A Reference List of Common Expressions Using Prepositions.

Read through the following list to see if you know each expression on it. You may wish to memorize the ones you don't know, or to use the list for reference when you write a paper.
acceptable to someone approve of someone or something account to someone for something argue about something accuse someone of something argue with someone for (or against something acquaintance with someone or something arrive at a place in a city or country adapt to something ashamed of something ask someone for something admission to a place ask something of someone affection for someone afraid of something associated with someone in some activity agree to something, like a contract or plan agree with someone about something assure someone of something alarmed at something at the top of a lot of something attraction to someone or something amazed at something aware of someone or something amused at or by something bargain with someone for something angry with something because of something or someone angry at someone believe in something apologize to someone for something blame someone for something apparent to someone blind to something appeal to someone by means of apply to someone for something call on someone socially appropriate to something consideration for someone call to someone from a distance consult with someone about or on something call up someone on the telephone contempt for someone or something capable of something contented with something certain of something contrast with someone or something challenge someone to something contribute to something characteristic of something control over someone or something cheat someone of something converse with someone about something close to something or someone convict someone of something comment on someone or something convince someone of something communicate something to someone copy from someone communicate with someone correspond with someone comparable to something count on someone for something compare to or with someone or something cure for something competition with someone for something deal with someone or something complain to someone about something decide on something composed of something dedicate something to someone concerned about someone or something defend someone from something or against something concerned with something delighted with someone or something confess to someone delight in someone or something confidence in someone or something explain something to someone confident of something failure of someone in something congratulate someone on something faithful to someone or something conscious of something fall in love with someone demand something of someone fascinated with someone or something depend on someone for something fearful of something deprive someone of something found of someone designed for something for the purpose of desire for something for the sake of die of a disease full of something different from someone or something grateful to someone for something disagree with someone about something guard against something

disappointed in something guess at something disappointed with someone hear about something disgusted with someone or something hear of something displeased with someone or something hint at something distrust of someone or something horrified at something do something about something in case of doubt about someone or something in common with dream of or about something independent of someone or something due to someone or something in favor of duty to someone influence over someone engaged to someone inform someone of something escape from something on account of excel in something opportunity for someone or something exception to something opposition to someone or something excuse for something pay someone for something excuse someone from something pay something to someone in place of pity for someone inquire into something point at someone or something in search of popularity with someone in spite of prefer something to something in the course of prejudice against someone or something insist on something protect someone from something intent on something provide something for someone interested in something or someone punish someone for something interfere with someone or something qualification for a job introduce someone to someone qualified to do something invite someone to something quarrel with someone over something irrelevant to something quote something from someone

knock at or on a door reason for something laugh at something or someone reason with someone about something lecture on something recover from an illness listen to someone or something related to someone look at someone or something rely on someone or something look for something or someone remind someone of something look up something in a reference book tell someone of or about something made of something thankful for something make something for someone think of or about or over something mistaken for someone threaten someone with something need for something tired of something obligation to someone trust in something or someone reply to someone about something trust someone with something require something of someone wait for someone or something research in something weary of something responsible to someone for something work for someone or something result from a cause worry about something or someone result in a consequence talk to someone about something result of a cause take care of someone or something rob someone of something talk over something with someone satisfactory to someone take advantage of someone or something search for something sympathy with or for someone or something send for something sure of something shocked at something supply someone with something shocking to someone start with something similar to someone or something stare at someone or something smile at someone

Basic Uses of Prepositions

A preposition shows a relationship between its object and other words in a sentence. The preposition may be in the form of one word (at, by, in, on, etc.) or in the form of a phrase that functions as a unit (in front of, by way of, etc.) Some of the relationships that prepositions express are place or position, time, manner, direction, and agent. The book is (place or on the desk. position) The boy ran toward the (direction) house. The man arrived at (time) ten o'clock. He travels (manner) by train. The book was written (agent) by him. A preposition + an object forms a phrase. This kind of phrase usually functions as a modifier (adjective or adverb). The report of the meeting (adjective) was read. We go to class at ten (adverb) o'clock.

| | | The paper is | | | | | | | He is sitting | | | | | | | Jack is | | | |

on in by beside near against under behind in back of in front of beside near by in inside outside in front of in back of behind underneath on top of

| | | | the desk. | | | | | | | her. | | | | | | | the car. | | |

| across the park. | | around the park. | | under the bridge. | | down the street. | They walked | up the street. | | over the hill. | | through the park. | | on the sidewalk. | 77b. Below is a list of some prepositions that indicate relationships of place or position: 1. at Elizabeth is at the store. Is Mary at home?

