Akzo Nobel Surfactants

Products for the Petroleum Industry

Corrosion Inhibitors for Oilfield Production

Fatty amines, amine salts, quaternary ammonium compounds, amine oxides and amides are chemicals produced by Akzo Nobel. These chemicals have many oilfield applications including corrosion inhibition. Amines have one or more hydrophobic alkyl groups attached to one or more nitrogen or quaternary ammonium functionalities. The nitrogen group may be protonated, alkylated or ethoxylated. The nitrogen group is hydrophilic and the alkyl group is hydrophobic. The amines can form aggregates as micelles. In the oil phase the micelles are configured with nitrogen groups facing the interior of the sphere (Fig. 1). In the water phase the nitrogen groups face the exterior surface of the sphere (Fig. 2). These amines inhibit corrosion by adsorption of the amine group to a metal surface (Fig. 3). Figure 1: Micelle in Water Phase
Oval shaped head groups represent nitrogen groups

Figure 2: Micelle in Oil Phase

Oval shaped

Figure 3: Adsorption on Metal Surface Oval shaped head groups represent nitrogen group

Electrochemical corrosion The corrosion of a metal surface is an electrochemical process that can be demonstrated by the corrosion cell diagram shown in Fig. 4. The cell contains: 1. Anodic area with a positive charge. The iron is oxidized at the anodic area. 2. Cathodic area with a negative charge. Electrons are present at the cathodic area. These electrons may react with other chemicals in the system. 3. Metallic path that allows electron flow. 4. An electrolyte that covers the iron surface. In an oilfield environment this electrolyte is water with dissolved salts.

The schematic below is useful for the subsequent discussions.

Figure 4: Schematic of a Corrosion Cell

Salt Solution

Fe ++

-Anode Electron flow Cathode

Iron Solid

Types of Corrosion Corrosion in the oilfield is defined as deterioration of a metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment. Low carbon steel is the most common metal that is utilized in oil and gas production. There is more than one type of corrosion encountered in the oilfield, so different methods are used for corrosion protection. 1. Corrosion of exterior surfaces Corrosion of exterior surfaces is a special problem that requires formulation of a corrosion program by experienced corrosion engineers. Exterior surfaces are often given a permanent coating that prevents contact with the external environment. Cathodic protection is generally required to prevent corrosion of exposed metal surfaces.

2. Corrosion in the presence of oxygen Oxygen is corrosive at 50 parts per billion. Organic inhibitors are not commonly used in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen accelerates corrosion caused by carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide. Produced oilfield water is normally free of oxygen. Oxygen must be excluded from all internal oilfield systems by mechanical seals. Water floods that utilize water from surface streams are saturated with oxygen. These waters are treated with oxygen scavengers to remove the oxygen. Injection lines are often lined with fiberglass or cement to prevent oxygen corrosion.

3. Galvanic corrosion caused by union of dissimilar metals The union of dissimilar metals causes galvanic corrosion. The dissimilar metals are usually isolated with insulators to prevent any electrical currents. For example, installation of a new section of pipe may cause galvanic corrosion because the old pipe may be covered with an iron oxide film. The new section of pipe may be anodic to the old pipe. Welding may change microstructure differences that make the welded area anodic to the rest of the pipe. When studying the union of dissimilar metals, one should realize that corrosion will be severe if the anode is small and the cathode is large. If the anode is large and the cathode is small, the corrosion will be minimal. For this reason, valves that are installed on a carbon steel pipeline will not cause severe corrosion if the valve acts as the cathode in the corrosion system. Organic corrosion inhibitors are seldom used to prevent galvanic corrosion.

4. Corrosion due to dissolved Gases Oilfield waters at pH 7 or above would be non-corrosive in the absence of carbon dioxide and/or hydrogen sulfide. Organic corrosion inhibitors are designed to prevent corrosion in the presence of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. In oilfield work, oxygen must be excluded from internal steel systems to prevent corrosion. In rare cases where water is absent, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are not corrosive.

4.1 Carbon Dioxide Corrosion Carbon dioxide corrosion in the oilfield is often called sweet corrosion. Carbon dioxide causes corrosion for two reasons. First, carbon dioxide that dissolves in water lowers the pH of the water and increases the corrosion rate. The pH of the water will increase (because of CO2 evolution) at lower pressures. It should be noted that calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate scales often occur at points where there is a drop in gas pressure.

