Angidy Valley & Ironworks, Tintern, Monmouthshire. Desk Based Assessment

DBA No.
DBA/TAP/08 February 2008
A.P.A.C. Ltd.
Archaeological Perspectives Analysis Consultancy
Archaeological Desk Based Assessment
PROPOSED HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT ANGIDY RIVER, TINTERN. DC/2007/01452
Prepared for TAP By Dr N Phillips
A.P.A.C. Ltd
Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project
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Contents
1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................5 Scope and Objectives of the Study ...............................................................................................5 Methodology .................................................................................................................................5 Geography and Topography..........................................................................................................7 Archaeological and Historical background ...................................................................................7 Desk-top Assessment and Baseline Conditions ............................................................................9 Archaeological Sites and their Significance ...............................................................................19 Predicted Impacts of the Proposal on known Archaeology ........................................................20 Summary and Recommendations................................................................................................21
Figures Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 01 Site Location MAP 02 Sites schematic 03 Sites schematic 1821 04 Estate Map 1.1763 05 Estate Map 2.1763 06 Estate Map 3.1763 07 Estate Map 4.1772 08 Tithe Map.1844 09 1879-1881 OS 10 1901 OS 11 1921 OS 12 Furnace excavation plan 13 Leat plan 14 Furnace platform 15 Partial topographic survey. 16 Archaeology
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Plates
D001TAP08 D002TAP08 D003TAP08 D004TAP08 D005TAP08 D006TAP08 D007TAP08 D008TAP08 D009TAP08 D010TAP08 D011TAP08 D012TAP08 D013TAP08 D014TAP08 D015TAP08 D016TAP08 D017TAP08 D018TAP08 D019TAP08 D020TAP08 D021TAP08 D022TAP08 D023TAP08 D024TAP08 D025TAP08 D026TAP08 D027TAP08 D028TAP08 D029TAP08 DO30TAP08 D031TAP08 D032TAP08 D033TAP08 D034TAP08 D035TAP08 D036TAP08 D037TAP08 D038TAP08 D039TAP08 D040TAP08 D041TAP08 D042TAP08 D043TAP08 D044TAP08 D045TAP08 D046TAP08 D047TAP08 D048TAP08 D049TAP08 D050TAP08 D051TAP08 Platform, 5mx7m, oval, cut into bank, raised outer. Charcoal? Platform, 4mx7m, oval, cut into bank, raised outer. Charcoal? Dry stone wall, parallel to recorded field boundary Circular ring of stones, adjoining tumbled wall Below Furnace Pond, Retaining wall above stream Below Furnace Pond, Retaining wall above stream Dam at Furnace Pond, From stone building platform? Dam at Furnace Pond, From stone building platform? Stone building base below furnace pond Platform, 5mx7m, oval, cut into bank, raised outer. Charcoal? Platform, 6mx8m, oval, cut into bank, raised outer. Charcoal? Platform, 6mx12m, oval, cut into bank, raised outer. Charcoal? Stone revetment to leat on stream side Stone building base below furnace pond Platform, 6mx10m, oval, cut into bank, raised outer. Charcoal? Hollow way, 2m deep, 2-3m wide Hollow way, 2m deep, 2-3m wide Charcoal Platform, 12mx5m, oval, cut into bank, raised outer. Hollow way, 2m deep, 2-3m wide, some dry stone revetment Boundary wall, dry stone Boundary wall, dry stone Dry stone wall, field boundary? Dry stone wall, field boundary? Dry stone wall, field boundary? Stream side Dam at Beaufort Pond Dam at Beaufort Pond Dam at Beaufort Pond, Present sluice Dam at Beaufort Pond, Present sluice Dry stone wall, Sluice channel. Dry stone wall, Sluice channel. Dry stone wall, Sluice channel. Gate? 10m section dry stone revetment. Unknown purpose. Charcoal Platform, 12mx5m, oval, cut into bank, raised outer. Stone revetment, Purpose unknown Boulder wall Dry stone walls including corner. Area of terracing? Corner of boundary wall Stone base Bridge Bridge Upper wireworks Upper wireworks Abbey Furnace. Wheel pit feeder Platform and hollow way Platform and hollow way leading to wireworks Field or boundary wall. Ditch to east Field or boundary wall. Ditch to east Top of Forge pond Dam. Sluices to one side only Forge pond Dam Wall of large stone possible building mounds to w. track ways Charcoal Platform, 8mx6m, oval, cut into bank, raised outer.
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Charcoal Platform, 9mx6m, oval, cut into bank, raised outer. Leat with revetments and stone liner Abbey Furnace. Wheel pit feeder Entry point to SMR site Entry point to SMR site Entry point to SMR site Building unknown Bridge Buildings at Furnace cottages House base and drain front Excavation drawing of house Drainage release channel Ferrous floor and building opening
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SUMMARY This Desk Based Assessment has been prepared for TAP (Tintern Angidy Project) by A.P.A.C. Ltd, in response to the recommendation made by GGAT to Monmouth County Council , regarding Planning permission DC/2007/01452to construct a hydro-electric scheme centred on NGR SO 5133 0023. As limited information currently exists on the area, this DBA and field survey were requested in order to best protect the areas potential archaeological resources. Such new information arising, will serve to inform Members of Monmouthshire Council about the effect of the development on the archaeological resource, during the determination of the planning application.
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
1 Introduction
the formulation of a strategy for investigation, whether or not intrusive, further
The proposed Angidy Hydro Electric Project, Tintern, is being put forward for planning by Tintern Angidy Project (TAP), PL.App.No: DC/2007/01452. The proposed site covers a narrow strip of land, approximately, 0.6-1m in width by 1.3km in length, situated south of the Angidy stream, in the steep sided Angidy valley west of Tintern, Monmouthshire, fig 01. When travelling north from Chepstow to Monmouth, on the A466, the first left turn after Tintern Abbey is the lane to Llanishen, which passes along the site after approximately 4 kilometres. (proposed area centred on OS NGR: SO 513 003). This desk based assessment (DBA) details the results of the archaeological assessment for the proposed Hydro Electric Project area with respect to the projects development and the establishment of issues relevant to Archaeological Impact Assessment. The area to be included in this assessment (GGAT: MON1567JP 18th January 2008), covers approximately 20 hectares comprising: a 200m wide corridor from SO 3509 2005 to SO 3519 2002 centred along the line of the proposed development, fig 01. A 50m wide corridor along the proposed development is to be subjected to a more intensive scrutiny. A.P.A.C. Ltd, were contracted by (TAP) to carry out the archaeological assessment of the proposed area. The desk-based study and field study took place in January 2008 and supplements the field study which took place in June 2007.
where the character and value of the resource is not sufficiently defined to permit a mitigation strategy or other response to be devised. the formulation of a proposal for further archaeological investigation within a programme of research.
With regards the field survey the main objective, in accordance with the standards and guidance laid down by the Institute of Field Archaeology, is to gain information about the archaeological resource within a given area or site (including presence or absence, character, extent, date, integrity, state of preservation and quality), in order to make an assessment of its merit in the appropriate context, leading to one or more of the following: the formulation of a strategy to ensure the recording, preservation or management of the resource. the formulation of a strategy to initiate a threat to the archaeological resource. the formulation of a proposal for further archaeological investigation within a programme of research.
2. Scope and Objectives of the Study