77 PREPOSITIONS of PLACE or POSITION

77a. The following sentences show some of the relationship of place or position expressed by various prepostions:

2. to

Elizabeth went to the store. 5. over Our apartment is directly over yours. A plane flew over our house at noon.

from

Mr. MacDonald is from Scotland.

3. in

Mr. Brown is sitting in the leather chair in the lobby.

under

The box is under the table.

beneath on Put a stamp on the envelope. Please sit on the sofa.

The closet is beneath the stairs.

Put a pad underneath underneath the rug.

4. by

The matches are over there by the cigarettes.

on top of

The carpenter is on top of the house.

beside

The napkin is placed beside the plate.

6. behind

The chair is behind the desk.

near

They are sitting near the window.

in back of

John is standing in back of Harry.

against

Don't lean against the stove.

in front of There is a car parked in front of

the house.

among these papers.

7. up

I saw Mr. Jones walking up the street.

10. inside

These plants should be kept inside the house.

down

There is a service station about two miles down the road.

outside

The chairs were left outside the house all night.

8. across

They live across the street from us.

11. after

Put a question mark after each question.

around

Let's take a walk around the block.

before

through

I took a walk through the park yesterday.

In giving dates, we usually place the month before the day.

12. above 9. between Martha is sitting between George and Jim.

This city is three thousand feet above sea level.

below

among

The letter is somewhere

This land is below sea level. Your grade is below average.

Your name is at 13. at the top of the top of the waiting list.

location within a house, building, city, and so forth. o I'll meet you at the library. o I'll meet you at the information desk in the lobby of the hotel. o She is in the kitchen preparing dinner. In is also used in referring to a location within a country.
o o

at the bottom of

His mane is at the bottom of the list.

at the head He is now at the of head of his class. 77c. Compare in--on, on--at, at--in in the situations described below:
1. IN--ON

They own a house in Sweden. He is in Peru, South America, now.

In is ordinarily used in referring to cities.

o o

In general, in means beneath the surface; on means touching the surface. o There is a grease spot on my coat and a moth hole in my sweater. o We had to drive a large nail in the ceiling in order to hang the picture on this wall.

He lives in Hartford, Connecticut. They will arrive in Bangkok next month.

At is sometimes used in referring to the arrival of a train, and so forth.

o

The train will arrive at Philadelphia at 8:10 p.m.

2. ON--AT

In an address, on is used with the name of the street; at, with the house number and the name of the street. o He lives on Green Street. o He lives at 1236 Green Street.

78 PREPOSITIONS of DIRECTION
The prepositions listed in this section are those usually thought of as indicating direction. However, there is some overlapping of place and direction in such prepositions as from, to, through, up, down, over, under, etc.

3. AT--IN

In referring to location, at ordinarily indicates a specified location; in, a

78a. The following sentence shows some of the relationships of direction expressed by various prepositions: | into | The | the dog out of building. ran | | toward | 78b. Below is a list of some prepositions that indicate relationships of direction: I walked into the room and sat down by the fireplace. They ran out of the 2. out of burning building. He walked toward the City 3. toward Hall. by way You can go by way of the 4. of Panama Canal. 1. into 78c. Compare in--into in the following situations: In ordinarily refers to place or position.

79a. The following sentence shows some of the relationships of time expressed by various prepositions: | at | | by | Please | 10 before arrive | o'clock. | after | 79b. Below is a list of some prepositions that indicate relationships of time: Note: At 2:30 p.m. = at exactly or precisely 2:30 p.m. By 2 o'clock = not later than 2 o'clock. The definite article is used as the expression in the morning, (afternoon, evening, but not in at noon, (night, midnight).(Also see Section 75b.) The baseball 1. at game will start at 2:30 p.m. This gate opens at noon and closes at midnignt. by Try to be there by 2 o'clock.

He is in his office now.

Into ordinarily refers to motion or action, although in is often used interchangeably with into in situations of this kind.

PREPOSITIONS

I saw him go into (in) the director's office a few minutes ago. They went into (in) the building an hour ago.

2. in

The train will arrive in an hour. I must leave in a few minutes. He goes to work early in the morning.