Secondly carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form H2CO3 which reacts directly with iron to form Fe2CO3. The reaction is: H2CO3 + Fe FeCO3 + H2

Predicting the corrosiveness of carbon dioxide is difficult. High temperatures may reduce carbon dioxide solubility, but higher temperatures cause a higher corrosion rate. Oilfield waters may naturally buffer dissolved carbon dioxide to prevent low pH. Calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate scales may reduce corrosion, but these scales must be tight, uniform and nonporous. A break in the scale surface may increase corrosion below the scale. Carbon dioxide corrosion is characterized by the presence of smooth edged pits that are closely grouped.

4.2 Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion Hydrogen sulfide corrosion in the oilfield is often called sour corrosion. Hydrogen sulfide is a poisonous gas that smells like rotten eggs. Like carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide dissolves in water to lower the pH. H2S or hydrogen sulfide reacts directly with iron to form Iron Sulfide. The reaction is: H2S + Fe FeS + H2

Hydrogen sulfide corrodes more aggressively than carbon dioxide. Iron sulfide forms a fine black scale that inhibits sour corrosion under ideal conditions. Disruption of the iron sulfide film will cause severe corrosion. Sour corrosion is characterized by pits that are normally spaced farther apart than the pits caused by sweet corrosion. Sour corrosion is often accompanied by hydrogen-induced failures, where hydrogen gas forms at the cathode, as shown in the Corrosion Cell diagram of Fig. 4. Some of this hydrogen gas will enter the steel and cause blistering, cracking and hydrogen embrittlement. The pressure of the hydrogen gas in the metal may cause the metal to weaken and fail. Hydrogen blistering is common in lower strength steels. Blistering can cause ruptures in the steel. Embrittlement is common in high strength steels. Embrittlement causes cracking of steel under physical stress. These hydrogen-induced failures may cause more problems than sour corrosion. Hydrogen-induced failures can also be caused by sweet corrosion but it is more often associated with sour corrosion. Hydrogen sulfide is often generated by sulfate reducing bacteria. These bacteria are called desulfovibrio desulfuricans. They will thrive in the anaerobic conditions found in oilfield systems. These bacteria are most active under scaled areas. There are various theories about the exact corrosion mechanism associated with sulfate reducing bacteria. Since these organisms produce hydrogen sulfide, they are known to cause sour corrosion in sweet systems. Untreated systems may have severe corrosion problems.

5. Velocity Corrosion High velocity may cause erosion of a metal surface. These high velocity gases are often found at the wellhead of high pressure gas wells. The high velocity gas may prevent corrosion inhibitors from adhering to metal surfaces and strip protective scales from the metal. Low velocity may cause another type of corrosion. Low velocity areas may serve as incubation sites for sulfate reducing bacteria. These sites may also tend to hold water at low points in a flow line. Sites with excess water accumulation are more corrosive.

6. Wear Corrosion Wear corrosion is caused by metals that rub together. This is perhaps most common in cases where pumping rods rub against the tubing in rod pumped wells. This causes a disruption of both protective scales and corrosion inhibitor films.

7. Stress and Fatigue Corrosion These types of corrosion are caused by stress and strain placed upon the metal during handling, installation and use. Stress occurs when metals are subjected to forces that deform or alter it in some manner. Operations such as welding, forming and hammering may result in stress. Fatigue corrosion is caused by cyclic stress. An example of cyclic stress is the force placed on sucker rods as they move up and down while pumping. Stress and chemical corrosion may work together and greatly decrease the service life of metals. High strength steels, for example, may fail prematurely because of hydrogen embrittlement and stress. Recognizing the above types of corrosion is the first step in recommending a successful corrosion inhibitor program.

Formulating a Corrosion Inhibitor

Formulating an effective corrosion inhibitor is a complex task. Laboratory and field testing are often required for development of a corrosion inhibitor. Akzo Nobel is prepared to provide technical support in the formulation of corrosion inhibitors. The first step in formulating a corrosion inhibitor is determining the inhibitors intended application in the oilfield production system.

Solubility or Dispersability It is important to formulate an inhibitor that works in the system phases. An inhibitor can be made oil soluble, oil soluble/water dispersible or water dispersible. Any liquid phase inhibitor can also be blended with volatile amines to inhibit gas phase corrosion. In general, neutralization of the amine with a dimer trimer acid (DTA) will make it oil soluble. Neutralization with acetic acid will make it water dispersible. Neutralization with a combination of DTA and acetic acid will make it oil soluble/water dispersible. In systems with 100% oil, it is best to neutralize the amine with 100% DTA. As we shall see, there are certain treatment techniques that require an oil soluble inhibitor. Even with small amounts of water present it may be best to make an oil soluble/water dispersible inhibitor, or add a quaternary ammonium compound to the blend. When there is a high percentage of water present, a water dispersible blend may be best.

