KLIA PROFESSIONAL AND MANAGEMENT COLLEGE

AVIATION HISTORY AND LAW Basic Flying Instruments

NAME: DAYANG LIDYA ABANG AZMAN

MATRIC NO: KPMC114201 COURSE: DIP. IN AVIATION MANAGEMENT LECTURERS NAME : MEJAR MAYA MARIMUTHU

ASSIGNMENT DEADLINE: 5th AUGUST 2011

TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 3 2.0 OBJECTIVE ......................................................................................................................................... 3 3.0 PURPOSE .............................................................................................................................................. 3 4.0 EMERGENCE OF FLIGHT INSTRUMENT ................................................................................... 4 4.1 Visual radio direction finder ................................................................................................................... 4 4.2 Artificial horizon (Attitude Indicator)..................................................................................................... 4 4.3 Barometric altimeter ............................................................................................................................... 4 5.0 WHAT IS INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES (IFR) .......................................................................... 4 6.0 BASIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT ................................................................................................................... 5 6.1 Altimeter ................................................................................................................................................. 5 6.2 Air Speed Indicator.................................................................................................................................. 5 6.3 Vertical Speed Indicator ......................................................................................................................... 6 6.4 Attitude Indicator.................................................................................................................................... 6 6.5 Heading Indicator .................................................................................................................................... 7 6.6 Turn Indicator.......................................................................................................................................... 7 7.0 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................... 7 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................. 8

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The very first aircraft has a little or no flying instrument. With that, it is very difficult for the pilot. Flying in bad weather is very risky. Aircraft become one of the main transportation when an accurate flight instrument facilitates pilot from necessity of maintaining visual contact with the ground. Flight instruments are important to conducting safe flight operations and the pilot need to have a basic understanding of their operation. The basic flight instruments required for operation under visual flight rules (VFR) are airspeed indicator (ASI), altimeter, and magnetic direction indicator. In addition to these, operation under instrument flight rules (IFR) requires a gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator, slip-skid indicator, sensitive altimeter adjustable for barometric pressure, clock displaying hours, minutes, and seconds with a sweep-second pointer or digital presentation, gyroscopic pitch-and-bank indicator (artificial horizon), and gyroscopic direction indicator (directional gyro or equivalent).

2.0 OBJECTIVE
To ensure pilot can take off and land safely. To enable the aircraft fly through the bad weather conditions and during night. To ensure safety and reliable operation. To give the early warning about any failure of aircrafts system/part so that the pilot could take the immediate action.

3.0 PURPOSE
Why do pilot need basic flying instrument? Pilot need basic flying instrument to help them overcome their limitation while flying. If theres no flying instrument, pilot have to faced many problem while flying. Let take Charles Lindbergs journey as an example. He flies alone over Atlantic Ocean successfully and takes about 33 hours to complete his journey. Lindberg faced a few challenges such as bad weather, cant sleep during flight,no radio and no proper communication and no navigator instruments and lastly, theres no proper water survival gears. Hes using see and avoid flying concept. Technology nowadays has changed everything. With the help of the flying instrument, it is easier for the pilot to fly. Pilot can flyfor a long time and distant miles away. One of the instruments that help the pilot isautopilot. Autopilot is a Computer device thatcan fly an airplane on its own. However, pilot is always present to monitor and check in whether the flight is going according to plan or not.
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4.0 EMERGENCE OF FLIGHT INSTRUMENT

On September 24, 1929, First flying blind performed by Jimmy Doolittles. Flying Blind means fly by the aid of Flight Instrument only, without a view outside the cockpit. Examples of basic flight instrument are: 4.1 Visual radio direction finder Using vibration system to direct the aircraft. The closer the plane is to the beacon, the more intense the vibration. 4.2 Artificial horizon (Attitude Indicator) Showed the orientation of the flying aircraft in relation to the ground (show how the wings were tilted, show whether aircraft nose up/down /level. 4.3 Barometric altimeter Showed how far the aircraft above the ground. They will sensitively record the time and therefore the distance from the aircraft to the ground.