79 PREPOSITIONS of TIME
on

Ray's birthday is

on November 18.

of in the middle of

your check at the end of the month. Let's have lunch sometime in the middle of the week.

3. for during since

They stayed for three weeks. We saw them often during the summer. We have been here since 1955.

79c. Compare on--in and for--during-since in the situations described below.

1. ON--IN

4. after before

Call me again after 10 o'clock. He always gets home before 6 o'clock

In giving dates, on is used before days of the week or before months and day of the month; in, before months not followed by the day and before numbers indicating the year. o On Saturday they left for Europe. They took a trip in June. o The store opened on May 23, 1950. They moved to Boston in July, 1955. o On May 10th they left for Europe. They took a trip to Japan in 1954.

2. FOR--DURING--SINCE

5. until (till)

Why don't you stay until (till) Sunday? I'll be here till (until) 5 o'clock.

In expressions of time, for refers to a period of time, frequently stated in terms of the number of hours, days, weeks, and so forth, and in such expressions as for a long (short) time, for several (a few) minutes, for a little while, and so forth. fifteen minutes. | two hours. We waited several for | hours. | a long time. |

at the 6. beginning of at the end

I'll call you at the beginning of the week. You will receive

BASIC USES OF PREPOSITIONS

During also refers to a period of time, frequently stated as a block of time (during the summer, during the year, during the semester, during my vacation, etc.). | the winter. | the year. It rained a the spring great deal semester. during | | April. | 1955. In many cases for refers to something more or less continuous: during, to something intermittent. For is followed by the indefinite article: during, by the definite article. Compare: It rained for a day or so. (It rained almost continuously for a day or so.) It rained during the day. (It rained sometime during the day or perhaps off and on during the day.) Since refers to a period of time that extends from a point of time in the past to the present or to another point of time in the past. The verb tense is usually the present perfect or past perfect.

| June, 1952. We have been here since | noon. We haven't seen Compare: him for two or three years. We saw him several times during our trip South. We haven't seen him since 1954.

They have lived in London for two years. They have met many people during the two years (two year period) they have been in London. They have lived in London since 1950. In addition, note the following expressions:
1.

ON TIME--IN

BASIC USES OF PREPOSITIONS

| five o'clock. I have been here since | May 10th.

TIME On time means "on schedule"; in time usually means before an appointed time (often with time left over to do something). o Were you late for your appointment?

No, I was there on time. (I was there at the appointed time.)

I'll pick you up around 7 o'clock. o It is now about 5 o'clock.

o

No, I reached the office in time to have a cup of coffee before my appointment.

80 PREPOSITIONS of MANNER
1. by You can go by bus (car, train, ship. plane, foot).

2. on
2. FROM . . . TO--FROM . . . UNTIL These expressions have approximately the same meanings and are usually interchangeable in expression of time. However, only from ... to is used in referring to place or position. o He works from 8:00 to 5:00. He works from 8:00 until 5:00. o We drove from Boston to New York in four hours.

He went on foot (horseback). I like to travel on train (ship, plane).

3.in

We came here in a car (taxi). Please write in ink (pencil). He speaks in a low voice. He left in a hurry.

4. I accept your invitation with with pleasure. She greeted him with a smile. The car started with a jerk.

3. AROUND-ABOUT Around and about (sometimes preceded with by and are used to indicate approximate time.)

5. like

He walks like an old man. You speak like an authority on the subject.

81 SOME OTHER TYPES of PREPOSITIONS

1. AGENT (or INSTRUMENT)--by and with o This poem was written by Walt Whitman. o The door is opened by a mechanical device. o Try opening the door with this key. o I can write better with my own pen.

4. N--of

ASSOCIATIO
o

The new wing of the building is almost completed. o We heard the news of your promotion from Bill.

5. of and by

MEASURE-o

2. ACCOMPAN IMENT--with o He went with her to the store. II, 1--9 o Try some of this sauce with your meat.

I want three quarts of milk and a pound of cheese. o Onethird of the students are from South America. o Coffee is sold by the pound, but ribbon is sold by the yard.

6. --like

SIMILARITY
o

You

3. for

PURPOSE-o

look like your brother.

o This material feels like silk. o It looks like rain.

This door is for emergency exits only. o I need to go to the store for a loaf of bread.