The main scope and objectives of the archaeological assessment were to reveal by desk-based study, the nature, significance and, where possible, the chronology of the archaeology within the area of the proposed development. The purpose of the desk-based assessment, in accordance with standards and guidance as laid down by the Institute of Field Archaeology, is to gain information about the known or potential archaeological resource within the given area (including presence or absence, character and extent, date, integrity, state of preservation and relative quality of the potential archaeological resource), in order to make an assessment of its merit in context, leading to one or more of the following: the formulation of a strategy to ensure the recording, preservation or management of the resource.
The field study aimed to examine on the ground the land designated for the proposed hydro-electric project, and isolate and record any archaeology and historic landscape features that survive within it. All gathered material from the desk-based study and the field study were to be combined and assessed, in order to identify areas where the proposed development may impact on the recognised archaeology or elements of the historic landscape, and depending on the results of the study, any potential mitigating circumstances that may arise.
3. Methodology
For the purposes of the archaeological desk based study, the following repositories were consulted: A.P.A.C. Ltd. Archaeology Data Service (ADS)
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British Geological Survey (BGS) Cadw
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unlikely to have anything further to add to that which had already been collected elsewhere.
Monmouthshire County Record Office, Cwmbran. (CRO) Monmouth Museum. (MM) Monmouth Public Library. (MPL) National |Library of Wales. (NLW) Promap (Landmark Service) Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments Wales Aberystwyth. (RCAHMW) Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) Gwent Glamorgan Archaeological Trust (GGAT). Wye Valley, Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Monmouth. AONB.
Monmouth County Record Office was able to supply some of the relevant Ordnance Survey maps for use in the map regression work. Monmouth Museum was the major source for information concerning the site. Most of the information held piecemeal elsewhere has been collected here and was readily accessible. Monmouth Public library was unable to add to the data collected. The National Library of Wales was a good source of information providing early Estate and Tithe map data as well as the majority of Ordnance Survey Mapping. Promap, web site, www.promap.co.uk was also accessed online and provided detail mapping and assessment strategies. The Sites and Monuments Record, GGAT had very little information on the site and with the exception of a listed buildings record, failed to add to the data collected. The Wye Valley AONB, Monmouth was very helpful in supplying reports and surveys compiled on the site. No search was conducted on Aerial Photography due to the nature of the terrain (densely wooded). For purposes of the Field Study, once all cartographic and archaeological records had been consulted and all relevant material identified, the whole of the proposed area was then field walked. A finds sampling strategy was in place during the field study should any surface scatters of potential finds warrant it. The assessment methods used followed that detailed in the DMRB, Volume 11, Section 3, part 2. All sites identified have been categorised following guidelines set out in the DMRB. The allocation of a site to a category defines the archaeological significance of that site. The categories are described as follows: Category A - Sites of National Importance. Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Listed Building and sites which meet the criteria for scheduling or listing. Recommended sites will be preserved in situ.
A.P.A.C. Ltd has undertaken two archaeological events at the site which have direct impact on this DBA. (discussed below). Contact with local residents was also of great value to the DBA and this will be discussed below. The Archaeology Data Service http://ads.ahds.ac.uk, was accessed for archaeological resources recorded within a 5km area of the site. This was useful in providing a larger picture of land use in the vicinity and therefore the potential for further discoveries. However, caveats are evident: The earliest period recorded (Palaeolithic ADS: NMGW2004-4152) is worryingly a silver thimble. Although the records range from the more accurate Neoloithic (ADS: NGMW20041838) to the World War II, Anti Tank Vertical Rail (ADS: CBA_DOB-15822) there is no record of the industrial complex which includes Scheduled sites and obvious visible archaeology.
The British Geological Survey, web site, www.bgs.ac.uk, was accessed online for Geo-technical data. The search was able to show that there has been no geological work done in the area designated for this (DBA). Cadw were approached as to relevant information held at their repository but it was suggested that they were
Category B - Sites of regional or county importance. Sites which do not quite meet the criteria for scheduling or listing but which are of particular importance to the region. Preservation in situ shall
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be preferred but where damage or destruction is unavoidable, appropriate action will be undertaken. Category C Sites of district or local importance. Sites which are not of sufficient importance to justify preservation if threatened but merit adequate recording prior to damage or destruction. Category D - Minor or damaged sites. Sites of minor importance or so badly damaged that too little remains to justify inclusion within a higher category. Rapid recording, either in advance of or during construction, should be sufficient. Category E - Sites needing further investigation. Sites whose importance cannot be determined without further investigation in order to assign them to categories A-D. These sites will be subject to field evaluation.
evidence of the Palaeolithic; a few miles to the north around Symonds Yat. However, at the time of writing, the bulk of evidence known for the designated area belongs to the industrial period with a potential link to the post-medieval due to circumstantial links of proximity with the Abbey complex at Tintern. It is revealing to note that a field visit organised in 1947 by the Newcomen Society resulted in failure to find the site, (Trans Newc Soc 25: 209) cited in (Pickin 1. 1982). The site in question being the Abbey Furnace, SAM MM197 possibly now the only site readily visible and presented as an archaeological resource. Previous work in the designated area can be condensed from four main sources of interest: one field visit, two excavations and a comprehensive historical study of the complex. an historical study of the area by Parr and Tucker in 1975, (Parr & Tucker 1975 V9 .2). large scale excavation conducted by John Pickin for Gwent County Council between 1979 and 1981. a watching brief at the furnace site and adjacent property belonging to Furnace Cottages. Contracted by AONB and undertaken by N. Phillips, A.P.A.C. Ltd, WB/AONB1/07. 2007. a test pit evaluation programme of the leat systems Contracted by TAP and undertaken by N. Phillips, A.P.A.C. Ltd, EV/TAP/07. 2007.
The significance of the impact on the cultural heritage has been assessed with regard to the category of the individual site or landscape, based on the following criteria: No impact: No impact to sites or landscapes. Minor impact: Slight damage to sites or landscapes. Moderate impact: Small loss due to damage of sites or landscape. Major impact: Significant damage or destruction of sites or landscapes. Severe impact: Total destruction of sites or landscapes.
4. Geography and Topography

The site is located on the solid geology of the Upper Old Red Sandstone, Tintern Sandstone Group with a drift deposit of Alluvium (OS 1981). The topography of the site location is a narrow steep sided, wooded valley, centred on the Angidy stream which generally falls in an easterly direction to the Wye at Tintern. The woodland, some of which is owned and managed by the Forestry Commission is a mixture of deciduous and coniferous trees. A broad fire break occurs south west of the site which opens up the aspect of the location. The site is surrounded by SSSIs and LNRs.
In the 1970s, some initial excavation and survey was undertaken by Paar and Tucker and sampling by the National museum of Wales (Probert, 3 1982). The historical background to the site is well documented in Rees 1968, and Parr & Tucker 1976. Rees provides a very detailed account of the Iron Works at Tintern with good primary sourcing, whilst Paar and Tucker add a flesh to the documentary bones. Monmouthshire County Council, Angidy Ironworks Conservation Plan, 2005 reworked the information of the first two above whilst a report by J. van Laun Associates in 2005 added more in-depth information on industry within the valley. However, a more easily accessible, general background can be found in The Water Powered Industries of the Lower Wye Valley, Coates 1992. The Pickin report was published in The Historical Metallurgy Societies Journal V16. 2. 1982 as well as in; Excavation of Abbey Tintern Ironworks Angidy Valley1979-1981, an in house publication for Gwent County Council. Indeed, policy 5.2.1 (MCC 2005, 30),
5. Archaeological and Historical background

