AP HISTORY II

Midterm Exam Review Sheet 1870-1940

(50 multiple choice – AP level)

Immigration between 1870-1930

• 1870s- push & pull- *[push] poverty & oppression in homeland
*[pull] immigrants allured by the availability of jobs and promise
of the “American Dream” (the land of opportunities)
• expand dramatically as the demand for factory labor grew
• 1870s- immigrants from (1) continuing flow of rural Americans
(2)immigrants from Mexico, Asia, Canada, and Southern &
Eastern Europeans (Italians, Poles, Russians Greeks, Slavs)
• until 1882- Chinese Exclusion Act (banned Asian immigrants)
• replaced Anglo-Saxon and previous Northern European workers
racial tensions
(18.1 Chart American Issues)

Turner Thesis
• The West closingthe area of opportunity and luck of fortune
also disappearing
• experience of expansion into the frontier had stimulated
individualism, nationalism, and democracy; kept opportunities for
advancement alive
• drives the race of American imperialism
Labor Unions (DQs)

AFL
• American Federation of Labor
• association of essentially autonomous craft unions and
represented mainly skilled workers
• hostile towards women within union (women weaklowering of
wages due to them; vulnerability to it---the ideal of domesticity)
• sought for equal pay for women anyway and even hired female
organizers to encourage unionization in industries dominated by
women effect: raise wages; force women out of workforce (less
attractive to prying employers)
• relationship between labor and management
• Samuel Gompers-Leader- opposed any government assistance,
remarking that the privileges given by the federal government
could also be easily taken away
• part of the Haymarket Square Riot
• unlike the Socialist Party, saw capitalist system as path to
betterment of labor
• favored pursuits of workers’ demands, rather than challenging
the right of owners under capitalism
• excluded African Americans and most ethnicity (worked menial
jobs; underrepresented)
• egalitarianism- political doctrine that holds that all people should
be treated as equals from birth
• conservative approach during the 1920sadvocated literary
tests to limit the number of unskilled immigrants (ex. Chinese
Exclusion Act)
• threatened by the “open shop” (American Plan) movement in the
1920s---designed to drive unions out of construction, mining,
longshore and other industries
• labor injunctions---allowed federal courts to pass laws that
illegalized strikes and possibly unions
•
Tariff policy thru time period
• {October 1890} McKinley Tariff- Under Benjamin Harrison (
William McKinley & Nelson W. Aldrich) highest protective tariff
yet proposed by Congress; stunned economic stability
o highly disadvantageous for local small farmers
(Populists)--- there was never an intense competition of
agricultural products with imports
 since the tariff bought up the wages of laborers and
raw materials essential for manufacturing of farming
machinery and other equipments, these things cost
more
+
 Sliding agricultural prices failed to haltplunging into
penury…
o prices of dealings and machinery in American economy
could become artificially high w/o competition to a point
where farmer could not pay
o took away the specialized privilege of Hawaiian sugar
planters led to revolt and later annexation of Hawaii into
US (1893)
o cycle: detrimental to American people: raised the imports’
prices to be higher than the original domestically
manufactured itemsallowed employers to raise the
previous price to a more profitable amountend result:
domestic products were more expensive than imports
 pushed many those on the margin of middle class
and lower class into poverty (since everything cost
more took toll on wages)
  need to increase wages for proper remuneration
increase the cost of local goods
o gave rise to the Populist Party/ Free Silver Platform
• {1894} Wilson-Gorman Tariff- Grover Cleveland’s altered
and failed attempt to lower tariffs- brief, modest tariff reductions
(some parts even raised tariff)
o imposed income tax of 2% to make for revenue lost from
tariff reduction
 later declared unconstitutional by Pollack v. Farmer’s
Loan and Trust Co., 1895)
o Passed Wilson and the HoR w/o much revision and
significant tariff reform, yet after thrust through the
Senate, many amendments were place along with it,
including the “Sugar Trust”, which made changes that
favored corp. at the expense of consumer
o a bit improvement from McKinley Tariff and better than
nothing
o a failed attempt to promote overseas trade as a way to
ease the Panic of 1893 (one of the worst depressions
to that point)
 precipitated in by a run on the gold supply
 began as the failure of National Cordage Company
(stock)
 laterbank failuresprice of silver fell
 Northern Pacific Railway, Union Pacific Railroad, and
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroadfail!!!
 led to bankruptcies of many other companies
 farmers distressed at the decreasing demand for
export crops (ex. wheat & cotton)
 Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 (during
Harrison’s time) along with McKinley Tariff partially
blamed for panic
• overproduction of silverrequired US gov’t to
purchase silver with notes backed by silver or
gold drain on gold deposit supply
• Dingley Act {1897} –Under William McKinley- raised tariffs
in United to counteract the Wilson-Gorman Tariff
o one of the highest tariff at the timerestore high
protective tariff
o remained in effect until Payne-Aldrich Act of 1909
• Payne-Aldrich Tariff {1909}-Under William Howard Taft-
started as an act to lower tariff on foreign goods
o by the time it ran through the Senatemajority of tariffs
were lowered; some actually rose; others remain stagnant
 o greatly angered Progressivebeginning of eventual split in