7. IN THE CAPACITY OF--as

He got a job as an elevator operator. o Mr. Kingsley will serve as chairman of the committee. o She appeared as Desdemona in Othello.
o

* There are some more conditionals formed by mixing some of these four. Structure of Conditional Sentences The Zero Conditional is used for actions that are always true when the conditions are satisfied. The structure of the conditionals is straightforward. There are two basic possibilities in terms of order in the sentence: IF If Condition it rains, Result we will get wet IF If Condition it rains,

Sat, January 23, 2010 8:49:42 AM Conditionals ... From: Ahmadani Abdullah <abeight@yahoo.com> ... Add to Contacts To: ahmadz330@yahoo.com

Result we will get wet

* Notice that we only use a comma in the first example. Conditionals: Time and Probability Table Probability Conditional Example Time If you heat water to zero any Certain 100 conditional time degrees celsius, it boils If it first rains, I Likely future conditional will stay in. If I won the second Unlikely lottery, I future conditional would retire. If I had the second money, I Impossible present conditional would lend it to you

CONDITIONALS
Definition: The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something else. The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations, they are sometimes called if-clauses. Real Conditional describes reallife situations. Unreal Conditional describes unreal, imaginary situations. For example: If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens. There are four basic conditionals that we use in English.

Zero Conditional First Conditional Second Conditional Third Conditional

If I had seen him, I would third Impossible have past conditional given him the message. Zero Conditional: Certainty The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met. Formation: if + present simple, + present simple IF Condition present simple you heat water to 100 If degrees celsius, present simple I drink If coffee, Result present simple it boils. Situation

present tense for the condition and will for the result. In this case, the person is sure about going to university. We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence. For example: IF Condition she gets If good grades, he gets If good grades, she gets If good grades, he gets If good grades, she gets If good grades, he gets If good grades, Result she will go to university. he may go to university. she should go to university. he can go to university. she could go to university. he might go to university. Possibility If the condition is met, then she definitely will go He is not sure about going to university. The speaker is expressing his or her opinion, giving advice. This means that it is possible. This means that it is possible, but not that likely. This means that it is possible, but not that likely.

factuniversal

present simple I get a factheadache. personal

In these examples, the result will always occur if the condition is met, so the time is not important. First Conditional: A real possibility in the future A First Conditional sentence is for future actions dependent on the result of another future action or event, where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied. Formation: if + present simple, + will For example: If she gets good grades, she will go to university. We are talking about the future, but we use a

We can also use different present forms in the condition part of the sentence like: present simple, present progressive, present perfect, etc Second Conditional: Imaginary Present or Unlikely Future The Second Conditional can be used used to talk about imaginary present situations, where we are imagining something different

from what is really the case. We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen, as the condition is unlikely to be met. We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result. Formation: if + past simple, + would + base form For Example: If I were you, I'd tell her. Result Possibility WOULD past present + base impossible simple verb I don't have the I would time, so I had the If learn I'm not time, Italian. going to learn Italian. WOULD past future + base unlikely simple verb There's a I would very small travel chance of I won the If around winning lottery the the lottery, world. so the trip is unlikely We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part of the sentence: IF Condition Result Certainty WOULD past + base simple verb If I had the I would Although time, learn unlikely to Italian. happen, the speaker is sure that they IF Condition Time

would do it given the opportunity. Although unlikely to I might I had happen, it is If learn more time, only a English. possibility anyway. Although unlikely to happen, the I should speaker is learn I had saying that it If some more time, would be a more good idea, about IT. but is not committed to it. Although unlikely to I could I had happen, it is If learn more time only a Hindi. possibility anyway. Third Conditional: Imaginary PastThe third conditional is used when we are talking about the past and imagining something different from what actually happened, that means for imaginary past actions, where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied. Formation: if + past perfect, + would have + past participle For example: If I had known, I would have helped. I didn't know and didn't help. IF Condition Result Certainty WOULD past HAVE+ perfect past participle If I had I would Although this

known,

have helped. I could have helped. I might have helped.

I had If known,

I had If known,

If

you had known,

you should have helped.

didn't happen, the speaker is sure about the result. Although this didn't happen, the result is only a possibility. Although this didn't happen, the result is only a possibility. Although this didn't happen, it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice.

+ past participle For example:

If I were you, I wouldn't have done that.