The general archaeological and historical background to the area is fairly sparse as can be shown in the records of the Archaeological Data Service and the database kept at the SMR. It is possible to speculate from the sparse records that human influence has been at work in the area from at least the Neolithic period; although, one does not have to travel far to reach
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states that All work to the Angidy Ironworks should be carried out with reference to this document. Copies of reports: WB04/AONB1/07, are housed at AONB, Monmouth, GGAT and Cadw. EV/TAP/07, are housed at TAP and GGAT. General History of the metal working Industry in the Angidy Valley: As a result of government policy in the mid 16th century, moves were made to make Britain less dependent on imports, (Paar & Tucker, 1. 1975); in this instance brass wire, (Laun, 10. 2005). Discoveries of calamine, (zinc carbonate and silicate needed for brass production), at Weston-super-mare c.1565, inspired William Humfrey, Assay Master of the Royal Mint, London, to become involved in the enterprise of brass making, (ibid.). Letters patent to search for calamine and iron; (in demand for armour production); with permission to erect batteries for its working were granted to Humfrey by 1565 as: The Company of Mineral and Battery Works (CMBW), (ibid.). In 1566, (CMBW) established the first water powered wire making industry at Tintern. It is reasonable to suggest that its location had been chosen for its proximity to sources of iron ore, calamine, timber and a reliable source of water power on the Angidy stream. Add to these the availability of the tidal Wye for transportation and a more suitable site would have been hard to find. Paar and Tucker suggest that water driven mills were known at the location since medieval times, although they offer no evidence for this, (Paar & Tucker, 3. 1975). They do however, record later mills citing Badminton Manorial Records II, 2445, pages 1 and 25 for Angedy Mill, 1536-7 (Paar & Tucker (53) 11). Badminton Manorial Records II, 1631: Reaben-neast grist Mill.watercourses banks stanks ponds and appurtenances 1651, (ibid. 12). Such pre-existing water powered structures could have been converted for metal working. Certainly this conversion process is documented throughout the 17th and 18th centuries whilst in 1821 The Abbey Corn Mill is included in the schedule containing a list of all the Machinery Fixtures and Implements in the Iron and Wire Works Corn Mills and other buildings called Abbey Works (Badminton Papers Group II, 9087), cited in (Paar & Tucker, 13. 1975). A further consideration for location was offered by van Laun as an effort to alleviate unemployment created 30 years earlier following the dissolution of the Cistercian Monastery at Tintern, (van Laun, 27. 2005). In
association to this, it is worth noting that archaeological evidence of extensive non-ferrous metal processing was uncovered during 1980, within the complex of Tintern Abbey to which an interim, 15th century date has been given, (Courtney, 22. 1982). Therefore, not only was a work force available locally but a skilled workforce at that. The initial focus of superior quality brass wire production was unsuccessful and the (CMBW) moved more towards the production of iron wire, with brass phased out and the brass works leased out in 1582 to a third party, (Harris, 4. 1976). Unfortunately, the wire produced initially was poor quality due to the type of bar iron available. What was needed was a more ductile iron that lent itself to the drawing process. The type of iron required; Osmond Iron, was, due to its processing methods and requirements, far more expensive than the normal bar iron. At this time, Osmond Iron was being imported from Germany which caused shortages leading to the use of bar iron and the resulting drop in quality (ibid. 6). In 1568, a crisis point was reached with the Company incurring losses of 500 resulting from inferior product, (Rees, 596. 1968). As a result a source for production of Osmond Iron was found; possibly at Monkswood near Usk (ibid. 597). In a very few years the guaranteed supply of Osmond Iron was to fall foul of questionable dealings surrounding the interests of the Monkswoods later owner, Richard Hanbury. Hanbury owned the Monkswood and all other local Osmond Iron processing sites in 1572 thereby acquiring a monopoly on the supply of this product, (ibid. 597). During the course of the next two decades, the quality and quantity of Osmond Iron supplied by Hanbury were shown to be subject to fluctuations in Hanburys interests in the Tintern Wireworks, (ibid. 615). Hanbury was a managing partner of a consortium running the lower wireworks (van Laun, 11. 2005). Legal proceedings against Hanbury and his subsequent actions caused the brief closure of the complete works in 1595 through lack of iron, (Rees, 622. 1968). The difficulties arising from the Osmond Iron controversy led to the eventual establishment of at least one furnace for its production within the Tintern works complex. This is believed to have been built close to the mouth of the Angidy c 1629, (van Laun, 12. 2005). Soon after the furnace at Pont y Saeson was also producing Osmond Iron; eventually taking over 100% of local production and continued to do so all its working period. As a going concern, there must have been continual development along the Angidy Valley through the 18th and 19th centuries but unfortunately, there is next to no documentary evidence to report it. Some of the various
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sites are mentioned such as the Wirepool and Oyle Mill 1707 or the Abby Wyre Works & Pontsayson Forge 1739, (Badminton Papers) cited in (Paar & Tucker, 3. 1975). The first real insight into the development of Angidy Valley Industry comes with the cartographic documents of 1763. These are supplemented by other estate maps Tithe maps, surveys and Ordnance Survey maps which will be presented below. Van Laun summarised the last century of production in the Angidy complex thus: the Lower Forge (at Abby Mill) ceased production of Osmond Iron going over to bar iron and its furnace went out of commission. the Upper Forge (Pont y Saeson) took over Osmond Iron production. the new furnace at Abbey Tintern was in use by 1763. a new wireworks was added to the complex being built above the Upper Forge. With the exception of the upper and lower wire works all other sites were closed by 1843. All work had ceased by the early twentieth century. (van Laun, 27. 2005).
4354 NMGW20043562 NMGW20044157 NMGW20044156 NMGW20044153 NMGW20044154 NMR_NATINV109556 CBA_DOB15822
00 ST ? 52 98 SO 53 00 SO 53 00 SO 53 00 SO 53 00 SO 53 00 SO 53 00
Figurine Coin Ceramics Collection Pottery Viaduct Anti Tank Rail
Roman Roman Medieval Post-Med Post-Med Post-Med 1876 WWII
The most that can be said is that the area has a broad period of human activity. The British Geological Survey. This online service is again a useful place to begin the search for relevant data. Searches were made for records in the following subjects: borehole, coal prospecting, water wells, site investigations, drill cores, sampling, geophysical logs, geochemistry and solid and drift geology. With the exception of the geology, no data was found for the designated area. Cadw Contact was made with Cadw as regards information on the site but their representative suggested that in the light of earlier research done by A.P.A.C. Ltd, in this area, they would not be able to supply any new information not already considered. Monmouthshire County Records Office The CRO had little additional information on the area. It was possible to view a limited collection of 1st and 2nd edition Ordnance Survey Maps and a copy of Harris, P.G., 1968. Wye Valley Industrial History a draft for which is held at Monmouth Museum see below. Monmouth Museum Monmouth Museum carried a wealth of information on the area which accounted for most of the documentary evidence used in this assessment: Abbey Tintern Furnace 1710-1826. Gwent County Council Guide book. Of passing interest. Coates, S.D., 1992. The Water Powered Industries of the Lower Wye Valley. A good introduction to the various remains within the valley.
6. Desk-top Assessment and Baseline Conditions

