Extended SAP Computer Architecture

Bernardo F. So Jr. Daisy Agpawa ECE617 Advanced Microprocessors Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering De La Salle University, Manila bernardo_so_jr@yahoo.com.ph, daisy_agpawa@yahoo.com

. INTRODUCTION This paper details an 8-bit Microprocessor architecture and implementation. The design is based on the Simple-AsPossible computer by Albert Malvino, explained in Digital Conputer Electronics (1992). This is a pedagogical architecture meant to introduce students to the basics of computer design. This paper extends the instruction set of SAP from four instructions to 4 instructions to 16 instructions. The following explains the features of the design:

Figure 1 describes the overall block diagram of the system (see figure 9 for full size figure). There are 9 basic components, with the control unit implemented by a finite state machine. The control unit is responsible for the enable signals of the registers, and control of the ALU. A. Program counter

46.95 MHZ maximum clock speed(verilog implementation) 8-bit wide data bus, 16-bit instructions Maximum of 256 instructions 256 bytes of RAM 4 bi-directional 8-bit ports Basic instruction set, with data transfer, arithmetic and logic (no multiply/divide), and branch instructions Multi-cycle instructions (instructions take several clock pulses) . SYSTEM DESIGN

The program counter is a parallel-in, parallel-out register. It controls which instructions are processed (instructions stored in ROM). The PC increments by two (since instructions are 16-bit wide) every clock pulse as long as incpc is asserted. The signal clrpc is asserted during system reset in which case the counter goes back to zero. The program counter value can also come from parallel data (during branching), if either signal JMP_signal is asserted (unconditional jmp), or if signal zero an JZ/JNZ is asserted (jump if/not zero). The data comes in from the IBUS. B. Memory Address Register (MAR)

CONTROL UNIT

RAMOUT ACCOUT IROUT2

IBUS
JMP Zero JZ JNZ LDM Enable Rd Enable PC Value ADDR

ALUOUT A B C D

This is a simple parallel-in, parallel-out register that is meant to hold the value of the Program counter. It changes value only when signal LDM is asserted. The purpose of this is to hold the PC data so that other steps/cycles can use it. Source
register

Program counter (+2)

PCOUT

MAR

ROM
Program Memory
ADDR + 1

IR1 IR2
IROUT2

C.
select srcSel (3 bit)

ROM

incpc clrpc RAM (read enable) LDA su select ACCOUT ALUOUT Wr (write enable)

RAM Address

IBUS

RAM 1 x 32 bytes
data in

RAMOUT

IBUS
8-bit

ALU

enable_a OUTA A

PORTA
enable_b OUTB 8-bit Bi-directional ports

B
B

PORTB
enable_c OUTC

LDB

C D Fig.1: Overall block diagram

PORTC
enable_d

PORTD

OUTD

This is a 1 x 32 memory block which is fed by the MAR. The instructions are stored here (max of 256 instructions) and controlled by the PC (which is the value MAR holds). Since instructions are 16-bit wide, ROM outputs two 8-bit data. Instructions always start on EVEN addresses. The upper 8 bits are the instruction opcode, which the lower 8 bits are allocated for memory addresses or immediate data. ROM changes value if signal rd is asserted.

Page 1 of 8

D.

Instruction register (IR)

AD D SUB

Add A and B, save in A Subtract A and B, save in A Logical AND Logical OR Invert A Increment A Decrement A Unconditional jump Jump if A is zero Jump if A is not zero Stop operation

This is similar in purpose to MAR, since it holds the ROM output for use in other steps. It outputs two 8-bit values (for opcode and instruction data). The upper 8 bits are fed to the control unit, while the lower 8 bits go to the RAM and the destination register. E. RAM

AND OR NOT INC A DEC A JMP JZ

The RAM can hold 256 bytes of data. Address is controlled mainly by the lower 8 bits of each instruction. The output is fed to the destination register. Data can also be saved if signal wr is asserted, and data is fed through IBUS. F. A and B

JNZ HLT

Registers A and B simply hold a single byte. A is frequently used as an accumulator. Both are fed through the IBUS. Data from the PORTS are also saved to A. G. PORTS
IBUS input enable_a A (output to dest register )
Fig. 2: PORTA

Table 1 gives a short description of the instruction set (Table 4 gives the opcode and operations involved). These instructions were chosen to illustrate basic capabilities of a processor.

I.

Control Unit (Source register)

LDM LDA

Source register

LDB enable_a enable_b enable_c enable_d

select destSel (3 3: Source register Fig. bit)

Figure 2 illustrates a simple implementation of PORTA. Direction is controlled by tri-state buffers. If enable_a is asserted, data is outputted thru the PORT. Otherwise, the PORT is an input port which is fed to A (then going to the source register). H. Instruction set
Table 1: Instruction set LDA LDA i LDA p SVA OUT Load data in A Load immediate value to A Load value from PORT to A Save A into memory Output A into PORT

The source register selects the enable of each component. destSel comes from another component of the control unit.

Page 2 of 8

J.

Control Unit (Instruction decode)

LOADA LDAi LDAp SVA OUT ADD IROUT1 SUB AND OR NOT INCA DECA JMP JZ JNZ HLT

EXPERIMENT DESIGN

Instruction Decode

The processor was implemented in Xilinx ISE 12.4, and testing was done on the simulator ISIM. All the instructions are hardcoded in the ROM. The flow of instructions tests all the instructions, with a final jump back to the start. Table 2 shows the contents of the ROM. There are a total of 44 instructions hardcoded.