Inhibitor Selection An oil soluble inhibitor is normally best for squeeze treatments. Squeeze treatments are made by forcing the inhibitor into the formation. As the well is produced, the corrosion inhibitor slowly returns in the produced fluid to maintain a long period of corrosion inhibition. In certain wells these treatments may cause formation damage because the corrosion inhibitor will oil-wet the formation. The extent of the damage depends on the concentration of inhibitor pumped, the type of inhibitor used, the characteristics of the formation and the flush fluid. Core flow tests are recommended to test for formation damage and prior histories in similar wells are sometimes a good indicator of potential damage. A non-emulsifier may be added to prevent emulsion blocks. In tubing displacement or yo-yo treatments the inhibitor is an oil soluble inhibitor along with an oil-based diluent (diesel or condensate), that is used to fill about half of the tubing volume. As the inhibitor climbs back to the well head during well production the inhibitor leaves a deposit on the tubing. This deposit may inhibit down-hole corrosion for a long period of time. The yo-yo treatment variation simply requires that the inhibitor solution be allowed to reach the wellhead and fall several times. After reaching the wellhead, the well is shut down to allow the inhibitor solution to fall back down the tubing. This rise and fall of inhibitor suggests the yo-yo terminology and this treatment variation will result in more deposition of the inhibitor in the down-hole tubing. Batch treatments normally utilize an oil soluble inhibitor. The batch and flush treatments are most often done with a shot truck. A shot truck typically injects a few gallons of inhibitor followed by a few gallons of water into the annulus of the well. The shot truck can quickly run to many wells to deliver this treatment. Batch and circulate treatments require that a chemical pot be welded to the well. With batch and circulate methods, the inhibitor is added to the pot and the produced fluids are diverted into the annulus to circulate this slug of corrosion inhibitor throughout the well.

Pigging treatment requires an oil soluble inhibitor. With pipeline pigging, a slug of inhibitor is run before a pig to coat the pipeline with a film persistent corrosion inhibitor. It is best to run this slug between two pigs to obtain more complete coverage of the internal surfaces of the pipeline. A complete coating of the pipeline will deposit inhibitor in low spots where water accumulates and place inhibitor on the upper pipeline surfaces where the gas phase corrosion is a problem. These pigging treatments may also remove scale formations that harbor sulfate reducing bacteria. Pipelines with both oil and water require an oil soluble/water dispersible inhibitor. Even small quantities of water may collect in low spots, so the water dispersible inhibitor is an absolute requirement. Quats such as Arquad DMCB-80 are also effective as corrosion inhibitors in the water phase. Pipeline inhibition will be more fully discussed below. Tubing string treatment requires that a string be placed in the bottom of the well. This type of treatment may be required for wells that have packers in the annulus. The corrosion inhibitor may be applied by batch or continuous injection. With batch injection, an oil soluble inhibitor may be best. For continuous injection, an oil soluble/water dispersible inhibitor is best. For wells with high bottom-hole temperatures, a high temperature inhibitor must be selected. When there is an excess of produced water in separators or water injection lines, a water dispersible inhibitor may be required to supplement inhibitor from down-hole injection treatments. Corrosive gas wells may require wellhead injection of a water dispersible inhibitor to prevent corrosion in the water phase. Unlined water injection lines and wells obviously require a water dispersible inhibitor. Only oxygen free water can be inhibited. An inhibitor that does not plug the formation must be selected. Inhibition of the gas phase requires special inhibitors. Gas phase inhibitors can be blended with liquid phase inhibitors offered by Akzo Nobel. Volatile amines such as diethyl amine, diethanolamine bottoms, morpholine, and methoxypropyl amine are used to control corrosion in the vapor phase. The gas from a water separator will contain water vapor. The water vapor may be very corrosive. Volatile amines do not neutralize all the acid gas in the system, but they will increase the pH of condensed water. Sour gas systems often require alkyl pyridine quats to control this aggressive corrosion. The above recommendations do not cover all situations in the oilfield but are presented as a general guide for selection of corrosion inhibitors.