Desk-top Assessment
ADS The Archaeology Data Service is easily accessible online and normally provides a good initial appraisal for the archaeological and historical potential of an area. In this instance however, the database was noticeably lacking and some of its information suspect. A 5km search of the area produced nineteen records most of which are associated with the Abbey at Tintern but none of which were in the specific area of interest. A broad period sample is shown: ADS Id NMGW20044152 NMGW20041838 NMGW20044236 NMGW2004Grid ref SO 53 00 SO 50 00 SO 49 01 SO 53 Find Silver Thimble Weaponry Flint Coin Period Palaeolithic? Neolithic Prehistoric Iron Age
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Courtney, P.,A non-ferrous industrial complex at Tintern Abbey, Historical Metallurgy, 16. 22-23, 1982. Of use for presenting an archaeological link to medieval, non-ferrous metal working in the area.
Tucker (above) and Rees (below). This document is the basis for the archaeological record at The Abbey Tintern Furnace, MM197, (discussed below). Probert, G., 1982. Excavation of Abbey Tintern Ironworks Angidy Valley (unpublished type script with notes) Gwent County Council. (46). Draft of the above Pickin publication. The National Library of Wales This venue provided most of the primary source data, in the form of cartographic evidence from The Badminton collection: Estate Map. J. ARAM. Survey Book II, SHEET 6. 1763. (fig 4) Plan of ABBY with the CHURCH GROVE , the WIREWORKS, FURNACE, and FORGES etc. & LANDS adjoining the RAVENSNEST and the FAIROAK in the Parish of CHAPPELHILL with the STANK houses and small piece of land in TINTERN, This estate map covers the extreme east of the DBA area but includes an inset of the Furnace MM197. The map is cited in the historical research undertaken of the Angidy complex (see above). The hand coloured map reproduces very badly so the copy included has been enhanced in the area of interest, to aid discussion. It has been assumed that the furnace referred to in the inset is the Abbey Furnace and this is its earliest cartographic record (see above). However, there are obvious errors which should be pointed out: The apportionment number XLIII is part of the sequence numbers around the mouth of the Angidy below the Forge Pond. The apportionment to Mr Henry Courtiers lists Tonboat House with Orchard garden and ruins of old house adjoining Gateway (possibly more associated with the Wye). The next Survey Sheet 8 (see below) which is believed to be contemporary, 1763, marks the position of The Furnace of Mr Jorden not Mr Courtiers with reference note to Sheet 6. Mr Jorden is apportioned as XLIV, The piggyard with house and garden. Lower ? Upper house with stables. The garden. The store house and key. The dwelling house garden and forge. The furnace with cot and garden. Unfortunately, also located at the mouth of the Angidy.
The schematic of sites in the valley, page 2, reproduced in fig. 2, gives an example of the comprehensive nature of the document. Basing their information on John Arams Survey of 1763 (see below), terminus ante quem data shows the existence of: Pontsaison Mill (M4) with Leat (L4)but no pond (P6). The Angidy Fechan (Killkerks Brook as it is marked) is at least partially diverted westward to augment the flow of the leat. The Forge Pound (P7) with Forge (M5). The Furnace Pound (P8) with Leat (L6) to Furnace (M7). The Pound belonging to the Wireworks (P9) with the Water Course to the Oyl Mill (L7) and The Oyl Mill (M9), together with a short branch leat which fed The Upper Wire Works. Paar and Tucker then assess an 1821 indenture of lease, fig. 3 and note: The Oil Mill of 1763 has become a Wire Mill, Chapel Mill. The tongs mill had been changed from Upper to Middle with the New Tongs Mill (M6) built by 1803. They also note the first evidence for the Tilting Mill (M8), just below pond (P9) which must have been built between 1763 and 1821. They also record from the same source that there are twenty waterwheels in service on the Angidy between Pont-y-Saeson and the Wye. Another useful glimpse into the valleys makeup states that the wireworks complex included 3 dwelling houses, 39 cottages, 3 farms, gardens and a wet dock and Wharfs, Unfortunately, neither the maps nor the source used for this help in showing where these sites were. By 1878 most of the development seems confined to the lower works with both the furnace and upper wireworks recorded as: old or site of. Pickin, J.,Excavations at Abbey Tintern Furnace, Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society, 16. 2. 121. 1982. This again is a major source but its value is related to the Abbey Furnace site. The historical evidence would appear to draw heavily on Paar and
In the light of these anomalies, it must be borne in mind that the estate map has errors.
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The inset of the furnace does however; bear out some of the known archaeological features. The road and bridge to the bottom of the inset plan have a different alignment than at present. The modern road does not have the sharp curve around The Cot but the bridge itself does show evidence of having been realigned at some point and is slightly askew to the road. The present Furnace Cottage is not shown to exist although a path is shown in the same south west direction as the present driveway. Of specific interest to the DBA is the depiction of the leat and launder to the wheel pit. At the extreme north of the inset, the leat is shown as a small catchment pond. Estate Map. J. ARAM. Survey Book II, SHEET 7. 1763. (fig 5) Plan of the GLYN WOOD, ARTHURS GROVE, and the FERMERY GROVE etc in the PARISH of CHAPPELHILL. This estate map covers the east of the DBA area from just west of the Furnace Pond to the Oyl Mill. The map is cited in the historical research undertaken of the Angidy complex (see above). The hand coloured map reproduces very badly and some information has been lost. The map is very useful in detailing the position of the leat from furnace Pond towards the Oyl Mill. Unfortunately, no information is given north of the river. Also noticeable by its absence is any record of the Tilting Mill, immediately east of the Furnace Pond Dam. As well as the evidence that it was built after 1763 it is interesting to note that when it was built it would have to have taken account of the pre existing leat. Estate Map. J. ARAM. Survey Book II, SHEET 8. 1763. (fig 6) Plan of the FAIR OAK FARM, SOUTHPANT WOOD, RAVENS NEST, BURNT GROVE, BUCKHALL, and GETHINS GROVE in the PARISH of CHAPPELHILL with LANDS adjoining the DEVALIDON GREEN in NEWCHURCH EAST. This estate map covers the west of the DBA area from the Beaufort Pond to the Furnace and the reference to Sheet 6, (see above). The map is cited in the historical research undertaken of the Angidy complex (see above). The hand coloured map reproduces very badly and some information has been lost.
The map omits any reference to land north of the Angidy but does again include the all important Line of the leat. Most importantly, it shows that the leat ran directly from the south east side of the Dam at Beaufort Pond. It also confirms that there are no buildings or other features within the proposed line of the pipeline. The only feature recorded is between the road and the leat which was given over as garden for the people of the furnace. Estate Map. J. ARAM. Survey Book I0, SHEET 12. 1772. (fig 7). Map of the Hale and Brake with other cottages in the Parish of Tintern Trelleg. This estate map covers the entire DBA area to the north of the Angidy. This has not been cited in any of the earlier references. Even though the map concentrates, on the area to the north of the Angidy, it does locate the Furnace site MM197. It also confirms the start of the furnace leat from the south east of Furnace Pound (Beaufort Pond). South of CCLIII it shows the Pond feeding the Oyl Mill leat with still no sign of the Tilting mill. The map also clearly shows that the road passed along the north of the Angidy brook with no connection to the Beaufort Pond. The apportionments to the north of the Angidy list houses with gardens. Tithe map: Plan of the Parish of Tintern Parva in the County of Monmouth, T.M. Crane 1844, (fig8). The tithe map again concentrates on the north of the Angidy but does locate both Beaufort and Furnace Ponds. In the case of Beaufort Pond, a road now crosses the dam and passes along the west side of the pond. A small field has also been noted to the north of the dam and adjacent to the river. A side road also crosses the Angidy beneath the Furnace MM197, followed by an immediate sharp turn, previously noted above; Estate Map Sheet 6, and at odds with the road of today. The main road would appear to be north of the Angidy following the line of the modern lane which now eventually becomes impassable with overgrowth. The map still shows no position for the Tilting Mill which according to Paar and Tucker was built between 1763 and 1821. It would suggest therefore that the Mill was south of the Angidy.
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The two buildings shown in fields 310 and 309 no longer exist. The NLW also carried copies of: Paar. H.W. & Tucker D.G., The Old Wireworks and Ironworks of the Angidy Valley at Tintern, Gwent Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society, 9. 1-14, 1975. See above. Pickin, J., Excavations at Abbey Tintern Furnace, Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society, 16. 2. 121. See above. Rees, W., 1968 Industry before the industrial Revolution. Essential reading for Industrial archaeologists and historical enthusiast but far too in depth for the purpose of this assessment. Ridden, P., 1993. A Gazetteer of Charcoal-fired Blast Furnaces in Great Britain. Limited value with no additional information. Promap This online service is an invaluable source for Ordnance Survey mapping allowing for more complete map regression work to be undertaken. The other repositories accessed were only able to supply partial coverage; a problem made worse as the site lies across four map sheets: Monmouthshire 20.16, 21.13, 25.4 and 26.1. The following maps were assessed online: 1879-1881 1:2,500., 1881-1886 1:2,500., 1886 1:10.560., 1890 10.560., 1901-1902 1:2,500., 1902 1:2,500. 1902-1903 1:10,560 1903 1:10,560 1921 1:2,500., 1922 1:10,560 1924 1:10,560., 1954 1:10,560., 1954-1955 1:10,560 1972-1974 1.2,500., 1976 1:10,000., and 1976-1981 1:10,000. 1879-1881 1:2,500 (fig 9). The map shows the upper wireworks complex as disused and the Furnace MM197, is listed as old with a much reduced ground plan from what has been revealed archaeologically. No Leat is shown from the Beaufort Pond to the Furnace. Where the leat entered the Furnace area from the north west are a set of enclosed fields, noted in 1763 sheet 8., above, as garden for the people of the Furnace The road system at the bridge, west of the furnace, has undergone some change having been straightened of a severe curve recorded on earlier maps. This removes the road from the edge of the house shown in plot 38. Furthermore, the depiction of the road; which connects to the house, is stronger than that of the original north
route up the valley possibly signifying a change to the southern route in existence today. As this south route passes through the furnace site, the dotted depiction signifies that the furnace complex was more of an open yard allowing access to all of the buildings. Obviously, the modern barriers of road and hedges did not exist. The one solid line running south east from field 12B is probably the stone retaining wall for the leat holding pond. No ground plan or notation is provided for the Tilting Mill at Furnace Pond although the probable leat to the Oyl Mill is shown; connected to the Angidy and not the Dam. An Island is thus created just beneath the dam with the sluice gate to the north and a path is shown crossing the dam at this point. North of the Angidy, the area between the Beaufort dam and the two houses in enclosures 16 and 17 is divided into enclosures 12, 13, and 15. Enclosure 13 has a building which is not present today. Enclose areas 20, 21, 22 and 23 are divided into strips and the south west edge of 22 appears to show two buildings, not present today. 1881-1886 1:2,500. No discernable changes. 1886 1:10.560. No discernable changes. 1890 1:10.560. No discernable changes. 1901-1902 1:2,500. (fig 10). This map shows that the majority of the Furnace buildings MM197 have disappeared leaving only the small rectangular building in enclosure 313; although, the enclosure itself is possibly delineated by the furnace remains. South of the furnace, building 34 has reduced in size and has acquired an enclosure. East of Furnace Pond the island created by the leat feed and the Angidy still exist as does the leat but again no evidence for the Tilting Mill. North of the river, the sluice stream and main Angidy is shown clearly to the west of the Beaufort dam but the leat is not depicted at all.
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Now vanished buildings still existed in fields 212 and 220 and a new path is shown between 215 and the Beaufort Dam. Also clearly depicted are two straight paths, running vertically up hill, from the North West corners of fields 215 and 221. 1902 1:2,500. No discernable changes. 1902-1903 1:10,560 No discernable changes. 1903 1:10,560 No discernable changes except that the last building has gone from the Furnace site. 1921 1:2,500. (fig 11). South of the Beaufort Dam, a rectangular mark may record a new building beside the road. In field 211 a new path leads from the top of the Dam to the upper road and the path towards the property at 215 is more definite. The upper road has started possibly to fall into disuse as shown by the use of dotted lines. A new building has been added between fields 215 and 214. The eastern vertical path shown in 1901 has mostly disappeared. The house west of field 34 has lost its east extension and now borders a nursery where the drain from the furnace floor used to run. The road has also been distanced from this house and actually forms a solid depiction through the furnace site. This use of a more solid line may denote the first signs of the road having been raised to its present level. The building, absent on the 1903 map has reappeared in the furnace compound to the north of the road. 1922 1:10,560 No discernable changes. 1924 1:10,560. No discernable changes.
1954-1955 1:10,560. No discernable changes except for the disappearance of the house, south of the road bridge. 1972-1974 1:2,500. The house in the enclosure north of the furnace; above the road has disappeared. The east section of the leat from Furnace pond has been removed by a path. 1976 1:10,000. 2007 Street + (fig1, top right inset) No discernable changes. Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments Wales. No information was collected from here as various attempts to contact the relevant people proved unsuccessful. As all cited information in documentary sources had already been obtained it was unlikely that the RCAHMW would be able to add any more. Sites and Monuments Record, GGAT. The visit to the SMR yielded very little additional information. However, one important report was found in the file 00712 g (folder 2) entitled Abbey Tintern Charcoal Furnace DJM/MM 24th April 1980. In the section, Phase 1, dealing with the furnace site c 1640 1700, and specifically the leat from the Beaufort Dam to the furnace, it states The valley is dammed a quarter mile upstream and a trench dug along the contour onto the natural-and impervious-clays to form a leat. Unfortunately, the report is not referenced. The SMR was also able to supply the data held on the three listed structures in the designated area: Cadw ref: DB 24047, Furnace Cottages. SO 51320 00240. Late 18th century. Grade II. Cadw ref: DA 24055, Tilt Mill Dam. SO 51550 00220. 18th century. Grade II. Cadw ref: FA 24054, Beaufort Pond Dam. SO 51550 00220. Possible 16th century origin, mostly 18th century structure with 19th and 20th century developments. Grade II. Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The AONB supplied a range of documents relating to the designated area of interest. Some were directly related to the project and others only a passing interest as background information.
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Options for community and ownership for the Angidy Hydro Projects, Severn Wye Energy Agency 2004. Of little practical value to this assessment. Report on The Turbine in the Former Wireworks Yard, Tintern. Context Engineering Ltd, June 2007. Outside of the designated area but part of the complex. This gave some insight into the type of machinery that was in use but of little value to this DBA. The Angidy Ironworks Monmouthshire, Conservation Plan 2005. This document gives information on the conservation work planned for the area of the Abby Furnace which could have implications on this present assessment. The document also carries a summary of the history of the site; no additional information. The Ferrous and Non Ferrous Industries of the Angidy Valley, John van Laun Associates 2005. This was a very informative report introducing some modern research and interpretation to the previous histories of the area. Use of interpretive graphics greatly adds to the understanding of the industry of the area.
topography at this point has a 3m slope difference (Phillips 2007). Pickin 1982 Before looking at the specifics of the excavation, it is worth noting Pickins observations on the leat system. In his opinion: substantial alterations to the dam wall in the mid-19th century, when the road was constructed along the top, appear to have destroyed all remains of the original structure. The first trace of the leat is on the south bank of the brook, 15m in front of the dam wall and 1.8m below the present water level in the pond. Its point of exit from the pond is lost, but the difference in height between the leat and the modern water level suggests that the original wall must have been much lower. The line of the leat can be easily traced as a shallow trench dug into the natural slope with the up-cast forming a bank on the north or downside. Occasional patches of dry-stone walls were built to hold back the steeper sections (page 5). Pickins account of the excavation of a section of the leat as it enters the furnace site is of particular importance to this DBA as this area is problematic to the project. A 30m length of the leat was investigated in the SW part of area I. For 25m the leat followed the contour along the valley slope and had been dug as an open trench onto impervious natural orange clay. Area 1 can be seen in fig 13 which has been adapted from the original by relevant annotation added to the plan from accompanying the text. Phase 1 Initially, the leat was an open trench with the SW face being a vertical cut into the clay bed, 1.2m deep, while the NE edge could be traced as a low bank (53) of re-deposited clay (not illustrated) presumably up-cast from the digging of the trench. Phase 2 Development at the site appears to have begun with an extension to the working area, north of building A, fig 14. By excavation, Picking was able to demonstrate that the ground had been built up with layers of waste as shown in section, Fig 14 inset. Although, the section did not extend to the river it can be suggested that the entire flat area to the north of building A Fig 12 must be contemporary.
Archaeology
Two main sources were consulted for the archaeology of the area Pickin 1982 and Phillips 2007. Both were confined to the furnace site and its immediate surroundings although, both considered the surrounding resources in order to best interpret their findings. A survey of the furnace area was conducted in the early 1970s, prior to the later excavation, 1979-1980. Both the preexcavation survey and postexcavation plan are presented fig 12. The earlier survey, left (a), has been approximately, aligned and scaled to the plan, (b) to aid discussion. As well as presenting some anomalies of alignment, which is acceptable due to the schematic nature of the earlier survey; some interesting points can be made. Both show the presence of the leat, Terminal basin as it enters the scheduled site. In addition, both show a possible opening that would allow access to the raised and unexcavated area to the north of building D, (b). It is also noted that this exit point is in line with the position of the launder. Both (a) and (b) show the position of the modern road as cutting across the site and not respecting any of the alignments of the furnace buildings. This would tend to confirm that the road was added after the furnace had ceased operation. The hachures shown, (b) confirm that the road was added as a raised causeway; the