Fig. 3: Instruction Decode

This block gets the upper 8 bits of the instructions (IR1), and determines the kind of instructions. The corresponding signal is then asserted, and will be used to determine the control signals. K. Control Unit (FSM)
clk

LOADA LDAi LDAp SVA OUT ADD SUB AND OR NOT INCA DECA JMP JZ JNZ HLT

RAM Jmp_signal clrpc incpc

State machine (18 states, T0 to T18)

destSel srcSel rd wr su

Fig. 4: FSM

Table 2: Hardcoded instructions ROM location Instruct ion LDA LDAi SVA LDA LDA OUT OUT 1 6 1 5 3 0 1

Expected A should be 7 A should be 6 Mem 01 should be 6 A should be h30 A should be 6 PORTA should be 6 PORTB should be 6

The state machine controls the destination register and source registers, as well as the memory reads and writes. There are a total of 19 states, the full detail of which is included in table 4. The control signals are listed in table 4, with their hex value, and designed into a mealy machine. The control signals were obtained via analysis of the microoperations.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Page 3 of 8

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

OUT OUT ADD SUB AND OR NOT INC A DEC A LDA JZ LDA JZ LDA LDA JMP

3 2 9 9 9 9 x x x E 0 F 2 C 8 8 0

PORTD should be 6 PORTC should be 6 A should be 6 + 8 = Eh A=E-8 A = 0110 AND 1000 A = 0000 OR 1000 A = F7h A= F8h A=F7h A=1h NOT JUMP A=0h JUMP to 41 A=0 A=1 Back to start

DATA AND RESULTS

The system was found to be accurate after running ISIM. Below is a sample of screenshots to verify that the system is indeed working:

Page 4 of 8

Fig. 5: Load Waveform

Figure 5 demonstrates that (1) The PC is indeed counting by 2; (2) that the control signals (test3 in waveform) change per step; (3) that for the first instruction (LDA), A indeed changed to 07hex; (4) that the PORTs are high impedance for any instruction except for OUT.

on the Xilinx platform. The ISIM simulator does not accept an input.

Fig. 7: Load Waveform

Lastly, figure 7 shows that a jump instruction (IR1 = 0C, IR2 = 00 means jump to 0), does indeed change the program counter to zero. .
[1]

REFERENCES

Chu, P. (2008). FPGA Prototyping by Verilog Examples. Wiley-Interscience.

Fig. 6: Out Waveform

Figure 6 shows that for IR1 = 04 (OUT instruction), and selecting PORTC, since IR2 = 10, the value of A is indeed displayed on PORTC. Take note that the design assumes a device is on hand to detect and save the data. The author could not make a way to simulate an input (LDAp) for the PORTS

APPENDIX

CONTROL UNIT

RAMOUT ACCOUT IROUT2

IBUS
JMP Zero JZ JNZ LDM Enable Rd Enable PC Value ADDR

ALUOUT A B C D

Source registe

Program counter (+2)

PCOUT

MAR

ROM
Program Memory
ADDR + 1

IR1 IR2
IROUT2

select srcSel (3 bit)

incpc clrpc RAM (read enable) LDA su select ACCOUT ALUOUT Wr (write enable )

RAM Address

IBUS

RAM 1 x 32 bytes
data in

RAMOUT

IBU

8-b

ALU

enable_a OUTA A

PORTA
enable_b OUTB 8-bit Bi-directional ports OUTC

B
B

PORTB
enable_c

LDB

PORTC
enable_d

Fig. 9: Block Diagram of Extended SAP

D

PORTD

OUTD

ble 4: Hardcoded instructions

LD B

RA M

JM P

clrp c

incp c

destSel

srcS el

r d

w r

su 00 0 00 0 00 0 1 0 0 0 0 F

Hex 0 0 0 0 3 0

MicroOperati ons RESET PC 0 ALL MAR PC IR M[MAR] PC PC + 2

Stat e

000

T15

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

000 001

0 1

0 0

T0 T1

LDA 0 LD B RA M 1 0 JM P 0 clrp c 0 incp c 0 1 0 000 srcS el 1 r d 0 w r 00 0 4 2 1 0 A RAM[IR2] go to fetch MicroOperati ons LDAi A IR2 go to fetch LDAp A PORTNUM T2 Stat e

destSel

su 00 0 0 2

Hex 5 0

010

T3

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0

100 101 110 111

1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0

00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0

0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 7

9 0 B 0 D 0 F 0 2 8

T4

SVA 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 001 0 1 M<-A go to fetch OUT PORTA <- A PORTB <- A PORTC <- A PORTD <- A go to fetch ADD B <RAM[IR2] A <- A + B go to fetch SUB B <RAM[IR2] A <- A + B go to fetch AND B <RAM[IR2] A <- A & B go to fetch OR B <RAM[IR2] A <- A or B go to fetch NOT A <- ~A go to fetch T5 T6

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 1

1 0 1 0

001 001 001 001

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0

0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6

2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0

1 0

1 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 0

1 1

1 0

000 011

1 0

0 0

00 0 00 0

C 7 0 2

1 0 6 0

T7 T8

1 0

1 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 0

1 1

1 0

000 011

1 0

0 0

00 0 00 1

C 7 0 2

1 0 6 1

T7 T9

1 0

1 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 0

1 1

1 0

000 011

1 0

0 0

00 0 01 0

C 7 0 2

1 0 6 2

T7 T10

1 0

1 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 0

1 1

1 0

000 011

1 0

0 0

00 0 01 1

C 7 0 2

1 0 6 3

T7 T11

011

10 0

0 2

6 4

T12

INCA 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 011 0 0 10 1 0 2 6 5 A <- A + 1 go to fetch DECA A <- A - 1 go to fetch JMP PC <- IR2 go to fetch JZ / JNZ PC<-IR2 if A is 0 go to fetch T13

011

11 0

0 2

6 6

T14

010

00 0

2 7

4 0

T15

010

11 1

0 7

4 7

T16