Republican party; split party into Progressives and Old
Guard
o executed an income tax on business- Corporation Tax
Act [valid after Flint v. Stone Tracy Co. (1911))
o Taft endorsed the tariff nevertheless its measureled to
his extreme unpopularity among Progressives (seen as
betrayal)
• Underwood-Simmons Tariff {1913}- also called United States
Revenue Act of 1913- Under Woodrow Wilson- imposed first
federal income tax (after ratification of Sixteenth Amendment
(1913)) to compensate for the lost tariff revenue; reduced greatly
the tariff rate from the previous Payne-Aldrich Tariff
• Emergency Tariff {1921}- Under Woodrow Wilson- ease
the plight of the farmers
o raised rates on wheat, sugar, meat, wool and other
agricultural products from foreign countries; protection of
domestic producers
• Fordney-McCumber Tariff {1922}- Under Warren G.
Harding- laissez-faire attitude toward regulating business and
pro-business attitude in passing tariff and in promoting foreign
trade providing huge loans to postwar Allied governments;
denounced strikes and labor unions
o imposed high rates on agricultural products and protect
infant industries
o raised tariff rates
o accelerate the dawning of the Great Depressionchain of
foreign tariff increases in European countries who
retaliated to the American tariff increase (raised to a
significant degree)
• Hawley-Smoot Tariff {1930}-Under Herbert Hoover- raised
duties on farm products and other duties
o considered the greatest policy blunder in American
economic history
o foreign response: spiking up their tariff rates
o result: American exports and imports plunged by more
than half
o initially to help beleaguered farmers by raising tariff levels
on agricultural products
o worsened the Great Depression
o Protectionism-economic policy of restraining trade between
nations, through methods such as tariffs on imported
goods, restrictive quotas, a variety of restrictive
government regulations designed to discourage imports,
 and anti-dumping laws in an attempt to protect domestic
industries in a particular nations from foreign take-over or
competition (opposite of free trade)
o an attempt to deal with the problem of overcapacity that
plagued the U.S. economy in the 1910s and 1920smass
production and agricultural inefficiencies
o Expenditure- an expending of money, time, etc. (expend-
to use up)
Strikes
• {1877}Great Railroad Strike- national strike; government
assistance- President Hayes ordered federal troops to suppress
the disorders
o first major national labor conflict
o friction between labors and employers could no longer be
localized in increasingly national economy
o depth of resentment among American workers against
employers (& gov’t)
o frailty of the labor movement---labor morale severely
damaged
• {May 1 1886}Haymarket Square Riot- organized by AFL
(American Federation of Labor)- alarming symbol and
demonstration of radicalism --- anarchism (terrorism and
violence)
o first time of the assumed connections between labor and
radicalism, anarchism
o constant obstacle for AFL and other labor organizations;
considerably destructive to Knights of Labor (never really
recovered)
• {1892} Homestead Strike- Henry Clay Frick & Andrew
Carnegie--- severed all negotiation among Amalgamated
Association of Iron & Steel Workers
o Frick shut down the factory and called upon the Pickerton
Detective Agency the hire strikebreakers incite anger and
infuriation among workers
o July 6, 1892- temporary victory for labor as Pickerton
retreat
o governor of Pennsylvania sent National Guard to aid
employers
o public opinion against labor after attempted assassination
of Frick
o general abrasion of union power in the 19th century; the
fragility of laborers’ coalition & the inability for most
employees to control their own fate; vulnerability of
workers and the growing dependency of unskilled work
• {1894} Pullman Strike- American Railway Union (led by
Eugene V. Debs) – refuse to handle Pullman cars and equipment
o transportation from Chicago to Pacific Coast paralyzed
o John Peter Altgeld- governor of Illinois- sympathized with
labor
o railroad operators asked federal gov’t to assist in breaking
strike—send army troops
o President Grover Cleveland & Attorney General Richard
Olney compiled
o Debs & associates arrested
• {1894} Coxey’s Army- result of the repression of 1893- Jacob
S. Coxey advocate massive public works program to create jobs
for the unemployed and an inflation of the currency
o march of unemployed to capital to present their demands
to gov’t
o Congress took no action on the demands
• {1902}United Mine Workers Strike- Roosevelt’s “Square
Deal”--- employers reluctantly inclined to surrender some of their
policies and compromise with the unions ---IMPORTANT:
Roosevelt did not pursue the topic of union recognition;
employers obliged to demands on wage increase and reduction
of working hours
• {1917} IWW Timber Strike- in opposition to war; federal
authorities imprisoned leaders of union; state gov’t passed laws
that outlawed the IWW0
• {September 1919} Boston Police Strike- Governor Calvin
Coolidge recruited a new police force and called in the National
Guard to restore peace (“There is no right to strike against the
public safety by anybody, anywhere, any time.”)
• {September 1919} Steelworkers’ Strike- 350,000
steelworkers walk off the job, demanding 8 hours and the
recognition of their union
o violent and bitteremployers assigned armed guards to
disperse the picket lines and intimidate strikers back into
the factories
o AFL initially endorsed the strike later timidly repudiated it
o setback that organized labor would not recover from for
more than a decade
Radical groups (Chapter 21 DQ #8)
• Molly Maguire
• Radical Socialists
• Social Democrats
• Knights of Labor
• Communists
Progressives (Chapter 21)