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The extension would seem to be indicative of major change to the site in general although in the specific area under discussion it involved the establishment of a launder system from the leat to the wheel pit. This can be shown by changes to the structure at the eastern corner of the leat pool fig 13. Wall (34) is partially demolished to provide an opening to the launder. The hole in the wall is fitted with a sluice control (56) and the water flow is diverted by means of a wall insert (54) which is provided with water tight backing (55). Pickin also excavated two more trenches in the ground between the furnace and the river. This time a little closer to the road bridge fig 12 (b), 12a & 12b. Both trenches were designed to evaluate the area for potential structures, it had been noted that there appeared to be a raised boundary bank in situ; possibly a flood defence. Both trenches revealed that the area had been raised with the dumping of waste: slag, mortar, clay building rubble etc., but no underlying structures. Pickin was also able to confirm that the road had indeed been raised on a causeway for its passage through the site. As this would have created a barrier through the centre of the complex, it has to be assumed that it was constructed after the furnace had gone out of production. Phillips 2007 The watching brief was undertaken as part of conservation measures at the Furnace site. The specific brief was to find and reinstate the drainage from the furnace floor to allow for further conservation work to begin. The majority of the work took place in the garden of Furnace Cottage where the drainage channel was assumed to discharge, into the stream running along side the Angidy. During excavations, a possible drain channel was uncovered between the buried remains of a house, fig 04 and the road causeway. Plate 1 shows the position of the house, to the left, with the drain front to the right. The rising bank to the extreme right is the causeway under which the drain has been built. The water is the drain resurgence. The position of the house corresponds to L3 with the drain channel L4, fig 15. The levels south of the road, at road level and in the car park, show the height of the causeway, which would have towered over the cottage quite considerably.
The house itself was excavated by the present owners and was found to survive as a basement at a depth of some 2m below present ground level, J Saunders pers com. Plate 2 shows part of the unpublished excavation drawings Saunders, J. Of course, present ground level consists of a great deal of waste deposit which may suggest that the basement may well have been the ground floor. The depth of the waste can be clearly seen in trench dug to access the water drain Plate 3. The fill which eventually extended beyond 2m in depth, consisted: Ceramic sherds; samples were represented by domestic ware: cups and plates; mostly transfer printed, and kitchen ware, internal and external glazes. Large quantities of roofing pan tiles were present also. Glass fragments were represented by window glass 2mm and 3mm, dark green and brown bottle sherds, and one piece of soda lime, heavily bubbled from a two piece mould. The pottery and glass would tend to suggest a 19th and early 20th century date. Slag from the former iron processing associated with the nearby site is fairly ubiquitous. Its forms are very glasslike and come in a variety of colours: green, red, and blue. It appears to be present at all depths that were excavated again verifying the nature of the ground as having been made up. It is believed that the made up ground extends to the Angidy. Further evidence for the house having been buried is that the external wall Plate 1 had traces of render extending beneath the water level shown; which would have been unlikely for a subsurface wall. Another discovery made during the watching brief was an area of compacted ferrous floor, which on initial inspection appeared to have been formed as a flow deposit, Plate 4. The plate shows that the deposit has retained the ghost impression of an angular object that must have stood at time of deposition. The plate also shows the left side of a masonry corner; the right side is covered in vegetation and the top has been replaced by modern gabions. The masonry structure forms an opening from which the deposit has originated. A structure that existed prior to the road causeway being built but now incorporated into its revetment. The flow interpretation of the deposit has since been shown unlikely as the deposit contains large pieces of charcoal. Therefore, the rounded nature of the deposit is likely to have been due to weathering.
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The total area surveyed for the Hydro Electric Project was approx 20 Hectares. This consisted of: a general survey corridor some 100m each side of a central line. a more intensive survey corridor 25m each side of a central line.
some 4m by 7m. The shorter axis has been dug into the north side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the south side. Path A/B runs south of it. Feature D. SO 5176 0032. Plate 5 A charcoal burners platform. The feature is oval in shape some 5m by 7m. The shorter axis has been dug into the north side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the south side. Path A/B runs through it. Feature E. SO 5174 0033. Plate 6 A charcoal burners platform. The feature is oval in shape some 4m by 7m. The shorter axis has been dug into the north side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the south side. Path A/B runs north of it. Feature F. SO 5170 0029. A charcoal burners platform; very indistinct, much eroded and overgrown. The feature is oval in shape some 5m by 4m. The shorter axis has been dug into the north side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the south side. Feature G. SO 5164 0034. Plate 7 Dry stone wall standing some 0.8m in height and constructed of rounded boulders. The wall runs parallel to the known west boundary wall of Furnace Farm but is not recorded. The distance between the two walls is constant and may signify an old track way. Feature H. SO 5165 0036. Low course of dry stone wall running at right angles to G. The feature is very badly eroded and indistinct. Shows as a possible terrace. Feature I. SO 5165 0035. Plate 8 Circular depression ringed by small stone circle on a slightly raised platform and associated with H. Possible hearth but no evidence of burning. Feature J. SO 5157 0025. Plates 11, 13 & 18 A raised mound of stone covered in heavy vegetation. The feature stands below the northern end of the Furnace Pond Dam. It is revetted against the Angidy on the west and south sides but connected to the bank on the north and east by lower ground. Feature K. SO 5159 0025. Plates 9 & 10 A stone revetment on the south bank of the Angidy just below the Furnace Dam and adjacent to J. The feature extends to a possible weir constructed of coursed stone and projecting about a metre into the stream. The drop
The central line being the leat systems, south of the Angidy River; between the Beaufort Pond and the Abbey Furnace, and the Abbey Furnace to the Tintern/Raglan Road, east of Furnace Farm. Both areas are considered to be part of the leat systems built to service the Abbey Tintern Ironworks Complex. At present, the two linear areas along which the proposed pipe will pass are used as public pathways. Both have surfaces of exposed soil, occasionally bounded by stone and in some places forming a linear depression, (Phillips. 3. 2007a). Two field visits were undertaken for this DBA, both in January 2008, when the area was fairly accessible, although one section, above and south of the Beaufort Dam, was already generating a dense covering of bramble. These visits, to include the wider search parameters, supplement the earlier field work (ibid.), undertaken in June 2007 In terms of archaeological sites and features revealed from the desk-top assessment, sites outside of the 200m boundary were not looked at. Included in this exclusion was the Upper Iron Works SAM MM268, which although within just within the zone of interest, is actually upstream and therefore not likely to be effected. Each feature revealed as a result of fieldwork has been given an index code and OS Grid Coordinate; its position then plotted on the survey map fig 16. Initial Grid Coordinates taken with a hand held GPS Magellan 3000 XL, horizontal accuracy 50m. Where photographs have been deemed of use in recoding a feature these have been included as plates and indexed in Appendix 1. Feature A / B. SO 5181 0033 & 5172 0034 This feature takes the form of shallow, linear depression running across the hill, very overgrown and probably impassable in summer months. It links to features C, D and E and so may be contemporary. Feature C. SO 5181 0032. A charcoal burners platform; very indistinct, much eroded and overgrown. The feature is oval in shape
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in water level suggests a subsurface continuation of the feature. Feature L. SO 5156 0020. A large angular area of clearance, excavated into the hill on the south side of the Angidy, adjacent to the point where the Dam meets the pond edge. Probable quarry. Feature M. SO 5157 0018. Plate 14 A charcoal burners platform: oval in shape some 8m by 7m. The shorter axis has been dug into the south side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the north side. Feature N. SO 5168 0015. Plate 15 A charcoal burners platform: oval in shape some 8m by 6m. The shorter axis has been dug into the south side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the north side. Feature O. SO 5172 0013. Plate 16
Feature V. SO 5148 0014. An overgrown charcoal burners platform: oval in shape some 10m by 6m. The shorter axis has been dug into the south side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the north side. Feature W. SO 5130 0017. Plate 22 A charcoal burners platform: oval in shape some 12m by 5m. The shorter axis has been dug into the west side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the east side. Surface deposits of charcoal are present. Feature X. SO 5130 0016. Plate 22 An overgrown charcoal burners platform: oval in shape some 6m by 4m. The shorter axis has been dug into the west side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the east side. Feature Y. SO 5123 0032. A small quarry above a hollow way.
A charcoal burners platform: oval in shape some 12m by 6m. The shorter axis has been dug into the south side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the north side. Feature P. SO 5184 0019. A very overgrown charcoal burners platform: oval in shape some 8m by 6m. The shorter axis has been dug into the south side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the north side. Feature Q. SO 5171 0026. Leat some 2m wide with revetment on stream side. Feature R. SO 5168 0027. Leat with possible revetting or cut. Feature S. SO 5171 0026. Plate17. Leat with revetment on stream side. Feature T. SO 5159 0022. Angular cut into bank on south of Angidy and south of leat. Possible quarry or recess for building. Feature U. SO 5158 0023. Plate 19 A charcoal burners platform: oval in shape some 10m by 6m. The shorter axis has been dug into the south side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the north side.
Feature Z. SO 5116 0032. Plate 24 A dry stone boundary wall extending west through heavy undergrowth. Feature AA. SO 5116 0032. A rectangular, raised, stony mound some 6m by 4m, adjacent to Z. Feature AB. SO 5116 0034. A low, dry stone boundary wall extending north/south through heavy undergrowth. Feature AC. SO 5095 0044. Plates 26, 27, 28, 33, 34 & 35 A low, dry stone boundary wall along the north bank of the Angidy, just below the Beaufort Dam. The wall stands over 1m high and is in good repair. A second wall runs parallel to form a sluice channel to the northern sluice gates. Feature AD. SO 5103 0046. Plate 36 Approximately 10m of dry stone wall, revetting of unknown purpose. Feature AE. SO 5117 0048. Plate 37 A charcoal burners platform: oval in shape some 12m by 10m. The shorter axis has been dug into the north side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the south side.
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Feature AF. SO 5119 0049.
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Feature AO. SO 5143 0030. Plate 54 A dry stone boundary wall that runs north south and varies between large boulders to smaller dry stone techniques of construction. The wall can be traced intermittently for over 50m passing beyond the study area. To the west of the wall are a number of mounds of angular stones, possibly building platforms. A few paths pass between the various stone piles. Feature AP. SO 5139 0035. Plate 55 A charcoal burners platform: oval in shape some 8m by 6m. The shorter axis has been dug into the north side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the south side. A path runs north south through the platform. Feature AQ. SO 5138 0038. Plate 56 A charcoal burners platform: oval in shape some 6m by 4m. The shorter axis has been dug into the east side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the west side. A path runs from AP and to the west a shallow ditch runs vertically up the slope. Feature AR. SO 5136 0037. An area of terracing running parallel to the lane. Similar to AI but less distinct. Feature AS. SO 5143 0035. Three terraces running parallel to the lane, which seem to be edged with earthen banks and hedging, which has become quite eroded. Feature AT. SO 5132 0043. A charcoal burners platform: oval in shape some 9m by 6m. The shorter axis has been dug into the north side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the south side. Feature AU. SO 5098 0045. Down stream of the Beaufort Dam, the leat is discernable at a distance of 15m from the Dam. The intervening distance is comprised of slightly rising ground towards the dam wall. As the level of the leat was dictated by the contour of the ground, it must be assumed that the leat was buried during the 19th century construction of the new dam. Feature AV. SO 5099 0045. Intermittent revetting of the leat; north edge.
An overgrown charcoal burners platform: oval in shape some 8m by 6m. The shorter axis has been dug into the north side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the south side. Feature AG. SO 5128 0039. Plate 38 Dry stone wall revetting of unknown purpose. The construction consists of large boulders with small stone infill. A possible curved platform may be discerned behind the walling. Feature AH. SO 5128 0039. Plate 39 Four very large stone blocks forming a wall of no discernable purpose. Feature AI. SO 5128 0039. Plate 40 An area of terracing running parallel to the lane. Feature AJ. SO 5088 0035. Plates 45 & 46 Standing masonry walls of the Upper Wire Works. Feature AK. SO 5084 0031. Plate 47 A charcoal burners platform: oval in shape some 7m by 4m. The shorter axis has been dug into the south side of the hill leaving a raised scarp on the north side. Feature AL. SO 5088 0036. Plates 48 & 49 A rectangular platform some 4m by 4m with three adjoining paths. The larger path enters the platform from the south west and continues through, with a slight south curve, to the Upper Wire Works building. The height of the path, which probably crossed the lane on a bridge, meets the top of the building at first storey height. The third path continues down hill to the lane to the Upper Wire Works. Feature AM. SO 5095 0035. Plates 50 & 51 Dry stone wall boundary with right angle corner. The northern section runs in the direction of feature Z and is probably one in the same. The intervening section is hidden in dense undergrowth. The west section joins the road almost adjacent to the Beaufort Pond Dam. Feature AN. SO 5143 0030. Slight linear depression leading to road. Very overgrown.
Feature AW. SO 5105 0039. Plate 57 Inner and outer leat revetment.
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Water inlet feed to the Wheel pit. Purpose unknown but possibly recorded in 1821, Fig 03. Feature AY. SO 5146 0018. Plate 62 Angular cut into the side of the hill. Heavy overgrowth prevented close inspection but the back walls are stone not earth. Masonry has been visible in the past (pers com J Saunders). Feature AZ. SO 5139 0024. Plate 1 Remains of a building; originally excavated by J. Saunders and partially, re-uncovered during work in June 2007 (Phillips 2007). The building appears to be intact for a single storey. Originally, this was presumed to be a cellar but external render and ground make up would suggest that the building has been buried. Feature BA. SO 5138 0024. Plate 4 Compacted floor with high ferrous content that appears to be associated with a masonry aperture now partially buried under the modern road. The floor has the appearance of having been created as a flow but inspection shows that charcoal inclusions are present. Such inclusions would not exist in flowing metal slag. Feature BB. SO 5139 0024. Plate 1 Exit wall for drain assumed to run from furnace floor, (Phillips 2007). Feature BC. SO 5141 0024. Plates 42 & 43 Two courses of masonry abutting present bridge but at different alignment. The feature is in the south bank of the Furnace car park. Feature BD. SO 5141 0024. Plate 44 Two courses of masonry abutting present bridge but at different alignment. The feature is in the south bank of the Cinder bank, Fig 3, south of the road bridge.
used to locate the exact discharge point for the furnace drain, (Phillips 2007). The field survey itself has revealed a large quantity of previously unrecorded sites, relating to the industry in the valley. Most of the sites identify charcoal processing areas which were expected but had not been recorded. Interesting areas were also discovered which may provide information on housing or subsistence operations for the workers at the complex; again at present inadequately understood. For the most part, these sites were found in the survey area not under risk from this proposed development. Prior to this information, only two sites had been identified as being archaeologically significant and these are both scheduled: MM197 and MM268. This survey would suggest that the area south of the modern road at MM197 should be included in the schedule as it contains both standing structures and buried features associated with MM197. One feature BA, Category E, is of particular interest as the deposit is probably related to an early era at the works, as the building pre-existed the road. In addition, no buildings are shown in this position, as far back as 1763. Feature BB, Category A is of a similar nature and is physically part of the scheduled MM197. Similarly, feature AZ, Category B is recorded on the 18th century estate maps and also pre-dates the road, which now divides MM197, creating a nominal and unrelated schedule boundary. The leat systems, arguably, as physical component parts of the schedule areas, should be similarly included but at present their nature and location remains mostly speculative. Areas relating to the leat systems, for which concern has been raised, are located at the Beaufort and Furnace Dams as well as at the connecting area at MM197. Inspection of the Forge Dam SO 510080040, Plates 52 & 53, arguably, representative of its original construction, revealed two sluice gates on the north side the rest of the structure being a solid wall, some 2m wide. This dam would have controlled the flow and volume of water to the next dam at Beaufort Pond. The Beaufort Dam, SO 50930042, known to have been developed in the early 19th century to accommodate the road crossing, is very much wider and has two disused sluice gates with associated channels, feature AC; again to the north, Plates 29 32.
7. Archaeological Sites and their Significance

