ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

Presentation by: KARTHIKA S. AP,ECE SSN College of Engineering

UNIT I
FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALOG COMMUNICATION

Learning Objectives
On completion of this session you will be able to: understand analog communication systems Define Amplitude modulation Know about generation, frequency spectrum, bandwidth and modulation index for amplitude modulation

INTRODUCTION
Information signal (low freq signals) are seldom in a form that is suitable for transmission affected by noise and interference needs to be converted to a form more suitable for transmission MODULATION impressing low freq information signals onto high freq carrier signal DEMODULATION reverse process of modulation received signals are transformed back to original information signal

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Amplitude Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal (information) AM is used in commercial broadcasting of both audio and video signals. It is also used for two way mobile radio communications such as citizens band (CB) radio.

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

AM ENVELOPE
The shape of the modulated wave is called AM envelope Repetition rate of the envelope is equal to modulating signal freq Shape of the envelope is identical to the shape of the modulating signal

AM GENERATION
Linear addition will not suffice. With Linear addition we are just Shifting the carrier wave form its original position by the instantaneous value of the information signal.

AM GENERATION
The method utilized to produce a useable AM signal to continue the carrier and intelligent signal through a non linear device AM modulator is a nonlinear device nonlinear mixing occurs output envelope is made up of A dc voltage Carrier frequency Components at the sum and difference frequencies of the two original frequencies (cross products)

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF AM

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF AM
The three components that form the AM Waveform are listed below: 1. The lower-side Frequency (fc fm(max)) 2. The Carrier Frequency (fc ) 3. The Upper-side Frequency (fc + fm(max)) The band of frequencies above the carrier is term the Upper Sideband (USB). The band of frequencies below the carrier is term the Lower Sideband (LSB).

AM BANDWIDTH
Equal to twice the highest modulating signal frequency B = (fc + fm(max) ) (fc fm(max)) = 2fm(max)

PROBLEM
For an AM DSBFC modulator with a carrier frequency fc = 100kHz and a maximum modulating signal frequency fm(max) = 5kHz, determine (a) frequency limits of the upper and lower sidebands (b) bandwidth (c) draw the output frequency spectrum

COEFFICIENT OF MODULATION AND PERCENT MODULATION

Describes the amount of amplitude change percent in an AM waveform Also known as modulation index or modulation factor and it is symbolized by m m = Em / Ec 0m 1 0 no modulation 1 100% modulation

COEFFICIENT OF MODULATION AND PERCENT MODULATION

Percent modulation gives the percentage change in the amplitude of output wave, denoted by M M = Em / Ec * 100% = m * 100 %

Modulation coefficient, Em and Ec

Modulation coefficient, Em and Ec

Referring to above figure, percent modulation can be expressed as, M = [(Vmax Vmin) / (Vmax + Vmin)] * 100 Peak amplitude of upper and lower side frequencies is given by, Eusf = Elsf = (Vmax Vmin) / 4 since, Em = Eusf+ Elsf

50% AND 100% MODULATED WAVE

PROBLEM
For an AM waveform with Vmax = 18v, Vmin = 2v, Em= 8v and Ec = 10v, determine, (a) peak amp of the upper and lower side freq (b) peak amp of unmodulated carrier (c) peak change in the amp of the envelope (d) coefficient of modulation (e) percent modulation

Questions
Define modulation? What are the types of analog modulation? Define amplitude modulation? Define coefficient of modulation and percent modulation? Define modulation index for AM?

Summary On completion of this lesson you have learned: About analog communication systems To define Amplitude modulation generation frequency spectrum, bandwidth and modulation index for AM