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WHO-EM/CEH/129/A

-2005

2000 :
Hazardous chemicals in human and environmental health (a resource book for school, college and
)university students) (WHO/PCS/00.1
.
.
.

.
2005








.
.


.
.
(7608) . 11371 ) +202 670 2535 : +202 670 2492 : :
.(DSA@emro.who.int

) +202 276 5400 : .(HBI@emro.who.int :

http://www.emro.who.int/ceha/publication.asp

ii



:
:

) (

) (

) (
) (
) (

iii

iii

ix

-1
1-1
1-1-1
2-1-1
1-2-1-1
2-2-1-1
2-1
3-1
1-3-1
2-3-1
4-1 )(
1-4-1
1-1-4-1
2-1-4-1
3-1-4-1
4-1-4-1
5-1
1-5-1
1-1-5-1
2-1-5-1
2-5-1
1-2-5-1
3-5-1
4-5-1
5-5-1
6-1
1-6-1
2-6-1
3-6-1
7-1
1-7-1
2-7-1
3-7-1
4-7-1
5-7-1
8-1

1
2
2
2
2
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
8
8
8
9
9
10
11
11
12
13
13
15
15
16
17
17
17
18
18

-2
1-2
2-2
3-2

21
22
22
24

iv

4-2
1-4-2
2-4-2
5-2
6-2

25
25
25
27
27

-3
1-3
2-3
1-2-3
2-2-3
3-2-3
3-3
4-3
5-3
1-5-3
2-5-3
6-3
7-3
8-3

31
32
33
33
34
36
36
38
40
42
42
43
46
48

-4
1-4
1-1-4
1-1-1-4
2-1-1-4
2-1-4
1-2-1-4
3-1-4
1-3-1-4
2-3-1-4
3-3-1-4
4-1-4

53
54
56
56
57
57
58
59
59
61
62
63

-5
1-5
2-5
3-5
4-5
1-4-5
1-1-4-5
2-1-4-5
3-1-4-5
4-1-4-5
2-4-5
1-2-4-5
2-2-4-5
3-4-5
4-4-5
5-4-5 )(

67
68
68
68
69
69
69
70
70
70
70
71
71
71
73
73

-6
1-6
2-6
3-6
4-6
1-4-6
2-4-6
3-4-6 )(
4-4-6
5-4-6
6-4-6 )(IPM
7-4-6

77
78
79
79
80
80
81
81
81
82
82
82
85

vi

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21


















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4
6
7
7
8
9
10
12
17
18
22
35
38
42
45
47
49
61
62
63
68

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
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19
20
21
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vii

5
5
8
11
13
14
16
22
23
26
27
33
34
35
36
37
39
41
42
55
71
72

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Aluminum chloride
Amines, aliphatic
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Arsenic compounds
Asbestos
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Chromium and its compounds
Cobalt and its compounds
Coke
Copper and its compounds
Crude oil
Hydrocarbons, aromatic
Hydrogen chloride

Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen sulfide
Ketones
Lead and its compounds
Mineral oils
Nickel and its compounds
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. .

) (20

.

.

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- ).(20
.

.

]
) [ (bronze diabetes
55

NOAEL




.

. 1493) Paracelsus1541-(
.
.

.
.NOAEL

.
.

)
( .
.

-
LOAEL . LOAEL

.
.
.

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.

.
"
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)( .


.

.

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.
VSD
. " "
.
1-1-4
1-1-1-4

] [ tolerable daily intake ) (TDI
.
) (TDI
.

56

2-1-1-4

.
.
.

.


.


. .
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100
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100
)
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.

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) (10 .


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TDI
TDI .

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TDI .

57









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)
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.


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.

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( .

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)
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2 :
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acrylonitrile benzo[a] pyrene
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58

:3
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maneb
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3-1-4
1-3-1-4
WHO 1993 .
120
95 .
:
.

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NOAEL .LOAEL
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= TDI

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UF
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C

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NOAEL ) (LOAEL
) .(UF LOAEL

.
) (UF NOAEL LOAEL


) .(TDI

) .(case by case
:
1 .10,000

59

) (

10 1

) (

10 1

10 1

10 - 1

10,000

) (TDI .
.

= TDI
) / (
.
= bw )( 60 .
5 10.
= P ) (TDI .
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0.01 1 .
%10
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0.75 5.
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106

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0.003

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Air Quality Guidelines
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60 /
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30 /

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10 /
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10
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350/

62

.20


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310 4

610 4

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410 4

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tolerable


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tolerable



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.
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)
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. ) (ADI
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.

.

.
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.(captafol ) (JECFA
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) (
.
63

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20 .
) (JMPR 220 .

.

64


:
.



.
_


.
) (NOAEL
.
) (LOAEL
.
) (VSD
.
) (TDI
.
) (TDI .
) (ADI
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.
) (ADI
. ) (tolerable ) (TDI
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.

.

. .

.
65

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.
.

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.

.

.

67



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2-5


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.
.

.
.
).(21

DDT
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/
pH
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2

42
0.001
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.

.
.

.
.

68


.

)
60-30 / ( 30
/ 24 .
.
.
4 95/ )
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.
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stacks 500 ( .
.
.
) (
.
1-1-4-5
:
)( : %3-2 )
( . .SOx
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)( ) (.
%90
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.

69

2-1-4-5

) (
) (
) (

CO2 + H2O H2CO3


SO2 + H2O H2SO3
SO2 + O2 SO3
SO3+ H2O H2SO4

3-1-4-5
: .
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: .
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1998 .
CCl4 CFC-12 CFC-11
1996 .
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71

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NOAEL " ".
.
87


)(Hepatocyte





)(Neoplasm

) ( .
.
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.
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88

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