Special Considerations The desired dispersion characteristics of the inhibitor will vary from field to field. When testing the dispersion characteristics of a proposed blend, a sample of the field brine should be used. Addition of surfactants such as Witconol NP-100 should result in a more water dispersible blend. Ethoxylated amines, such as Ethomeen T/15, may serve a dual role as both a surfactant and corrosion inhibitor. The surfactants also clean the metal and allow the corrosion inhibitor to work its way to the metal surface. Though cationic, Arquad DMCB-80 can penetrate scale and reduce corrosion of steel under the scale. Because corrosion inhibitors are designed to oil-wet metal surfaces, an undesirable emulsion is often created during both batch and continuous treatments. Demulsifiers are often blended with the corrosion inhibitor to prevent emulsions. The proper demulsifier must be chosen by bottle testing of the oil and water from the field. Please contact Akzo Nobel about our Witbreak demulsifier product line. Corrosion inhibitors may cause foaming in oil/water separators and glycol dehydrators. This foaming is more likely when high concentrations of inhibitor are injected. Glycol and silicone defoamers are used to prevent foaming. Laboratory testing is recommend and useful for defoamer selection. Corrosion inhibitors may be formulated to perform dual functions. Mixing of paraffin inhibitors or gas hydrate inhibitors, with corrosion inhibitors, may be practical. These mixtures must be checked for potential compatibility problems. Problems with blend stability and inhibitor performance must be considered.

Neutralizing with acid Most formulations are neutralized with dimer trimer acid and/or acetic acid. As noted above, dimer trimer acid produces an oil soluble formula. Acetic acid produces a water dispersible formulation. A mixture of dimer trimer and acetic acid produces an oil soluble/water dispersible formulation. When blending oil soluble/water dispersible formulations, the dimer trimer acid and acetic acid should be added sequentially. If a predominantly oil soluble product is desired, the dimer trimer acid should be added first. If a predominantly water dispersible product is required, the acetic acid should be added first.

Dimer trimer acids The type of dimer trimer acid will have a significant effect on the performance of the corrosion inhibitor. It is best to avoid dimer trimer acids with an excess of monomer acid. Some formulators like to over-neutralize with dimer trimer acid, to provide extra protection in hydrogen sulfide environments. The effect of over-neutralization is open to debate. The optimum pH of these blends will vary from field to field.

There are both polymerized and maleated dimer trimer acids. These grades of dimer trimer acids may be very efficient. Neutralization of some polyamines with these polyacids may cause a gelled solution. The selection of a dimer trimer acid is not a simple task. Variations in dimer trimer acids, differing fluid characteristics of the field and the intended method of application, make it difficult to recommend a generic formula. All generic formulations in this bulletin should be used as a guide, rather than a final recommendation. Lab testing is recommended prior to taking a corrosion inhibitor formulation into the field.

Blend Stability The finished formula must be a stable blend that does not separate or cloud under field conditions. The blend should be subjected to freeze/thaw stability testing before field use. Aromatic 150 or isopropanol may improve blend stability. Ethomeen T/15 is an inhibitor/surfactant that may help in blend stability. Though inhibitors do not normally degrade at temperatures below 400oF, the solubility characteristics at bottom-hole temperatures must be considered when formulating a corrosion inhibitor.

Imidazolines Imidazolines are the most effective film forming amines. The imidazolines are normally neutralized with organic acids to increase their effectiveness. The imidazolines may be quaternerized for special applications.

Armohib 209

Armohib 209 is the most common amine for oilfield corrosion inhibition. Armohib 209 is sold as Armohib 219 in Europe. Armohib 209 is a high quality imidazoline that serves as the starting point for formulating many corrosion inhibitors. Below are typical properties for Armohib 209: Form Color Amine Equivalent Viscosity cps at 77oF Pour Point oF Density lbs/gal at 77oF Flash Point (PMCC), oF Liquid Dark Amber 210 200 <30 7.8 >200

10

Below are typical formulations. These formulas may be modified to fit the needs of individual fields. Dimer trimer acid is abbreviated as DTA. Glacial Acetic Acid is abbreviated as GAA. Below is a typical oil soluble inhibitor formulation: Armohib 209 DTA Aromatic 150 Isopropanol 15% 10% 65% 10%

Below is an oil soluble/water dispersible formulation: Armohib 209 DTA GAA Aromatic 150 Isopropanol 15% 7.5% 6.0% 61% 10.5%

A water dispersible formulation is shown below: Armohib 209 Witconol NP-100 Isopropanol GAA Water 20% 3% 20% 10% 47%

Armohib Al-42-12 Armohib AL-42-12 is an imidazoline with an alcohol group. This alcohol group gives the imidazoline more water dispersability. This product is formulated in the same way as Armohib 209.