Harlem Renaissance (Chapter 24 DQ#7)

Wilson and Treaty of Versailles (Chapter 23 #4,5)

Advertising in 1920s (Chapter 24 #2, 3)

Republican Presidencies of 1920s (Chapter 24 #8)

Economic policies of 1920s (Chapter 24 #8)

Urban growth (just read book…and notes…)

Open Door Policy

• John Hay- “Open Door Notes” to England, Germany, Russia,
France, and Japan
• Three main principles:
o each nation was to respect the rights and privileges of
other nations in its sphere of influence
o Chinese officials were to continue to collect tariff duties in
all spheres
o nations were not to discriminate against others in port and
railroad pricing within their own sphere
• ambiguous acceptance: most nations neglected the order in
the notes; only American involvement and defense allying with
the powers was it allowed to retain a foothold in China
Farmers’ protests/Populist Party (Chapter 19 DQ)

World War I causes (Chapter 23 #1, 2)

1920s economic problems (Chapter 25 #1, 2)

JP Morgan and Wall Street’s power (Chapter 24 # ?)

Hoover and Great Depression (Chapter 25)(Handout)

Booker T. Washington vs. WEB Du Bois (Chapter 21 #?)

• Atlanta Compromise- Booker T. Washington
• Niagara Movement- WEB Du Bois
• NAACP- WEB Du Bois
• immediate reform, rather than gradual change – WEB Du
Bois
• economic equality rather than social equality- Booker T.
Washington
U.S. Presidents between Lincoln and FDR
• Andrew Johnson
• Ulysses S. Grant
• Rutherford B. Hayes
• James A. Garfield
• Chester A. Arthur
• Grover Cleveland
• Benjamin Harrison
• Grover Cleveland
• William McKinley
• Theodore Roosevelt
• William Howard Taft
• Woodrow Wilson
• Warren G. Harding
• Calvin Coolidge
• Herbert Hoover
• Franklin D. Roosevelt

KKK (Handout)

“New” Immigration and nativism (Handout?)

Spanish-American War
• BEFORE: Main intervention in Latin American and Hawaiian
affairs
o Latin America: Pan-American Congress- John G. Blaine
o Hawaii: Sugar market ---King Kamehameha---allowed
Americans in order to strength the nation’s economy
effect: overly courteous and American sugar plantation
owner took advantage
 1891- Queen Liliuokalani
o Samoa: 1878: treaty for naval station at Pago
• Long Term Causes
o Monroe Doctrine: principle upheld that no European
nation was allowed to colonize in the Western Hemisphere
o America- chance to impress European nations and become
equals---did not want to be tagging behind the race of
imperialism
o Similar aspiration and spirit of revolution in Cuba as during
the American Revolution--- kinship
 o Economic interest: sugar plantations in Cuba a vital par t of
American foreign investments
o Spanish colonies (meaning Philippines) another stepping
stone to China and harbor and resting stop from America 
China
o Expand foreign trade
• Short Term Causes
o “Yellow Journalism” & Public Opinion
 Pulitzer and Hearstpropaganda---Spanish
portrayed in doing atrocities and savages
 Cuban émigrés started associations and clubs and
the Cuban Revolutionary Party worked for Cuban
independence in America
 failure of Weyer and his concentration camps
 Dupuy de Lome Letter- letter written by Spanish
minister in Washington--- insults President
McKinley---public outrage (nationalismaccelerated
the potential war fervor)
 Destruction of the Maine- blew up in Havana
harborunavoidable
• THE WAR: very short (“splendid little war”)---declared war in
April 1898---end at August 1898
o few American deaths in war
o ended with the TREATY OF PARIS: acquired Guam, Puerto
Rico, and Philippines
o Cuba---w/ American “help”---establish Constitution (but no
mention of US)---Platt Amendment (that US has the right
to intervene and the right of claim to naval stations
established on Cuba)
o established American as world power
o nationalism---bought the nation together
o recognition of military inefficiency--- Elihu Root (Secretary
of War)---enlarge regular army
 also creation of military training schools
 federal army standards to insure that volunteer
regiments were adorned, trained, and equipped
differently from the regular official army
 War Department--- Joint Chiefs of Staff
• THE OPPOSITION: ANTI-IMPERALISTS
o included capitalists and prominent figures: Andrew
Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, Mark Twain
o varied reasons for anti-imperialism:
 immorality of imperialism
  introduction of other races, polluting the American
population
 the threat of cheap labor, overtaking jobs and
lowering wages
 sugar-growing competition
 question of citizenship
 violation of American liberty
o William Jennings Bryan- persuaded many to support
ratification of the treaty; his plan to make it a central issue
backfired; McKinley victory of election 1900

POSSIBLE DBQ TOPICS: