
54 Mbps IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN at 2.4 GHz Deploying standards-based Wireless LAN solutions December 2002 Intel white paper
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Broadband wireless access (BWA) is a term referring to a range of fixed radio systems, used primarily to convey broadband services between users premises and core networks. The term broadband is usually taken to mean the capability to deliver significant bandwidth to each user (in ITU terminology, greater than around 1.5 Mbps, though many BWA networks support significantly higher data rates). A typical BWA network supports connection to many user premises within a radio coverage area. The IEEE 802.16 standard should provides the solution to access systems based on DSL, cable, and eventually fiber optics. The applications of IEEE 802.16
The range of applications is very wide and evolving quickly. It includes voice, data and entertainment services of many kinds.
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Mission and goal The mission of IEEE 802.20 is to develop the specification for an efficient packet based air interface that is optimized for the transport of IP based services. The goal is to enable worldwide deployment of affordable, ubiquitous, always-on and interoperable multi-vendor mobile broadband wireless access networks that meet the needs of business and residential end user markets.
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MBWA Scope Specification of physical and medium access control layers of an air interface for interoperable mobile broadband wireless access systems, operating in licensed bands below 3.5 GHz, optimized for IP-data transport, with peak data rates per user in excess of 1 Mbps. It supports various vehicular mobility classes up to 250 Km/h in a MAN environment and targets spectral efficiencies, sustained user data rates and numbers of active users that are all significantly higher than achieved by existing mobile systems. The applications of MBWA This allows applications including, but not limited to, video, full graphical web browsing, e-mail, file uploading and downloading without size limitations (e.g., FTP), streaming video and streaming audio, IP multicast, telematics, location based services, VPN connections, VoIP, instant messaging and on- line multiplayer gaming
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Work Domain
Portable Office
High BW Connectivity
Hotel/Motel
Portable Services
Mobile Domain
Reservations-Listings Directions Services
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Peak data rates These peak data rate targets are independent of channel conditions, traffic loading, and system architecture.
Parameter Bandwidth
1.25 MHz
5 MHz
Downlink
Uplink
Downlink
Uplink
4.5 Mbps
2.25 Mbps
18 Mbps
9 Mbps
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References
[1] Richard van Nee and Ramjee Prasad, OFDM wireless multimedia communication, Artech House Boston London, 2000. [2] Ahmad R. S. Bahai and Burton R. Saltzberg, Multi-carrier digital communications - Theory and applications of OFDM, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, 1999. [3] Ramjee Prasad, OFDM based wireless broadband multimedia communication, Letter Notes on ISCOM99, Nov. 7-10, 1999. [4] L. Hanzo, W. Webb and T. Keller, Single- and multi-carrier quadrature amplitude modulation Principles and applications for personal communications, WLANs and broadcasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2000. [5] Mark Engels, Wireless OFDM Systems: How to Make Them Work? Kluwer Academic Publishers. [6] Lajos Hanzo, William Webb and Thomas Keller, Single and Multicarrier Modulation: Principles and Applications, 2nd edition, IEEE Computer Society. [7] John A. C. Bingham, ADSL, VDSL, and Multicarrier Modulation, Wiley-Interscience. [8] Lajos Hanzo, Choong Hin Wong and Mong-Suan Yee, Adaptive Wireless Transceivers: Turbo-Coded, Turbo-Equalized and Space-Time Coded TDMA, CDMA and OFDM Systems , John Wiley & Sons. [9] Wolfgang Hoeg and Thomas Lauterbach, Digital Audio Broadcasting: Principles and Applications, John Wiley & Sons. [10] Robert Goodman , The Guide To Digital Television, second edition, Miller Freeman PSN, Inc [11] John Terry and Juha Heiskala, OFDM Wireless LANs: A Theoretical and Practical Guide, Sams. [12] Jim Geier, Wireless LANS, Implementing High Performance IEEE 802.11 Networks, second edition, Sams. [13] Neil Reid and Ron Seide, 802.11(Wi-Fi) Networking Handbook, Mc Graw Hill.
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References
[14] Zou, W.Y. and Yiyan Wu, COFDM: An overview, Broadcasting, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 41, Issue 1, pp. 1 8, March 1995. [15] Mosier, R. R. and R. G. Clabaugh, Kineplex, a bandwidth efficient binary transmission system, AIEE Trans., vol. 76, pp. 723-728, Jan. 1958. [16] Porter, G. C., Error distribution and diversity performance of a frequency differential PSK HF, modem, IEEE Trans. Comm. vol. COM-16, pp. 567-575, Aug. 1968 [17] Zimmerman, M. S. and A. L. Kirsch, The AN/GSC-10 (KATHRYN) variable rate data modem for HF radio, IEEE Trans. Comm. vol. COM-15, pp. 197-205, Apr. 1967. [18] S. Weinstein and P. Ebert, Data transmission by frequency division multiplexing using the discrete Fourier transform, IEEE Trans. Comm., vol. COM-19, pp. 628-634, Oct. 1971. [19] B. Hirosaki, An analysis of automatic equalizers for orthogonally multiplexed QAM system, IEEE Trans. Comm., vol. COM-28, pp. 73-83, Jan. 1980. [20] B. Hirosaki, An orthogonally multiplexed QAM system using the discrete fourier transform, IEEE Trans. Comm., vol. COM-29, pp. 73-83, Jan. 1980. [21] Radio broadcasting system: Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) to mobile, portable and fixed receivers. ETS 300 401, ETSI-European Telecommunication Standards Institute, Valbonne, France, Feb. 1995. [22] Digital broadcasting systems for television, sound and data services. European Telecommunication Standard, prETS 300 744 (Draft, version 0.0.3), Apr. 1996. [23] Khun-Jush J., Malmgren G., Schramm P. and Torsner J., Overview and performance of HIPERLAN type 2-a standard for broadband wireless communications, Vehicular Technology Conference Proceedings, VTC, IEEE 51st, vol. 1, pp. 112 117, 2000. [24] IEEE Standards Department, IEEE 802.11 draft standard for wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specification, P802.11 D6.1, May 1997.
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References
[25] IEEE P802.11a/D2.0, Draft supplement to standard for telecommunications and information exchange between systems LAN/MAN specific requirement-Part II: Wireless MAC and PHY Specifications: High speed physical layer in the 5GHz band, 1997. [26] Chow, P. S., J. C. Tu and J. M. Cioffi, Performance evaluation of a multichannel transceiver system for ADSL and VHDSL services, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 9 Issue 6 pp. 909 -919, Aug. 1991 [27] Universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS); UMTS terrestrial radio access (UTRA); Concept evaluation, Tech, Rep., ETSI, 1997. TR 101 146. [28] 54 Mbps IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN at 2.4 GHz, Deploying standards-based Wireless LAN solutions, White Paper, Dec. 2002. [29] IEEE 802.16.2, Recommended Practices to Facilitate the Coexistence of Broadband Wireles Access (BWA) Systems: Working Document, Draft 5, IEEE 802.16.2-00/01r5, 2000.
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