5.0 WHAT IS INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES (IFR)

Instrument flight rules permit an aircraft to operate in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), which have much lower weather minimums than Visual Flight Rules (VFR). Procedures and training are significantly more complex as a pilot must demonstrate competency in conducting an entire cross-country flight in IMC conditions, while controlling the aircraft solely by reference to instruments. As compared toVFR flight, instrument pilots must meticulously evaluate weather, create a very detailed flight plan based around specific instrument departure, en route, and arrival procedures, and dispatch the flight. Once airborne, the IFR pilot is then challenged to fly the aircraft in the same air traffic control (ATC) environment and weather systems that two-crew jet aircraft are using at the same time. Rules of the road for flights permitted to penetrate clouds and low visibility conditions by reference to cockpit. Aircraft must be equipped and pilots qualified and current for IFR flight. Flight plans and ATC clearances are required. Flights are monitored and traffic separated by Air Traffic Control, usually by radar. Instrument Flight Rule (IFR) training combined with the necessary instrumentation and the support of Air Traffic Control allows continued flight operations in reduced or no visibility situations. All major airline pilots are IFR trained. IFR pilots are further trained to use on- board instrumentation to fly, and must communicate with Air Traffic Control, when operating above 18,000 feet. Instead of using only visuals, ATC can support them in navigation through bad weather and in separation from other aircraft and terrain.

6.0 BASIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT

If an airplane could be flown by concentrating on only one instrument, flight on the gauges would be easy. Normally, constant reference must be made to six basic flight instruments as well as the navigation and engine instruments. This is accomplished through the pilot's instrument scan and the instrument pilot's most basic skill. List of basic flying instrument: 6.1 Altimeter

An altimeter is simply a barometer calibrated in feet instead inches of mercury. With an increase in altitude, since there is now less air above the airplane, the pressure is less. The altimeter measures this reduced atmospheric pressure and displays it as the aircraft's altitude.To compensate for barometric pressure changes, the altimeter is frequently calibrated by the pilot by setting the current barometric pressure in the altimeter setting window using a small knob. 6.2 Air Speed Indicator

The airspeed indicator is one of the oldest and most important of the flight instruments. It measures the aircraft's speed through the air by measuring the dynamic pressure of the airstream rushing against the moving airplane.During cruise, the aircraft may be flown within a fairly broad speed range depending on whether fuel economy, range or flight time is the primary objective. However, in no case can the pilot allow the aircraft to slow to stall speed - at which point the wings can no longer sustain the aircraft - or accelerate to "red line," above which structural failure may result.
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6.3 Vertical Speed Indicator

The vertical speed indicator, or VSI, measures the aircraft's rate of climb or descent as measured by the change in the surrounding atmospheric pressure, because of the instrument's inherent delay or "lag," accurate climb or descent information is not available for several seconds. For this reason, the VSI is useful only as a back-up instrument in most flight maneuvers. 6.4 Attitude Indicator

In the middle of the top row of the panel is the attitude indicator, or artificial horizon, the central element of the pilot's instrument scan. In instrument conditions, the attitude indicator replaces the natural horizon, showing the relationship of the nose and wings to the horizontal plane. The attitude indicator is the only instrument that gives direct information about an aircraft's attitude. Each movement of the aircraft's controls is therefore made with reference to this instrument.

6.5 Heading Indicator

The heading indicator, or directional gyro, uses an internal gyroscope whose stability provides accurate directional information once it is set to the correct heading. The gyro-stabilized heading indicator is required because of the errors that occur in the magnetic compass during turns, speed changes and even in turbulent air, because of drift errors, the instrument should be checked against the magnetic compass during straight and level flight at least once every 15 minutes. Like the altimeter, a set knob is provided for corrections. 6.6 Turn Indicator

This electrically-driven instrument not only serves as a back-up to the attitude indicator in the event of its failure, but also measures the rate and quality of a turn.In instrument flight turns are typically made at a rate of three degrees per second or less; steeper turns are considered dangerous. The quality of the turn is measured by the ball in the curved glass tube at the bottom of the instrument. A quality, or coordinated, turn balances centrifugal and gravitational forces keeping the ball centered.

7.0 CONCLUSION
Basic flying instrument is very important to all pilots because without it flying will be very difficult. They have to face lot of problem and they have to overcome their limitation while flying. With the help of this modern technology, flying will be easier to all pilots.

REFERENCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instruments http://soar.org/flight/appendix/instruments/index.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules http://www.google.com.my/search?tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw=&bih=&q=flying

+instrument&btnG=Search+Images&gbv=2