When the first part is still true For example:

If I could speak English, I wouldn't have needed to get the letter translated. (This means that I couldn't speak English then when I needed the translator and still can't)

http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/engli sh/grammar/conditionals.asp

Third Second Mixed Conditionals For imaginary present actions or situations that are not possible because the necessary conditions were not met in the past. Formation: if + past perfect, + would + base form For example:

If you had taken the course, you would know about it. (The conditions were not met because the person did not do the course and as a result does not know about it now.)

Second Third Mixed Conditionals To avoid the illogicality of saying 'If I had been you', which means that I was not you on that occasion, but could be in the future, which is, of course, impossible. Formation: if + past simple, + would have

Three Minutes to Stress Relief!

Medical Author: Melissa Conrad Stppler, MD Medical Editor: Barbara K. Hecht, PhD

Effective stress control results in the enhancement of both mental and physical well-being. Exercise and practice of relaxation methods are the best ways to keep chronic stress in check, but it isn't realistic to take a jog or a meditation break every time you're faced with a stressful situation. You can, however, practice techniques like controlled-breathing exercises when you feel your stress levels soaring. The following exercise in breathing can be done for as little as three to five minutes at a time and is an effective way to halt escalating feelings of anger, tension, and frustration. Controlled-breathing exercise: 1. Sit upright in a comfortable position. 2. Focus on your present state and existence (this is often termed being "mindful"). Block out intrusive thoughts. You may close your eyes if you wish. 3. Pay attention to your breathing. Inhale slowly through the nose, taking several seconds. 4. Exhale through the mouth, trying to make the exhalation phase last twice as long as the inhalation. 5. Continue this mindful breathing for three to five minutes. If you like, you can increase the practice to 15-20 minutes per day. With regular practice, you can train your body to relax in stressful situations by using this exercise. This exercise can also be effective in dealing with anxiety, panic attacks, stage fright, and fears (such as the fear of flying). Taking a restorative

pause to focus on your breathing can also be a valuable anger-management tool. For information on another type of relaxation technique, please read the article Meditation May Reduce Stress and Improve Health.

Meditation May Reduce Stress and Improve Health

Medical Author: Melissa Conrad Stppler, MD Medical Editor: Barbara K. Hecht, PhD A simple technique practiced for as few as 10 minutes per day can help you control stress, decrease anxiety, improve cardiovascular health, and achieve a greater capacity for relaxation. The meditative technique called the "relaxation response" was pioneered in the U.S. by Harvard physician Herbert Benson in the 1970s. The technique has gained acceptance by physicians and therapists worldwide as a valuable adjunct to therapy for symptom relief in conditions ranging from cancer to AIDS. When our bodies are exposed to a sudden stress or threat, we respond with a characteristic "fight or flight" response. This is sometimes called an "adrenaline rush" because the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal glands, resulting in an increase in blood pressure and pulse rate, faster breathing, and increased blood flow to the muscles.

The relaxation response is a technique designed to elicit the opposite bodily reaction from the "fight or flight" response -- a state of deep relaxation in which our breathing, pulse rate, blood pressure, and metabolism are decreased. Training our bodies on a daily basis to achieve this state of relaxation can lead to enhanced mood, lower blood pressure, and reduction of lifestyle stress. The relaxation response technique consists of the silent repetition of a word, sound, or phrase while sitting quietly with eyes closed for 10 to 20 minutes. This should be done in a quiet place free of distractions. Sitting is preferred to lying down in order to avoid falling asleep. Relax your muscles starting with the feet and progressing up to your face. Breathe though your nose in a free and natural way. You can choose any word or phrase you like. You can use a sound such as "om," a word such as "one" or "peace," or a word with special meaning to you. Intruding worries or thoughts should be ignored or dismissed to the best of your ability by focusing on the repetition. It's OK to open your eyes to look at a clock while you are practicing, but do not set an alarm. When you have finished, remain seated, first with your eyes closed and then with your eyes open, and gradually allow your thoughts to return to everyday reality. The technique requires some practice and may be difficult at first, but over time almost anyone can learn to achieve the desired state of relaxation. Dr. Benson, who originally described the technique, recommends practicing the

technique once or twice a day. He recommends not practicing the relaxation response within two hours after eating a meal because the digestive process may interfere with the technique. The relaxation response can also be elicited through other meditative and relaxation techniques. No matter how the relaxation state is achieved, the physical and emotional consequences of stress can be reduced through regular practice. Reference: eMedicine Live, Mindfulness Meditation, http://www.emedicinelive.com/index.php /Mental-Health/mindfulness-meditationfor-stress-reduction.html [ FOR YOUR MANAGEMENT, http://www.csupomona.edu/~wcweber/3 01/301slide/ch01301/index.htm / http://www.managementhelp.org/mgmnt /skills.htm#anchor329016 ]