From the results of the desk-top assessment and the accompanying field survey of the proposed area, the most significant information in terms of archaeology were those features recorded in the 18th and early 19th century estate and tithe maps housed in the NLW. These maps provide a record of the leat system that is central to this project. Their importance had already been recognised during the 2007 work where they were
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The Furnace Dam SO 51560022 has a similar configuration to Forge Dam with original sluice gates to the north, Plates 11 & 12. Both Furnace Dam and Beaufort Dams have been modified for secondary purposes but both retain their original and now disused sluice mechanisms. In the case of Beaufort Dam; central to this project, the present structure with its visible water arches would appear to be a mostly Victorian construction, the original dam having been incorporated and covered. This would explain the off set nature of the original sluice mechanisms as well as the disappearance of the leat feeder on the south bank. It should be remembered that the leat follows the contours but at the dam, the contour rises, therefore at best, burying the leat. The sluice feeder at Furnace Dam, in addition to a documented building (Tilting Mill), has similarly been lost. It is possible that their destruction was a result of work carried out in the later part of the 20th century. Large areas of concrete structure with incorporated sections of masonry would tend to support this. It is possible however, that the Tilting Mill may be represented by Feature J, Category E, on the north bank of the Angidy. To support this, the estate maps show the existence of the leat system on the south bank, prior to any mention of the Tilting Mill. It would have been less problematic and more mechanically efficient to build the Mill on the north bank, beneath the power source of the sluice gates. The area of greatest concern regarding this project is the leat connecting point to the schedule area MM197. Excavation has shown that the leat exists as a small holding pond, revetted in stone, with later modifications to provide a revised flow to the raised launder (Picking 1982). These later modifications involve some destruction of the original leat structure but do provide an opening to the area north of the furnace, Plates 59 61. The area shown in the plates is a flat platform constructed from industrial waste during Phase 2 modification work to the furnace (ibid.) and Figs 12, 13 & 14. The work would appear to be related to the raised launder as it provides the platform which supports it. It is known that prior to the Picking excavation this area was used by the Foresty Commision as a popular plantation and the remains of a line of tree bases are still evident. Picking refers to this activity in his report There was no direct threat to the site other than that posed by continued activity from the Forestry Commission (ibid. 5). Any work in this area should take into account the known makeup of the ground and the disturbance through forestry planting
8. Predicted Impacts of the Proposal on known Archaeology