Armohib 210 Armohib 210 is an amide that can be formulated in much the same way as Armohib 209 and it can be an economical alternative product in many formulations.

Fatty Amines Fatty amines form weaker films than Armohib 209, but fatty amines may be both economical and useful in many oilfield applications. These products are often used in pipeline inhibitor formulations.

11

Primary amines, such as Armeen T and Armeen C, form a strong oil-wet film that can be useful in many blends. For example, these products have been used in refinery overhead corrosion inhibitor blends. Duomeen T and Duomeen C are diamines that are used in oilfield corrosion inhibitor formulations. They are formulated in much the same way as the primary amines. For example, these diamines may be neutralized with acetic acid or benzoic acid, to make effective flow line corrosion inhibitors. The ethoxylated amines serve as both surfactants and corrosion inhibitors. Ethoxylated tallow amines are popular as corrosion inhibitors. Tallow amine with 2, 5 and 15 moles of ethylene oxide are commercially available. Ethomeen T/15 is tallow amine with 5 moles of ethylene oxide. Ethomeen T/15 is probably the most effective product, because it is hydrophilic enough to readily disperse in water while maintaining film persistency. Ethoduomeen T/13 is a commonly used corrosion inhibitor.Ethoduomeen T/20I and is also used in formulations when more water dispersability is required. The quaternary ammonium salts are useful as water soluble corrosion inhibitors. The most popular quat for oilfield use is benzyldimethylcocoalkylammonium chloride, Arquad DMCB-80. This quat can be mixed with other corrosion inhibitors. Fatty amines can be used in new and unexpected corrosion inhibitor applications. The formulator should review these products and select amines that offer original methods to solve problems.

Mixed Polyamido-Imidazolines Armohib CI-41 Armohib CI-101 Armohib CI-312 Armohib CI-471 The polyamido-imidazolines (PIs) are economical and efficient corrosion inhibitor intermediates that may be formulated to work in the oil and water phases. These inhibitors have the potential for a broad spectrum of applications, such as in producing well, pipeline and water handling applications. The PIs are complex imidazolines. Corrosion inhibitors, formulated with the intermediates, display high film persistency against the attack of severely corrosive fluids in sour (H2S) and sweet (CO2) environments. These inhibitors can be formulated into oil-soluble, oil-soluble / water-dispersible and water-soluble products. Because these inhibitors are effective in a wide range of chemical and physical environments, the formulator has high versatility and low inventory requirements.

12

Below are typical properties of the PIs. For more specific information please refer to the product data sheet of the individual product. The color of these products ranges from dark amber to black. Product Armohib CI-41 Armohib CI-101 Armohib CI-312 Armohib CI-471 Amine Value 223-258 190-205 370-410 390-420 Pour Point <0C 5C <0C <0C Viscosity @ 20C 3000 cps 1700 cps 1500 cps 1700 cps Flash Point >100C >200C >200C >200C

Formulating the Polyamido Imidazolines Because of the differences in acid number in the various dimer-trimer acids and amine numbers in the PIs, the formulas given below should be considered only a general guide for the formulation of an inhibitor. The amine/acid ratio will need to be adjusted to obtain the desired pH. It is important to formulate an inhibitor that works in the systems phases. The PIs are neutralized with dimer-trimer acid (DTA), to make an oil soluble corrosion inhibitor. Neutralization of these amines with polymerized dimer trimer acids, or maleated dimer trimer acids, may form a gelled blend. PIs neutralized with acetic acid are used to make a water soluble/water dispersible product. If the system is close to 100% oil, it is best to neutralize the PIs with (DTA). If even small amounts of water are present, it is best to make an oil soluble / water dispersible product or add a quat such as Arquad DMCB80 to the blend. Below is a typical formula for an oil soluble corrosion inhibitor:

Oil Soluble Corrosion Inhibitor PI DTA Aromatic 150 Isopropanol 14% 22% 59% 5%

When both oil and water are present it is best to make an oil soluble / water dispersible product. Quaternary ammonium salts such as Arquad DMCB-80 are sometimes used to boost inhibitor efficiency in the water phase. Below are two formulations. Note that the first formula does not contain acetic acid.