Secrets of Leadership Useful Stuff 123

A great deal has been written about leadership: rules, pointers, styles, and biographies of inspiring leaders throughout world history. However there are certain leadership ideas that we ourselves fail to recognize and realize in the course of reading books. Here is a short list of things you thought you knew about leadership. 1. Leaders come in different flavours. There are different types of leaders and you will probably encounter lots type in your lifetime. Formal leaders are those we elect into positions or offices such as the senators, congressmen, and

presidents of the local clubs. Informal leaders or those we look up to by virtue of their wisdom and experience such as in the case of the elders of a tribe, or our grandparents; or by virtue of their expertise and contribution on a given field such as Albert Einstein in the field of Theoretical Physics and Leonardo da Vinci in the field of the Arts. Both formal and informal leaders practice a mixture of leadership styles: Lewins three basic leadership styles "authoritative, participative, and delegative" Likerts four leadership styles "exploitive authoritative, benevolent authoritative, consultative, and participative" Golemans six emotional leadership styles - "visionary, coaching, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting, and commanding". 2. Leadership is a process of becoming. Although certain people seem to be born with natural leadership qualities, without the right environment and exposure, they may fail to improve their full potential. So like learning how to ride a bicycle, you can also learn how to become a leader and hone your leadership abilities. Knowledge on leadership theories and skills may be formally gained by enrolling in leadership seminars, workshops, and conferences. Daily interactions with people provide the opportunity to observe and practice leadership theories. Together, formal and informal learning will help you gain leadership attitudes, gain leadership insights, and thus furthering the cycle of learning. You do not become a leader in one day and just stop. Life-long learning is fundamental in becoming a good leader for each day brings new experiences

that put your knowledge, skills, and attitude to the test. 3. Leadership starts with you. The best way to develop leadership qualities is to apply it to your own life. As an adage goes "action speaks louder than words." Leaders are always in the limelight. Keep in mind that your credibility as a leader depends lots on your actions: your interaction with your family, friends, and coworkers; your way of managing your personal and organizational responsibilities; and even the way you talk with the newspaper vendor across the street. Repeated actions become habits. Habits in turn form a persons character. Steven Coveys book entitled 7 Habits of Highly Effective People provides good insights on how you can achieve personal leadership. 4. Leadership is shared. Leadership is not the sole responsibility of one person, however rather a shared responsibility among members of an emerging team. A leader belongs to a group. Each member has responsibilities to fulfil. Formal leadership positions are merely added responsibilities aside from their responsibilities as members of the team. Effective leadership requires members to do their share of work. Starting as a mere group of individuals, members and leaders work towards the formation of an effective team. In this light, social interaction plays a major role in leadership. To learn how to work together requires a terrific deal of trust between and among leaders and members of an emerging team.
Secrets of Leadership Useful Stuff 123 visit: www.usefulstuff123.com for more e-books 2 of 3

Trust is built upon actions and not merely on words. When mutual respect

exists, trust is fostered and confidence is built. 5. Leadership styles depend on the situation. How come dictatorship works for Singapore however not in the United States of America? Aside from culture, beliefs, value system, and form of government, the current situation of a nation also affects the leadership styles used by its formal leaders. There is no rule that only one style can be used. Depending on the situation, leaders employ an accompaniment of leadership styles. In emergency situations such as periods of war and calamity, decisionmaking is a matter of life and death. Thus, a nations leader cannot afford to consult with all departments to arrive at crucial decisions. The case is of course different in times of peace and order--different sectors and other branches of government can freely interact and participate in governance. Another case in point is in leading organizations. When the staffs are highly motivated and competent, a mixture of high delegative and moderate participative styles of leadership is most appropriate. Though if the staff have low competence and low commitment, a mixture of high coaching, high supporting, and high directing behaviour from organizational leaders is required. Now that you are reminded of these things, keep in mind that there are always ideas that we think we already know; concepts we take for granted, however are actually the most useful insights on leadership.
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