(See Summary Table of Impacts, Field Survey, Appendix 2) With regards the predicted impacts on the archaeological sites and features recorded during the desk-top assessment and field survey, the majority of the findings show that no damage will be caused as most of the sites will not be effected. Areas that will be affected are the two leats, two dams and the road causeway all of which, if carefully managed, would suffer Minor disturbance but provide a wealth of information. As the exact position or construction of the leats is not known, any sympathetic excavation can only serve to add to the knowledge of this little understood archaeological resource. The same can be said of the area around Furnace Dam where damage done in the recent past could be examined to throw light on the whereabouts of the vanished Tilting Mill. Similarly, the flat area to the north of MM197 could be examined to verify that the partial archaeological examination of the area already completed accurately interprets the findings. Work to the Beaufort Dam, to attach a feeder to one of the arches would seem to pose little structural problems but would tend to present the question of aesthetic acceptability. Without question, the present Victorian construction does have a charm that could be seriously affected by intrusive and unsympathetic additions. However, archaeologically, the structure has already been seriously damaged and bears little relation to the more original structures extant in the area. The road, shown to be a raised causeway built during the latter years of industrial activities at the site, has itself been responsible for serious damage to the archaeological resource of the Furnace complex. Careful excavation from the car park area, known to be made up of industrial waste, through the causeway, known to be made up of industrial waste, and into the area known as Cinder Bank, known to be made up of industrial waste, does not appear to be problematic archaeologically. Proposed Avoidance or Mitigation Measures The development will affect specific archaeological and historical sites therefore; it is recommended as a general mitigation measure that no groundwork should be undertaken without archaeological watching brief conditions being in place. This will help build up a
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better historic and archaeological understanding of the development of this industrial landscape. Specific recommendations are that some evaluation trenching should be undertaken to establish the nature of the leat construction and its original dimensions. This confirms the recommendations set out in Project Design of an Archaeological Evaluation Programme for a Proposed Pipeline Alongside the Angidy River, Tintern. EV/TAP/07. (Phillips. 2007), although, some test pit positions have been changed due to new information. Such evaluation should be conducted with simple test pits across the width of the leats. Important positions are: against the Beaufort Dam wall to find the leat, SO50980045. at SO51050039 where the leat is confined between outer and inner revetting thus providing a width at a restricted point. At (54) and (56) fig 13 to locate the break in the leat wall. against the Furnace Dam wall to find the leat, SO51570022. at SO51680027 where the leat is confined between outer and inner revetting thus providing a width at a restricted point.
Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project has revealed that the current proposal can be undertaken with only a minor threat to known archaeology.
Bibliography
00712 g (folder 2) entitled Abbey Tintern Charcoal Furnace DJM/MM 24th April 1980. NA., Abbey Tintern Furnace 1710-1826. Gwent County Council Guide book. N.A. Angidy Ironworks MM197(MON) Cadw. NA., 2005. Angidy Ironworks, Monmouthshire. Conservation Plan. Monmouthshire County Council (unpublished). AONB. The Angidy Ironworks Monmouthshire, Conservation Plan 2005. Coates, S.D., 1992. The Water Powered Industries of the Lower Wye Valley, Monmouth Borough Museums Service. Context Engineering Ltd, Report on The Turbine in the Former Wireworks Yard, Tintern. June 2007. Courtney, P.,A non-ferrous industrial complex at Tintern Abbey, Historical Metallurgy, 16. 22-23, 1982. Harris. P. G., The Industrial History of Tintern (46) (unpublished type-written draft). John van Laun Associates The Ferrous and Non Ferrous Industries of the Angidy Valley, 2005. Paar, H.W., & Tucker D.G., The Old Wireworks and Mills of the Angidy Valley at Tintern and Monmouth (53) (Typed manuscript, draft with hand written notes) Paar, H.W., & Tucker D.G., 1975. The old wireworks and ironworks of the Angidy valley at Tintern Gwent. Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society V9 2. Pickin, J., 1982. Excavations at Abbey Tintern Furnace, Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society V16. 2. Phillips. N., 2007. Angidy Ironworks Tintern, Archaeological Watching Brief WB04/AONB1/07. Phillips. N., 2007a. Project Design of an Archaeological Evaluation Programme for a Proposed Pipeline Alongside the Angidy River, Tintern. EV/TAP/07.
This information will serve to verify the opinion that the leat has been cut into natural clay, (Pickin 1982, GGAT 00712g). Should the result be favourable the opportunity to lay the proposed pipe, in the natural clay within the confines of the leat would be a perfect solution. This pipe laying excavation should be undertaken with a tracked mini digger with a narrow non toothed bucket. Exit from the leat, across the scheduled area requires some careful planning although excavation evidence suggests that archaeological structures are unlikely to be encountered. Tree stumps further suggest that should any thing have been present then its destruction through planting and root action is fairly certain. With this in mind, it is proposed that the pipe should follow the line of trees as closely as possible to restrict further disturbance.
9. Summary and Recommendations