13

Oil Soluble / Water Dispersible PI 14% DTA 22% Witconol NP-100 4% Aromatic 150 55% Isopropanol 5% PI Ethomeen T/15 Witconol NP-100 Isopropanol DTA GAA 48% 10 % 10% 5.0 % 10% 17 %

When the system has a high percentage of water, a water dispersible inhibitor is best. Arquad DMCB-80 is sometimes used in these formulations. Below is a formulation that is water dispersible:

Water Dispersible PI Witconol NP-100 Isopropanol Aromatic 150 GAA 20% 5% 10% 15% 50%

Pipeline Corrosion Inhibition

Dry gas pipelines In rare situations a pipeline may be free of water and oil. The interior surface of these pipelines will have little or no corrosion. Surprisingly, injection of some inhibitors into these lines may cause corrosion at the injection point. In most circumstances, an oil stream is required for dispersing an inhibitor. These lines with traces of water may be treated with neutralizing amines, such as diethyl amine, morpholine, ethanol amine bottoms, n-hexyl amine and methoxypropyl amine. Alkyl pyridine quats are used in systems with severe hydrogen sulfide corrosion.

14

Gas with water For these pipelines with water, a volatile amine should be mixed with a water dispersible film forming amine. An example formulation is given below. As mentioned above, some oil may be injected to oil-wet the pipeline and disperse the inhibitor. Armohib 209 GAA Methoxypropyl amine Solvent 20% 10% 16% 54%

In the above systems Ethomeen T/15 and Arquad DMCB-80 may be required to reduce corrosion in low spots where stagnant water tends to accumulate.

Gas with oil For these pipelines a neutralizing amine should be mixed with an oil soluble inhibitor. An example formula is given below: Armohib 209 DTA Methoxypropyl amine Solvent 15% 10% 16% 59%

Gas, oil and water Inhibition of these 3 phase systems is perhaps most challenging. formulation would be as follows: Armohib 209 DTA GAA Methoxypropylamine Solvent 15% 7.5% 6.0% 16% 55.5% An example

For three phase inhibition, quaternary ammonium salts, such as Arquad DMCB-80, may be required to reduce corrosion, by partitioning in the low spots of lines that collect stagnant water. Ethomeen T/15 may also be added. Ethoxylated tallow amines can penetrate scaled areas and reduce this localized corrosion.

15

Oil with no gas or water For these systems an oil soluble inhibitor is required. Below is a suggested formulation: Armohib 209 DTA Solvent 15% 10% 75%

It is important to remember that even traces of water can cause corrosion in low spots of the pipeline. If water is present, some glacial acetic acid must be used in the blend.

Oil and water with no gas For these systems the two phase inhibitor as shown below is the obvious choice. Armohib 209 DTA GAA Solvent 15% 7.5% 6.0% 71.5%

As mentioned above, Ethomeen T/15 and Arquad DMCB-80 may be required for these systems.

16

Surfactants
Customer Service
For additional information, samples or assistance please contact your Local sales representative or the Akzo Nobel Customer Service Department at:

Akzo Nobel Surfactants

525 W. Van Buren Street Chicago IL 60607-3835 Tel: (800) 906-9977 Tel: (312) 544-7000 Fax: (312) 544-7159

Akzo Nobel Surfactants

SE-444 85 Stenungsund Sweden Tel: +46 303 85 000 Fax: +46 303 88 910

Akzo Nobel Surfactants

41 Science Park Road #03-03 The Gemini Singapore Science Park II Singapore 117610 Tel: +65 6773 8488 Fax: +65 6773 8484

www.surfactants.akzonobel.com
All information concerning these products and/or all suggestions for handling and use contained herein are offered in good faith and believed to be reliable. Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry LLC and its affiliates, however, make no warranty as to the accuracy and/or sufficiency of such information and/or suggestions, as to the products merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose, or that any suggested use will not infringe any patent. Nothing contained herein shall be construed as granting or extending any license under any patent. Buyer must determine for himself, by preliminary tests or otherwise, the suitability of these products for his purposes. The information contained herein supersedes all previously issued bulletins on the subject matter covered. The user may forward, distribute and/or photocopy this document only if unaltered and complete, including all of its headers and footers, and should refrain from any unauthorized use. You may not copy this document to a website. 2006 Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry LLC, all rights reserved. Publication S-06-17

17