The Archaeological Assessment of the industrial landscape proposed for the development of the
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Probert, G., 1982 Excavation of Abbey Tintern Ironworks Angidy Valley. Gwent County Council (unpublished). Rees, W., 1968 Industry before the industrial Revolution. Ridden, P., 1993. A Gazetteer of Charcoal-fired Blast Furnaces in Great Britain. Severn Wye Energy Agency Options for community and ownership for the Angidy Hydro Projects, 2004.
Internet sources
www.promap.co.uk http://ads.ahds.ac.uk www.bgs.ac.uk
Listed buildings. SMR/LCC.

Cadw ref: DB 24047, Furnace Cottages. SO 51320 00240. Grade II. Cadw ref: DA 24055, Tilt Mill Dam. SO 51550 00220. Grade II. Cadw ref: FA 24054, Beaufort Pond Dam. SO 51550 00220. Grade II
Cartographic sources
Estate Map. J. ARAM. Badminton Survey Book II, SHEET 6. 1763. Estate Map. J. ARAM. Badminton Survey Book II, SHEET 7. 1763. Estate Map. J. ARAM. Badminton Survey Book II, SHEET 8. 1763. Estate Map. J. ARAM. Badminton Survey Book I0, SHEET 12. 1772. Tithe map: Plan of the Parish of Tintern Parva in the County of Monmouth, T.M. Crane 1844.
Promap Ordnance Survey Maps:

1879-1881 1:2,500., 1881-1886 1:2,500., 1886 1:10.560., 1890 10.560., 1901-1902 1:2,500., 1902 1:2,500. 1902-1903 1:10,560 1903 1:10,560 1921 1:2,500., 1922 1:10,560 1924 1:10,560., 1954 1:10,560., 1954-1955 1:10,560 1972-1974 1.2,500., 1976 1:10,000., and 1976-1981 1:10,000.
British Geological Survey 1981 England and Wales Sheet 250 Chepstow. Solid and Drift Geology 1:50 000.
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Tintern Angidy Project
.025Km
1mile
Fig 01: Location
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Monmouthshire Ordnance Survey Sheet Areas: XX.16 XXI. 13 XXV.4 XXVI. 1 XX.16 XXI.13
XXV.4
XXVI.1
Schematic of sites within the Angidy Valley probably produced from the OS map sheets listed. Further information is provided on each site within the text. from: Paar & Tucker 1975
Fig 02: Sites
A.P.A.C. Ltd DBA/TAP/08
Schematic of Angidy Industrial complex in 1821.
Produced from Badminton Papers Group II,9087 cited in Paar & Tucker 1975
Figure 03: 1821 schematic
LAND USE IN 1763 (East DBA area)
Apportionments
XLIII Tonboat house with orchard garden and ruins of old house adjoining the Gateway
XLIII
LXXXII A cot and Gardens
LXXXII
Badminton Collection Survey Book II Survey 6 John Aram (NLW)

Figure 04: 1763 Estate Map 1
LAND USE IN 1763 (East DBA area)

LAND USE IN 1763 (West DBA area)

LAND USE IN 1772 (DBA area)
Badminton Collection Survey Book I0 Survey12 John Aram (NLW)

NLW
Figure 08: 1844 Tithe Map 4
OS Licence: 100046577
Figure 09 1879-1881 OS 1:2,500

Figure 10 1901-1902 OS 1:2,500

Figure 11 1921 OS 1:2,500

Paar & Tucker 1975 (a)
Pickin 1982 (b)
Figure 12 Furnace Surveys

2.9
2.0
0.6
m 2.5 m
2.8
3.1
5m
5m
6m
1m
3m
PHASE 1
1.3 m
20 cobbled Floor between stone walls
34 coursed sandstone 16m long 35 wall narrowing the leat 36 wall narrowing the leat 38 coursed sandstone 12.5m long 52 cross leat structure (coursed rubble and sandstone slab)
PHASE 2
54 coursed sandstone 55 red clay and mortar backfill 56 sluice gate
5m
adapted from Pickin 1982
Fig 13 Leat excavation plan
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Fig 14 Northern platform extension
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Tintern Angidy Project Abbey Furnace, Tintern
59.210
Notes: North set at magnetic
N
58.868 59.339
WATER LEVELS
59.042
L1 54.1
55.753
L2 53.66 L3 53.5 L4 53.5 L5 52.844

58.999 59.130 55.689
Key:
FURNACE
59.883 59.517
L1
55.8
Road Trench top Trench bottom Bank bottom 1m contour 0.25m contour Archaeology Vegetation
Location:
FE NC E
CAR PARK
57.22 57.01 56.875 56.585 56.809 56.668 54.964 55.829 55.135 54.662 56.416
Abbey Furnace, Tintern

Type: Stage:
Water levels
Watching Brief July 2007 Wye Valley AONB Bar Dr. N. Phillips Dr. N. Phillips 24/07/07
ROAD
L2 54.882
54.025 53.697
56.320 56.299
56.478
Period:
Produced for: Scale at A4: Survey: Processing:
L3
54.683
L4
53.544 54.335
54.995 56.476 55.959
53.624
54.119 52.900
2 m
A.P.A.C. Ltd
53.030
L5
36 Hatherleigh Rd, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire NP7 7RG apac.philips@btinternet.co.uk
A.P.A.C. Ltd WB04/ANOB1/07
Figure 15 Partial Topographic Survey

Features AZ, BB
Feature AZ
DSC00937
DSC00931
Plate 01: House and drain front
Plate 02: Excavation plan (Mrs J Saunders)
Feature BA
DSC00936
DSC00918
Plate 03. Pipe trench
Plate 04: Test pit 2
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Feature D
Feature E
D001TAP08
D002TAP08
Plate 05: Charcoal burners platform
Feature G
Feature I
D003TAP08
D004TAP08
Plate 07. Dry stone wall
Plate 08: Ring of stones, possible hearth
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Feature K
Feature K
D005TAP08
D006TAP08
Plate 09: Below Furnace Pond. Retaining wall?
Plate 10: Below Furnace Pond. Retaining wall & weir
Feature DAM
Feature DAM
D007TAP08 Plate 11. Furnace Pond sluices. J in foreground
D008TAP08
Plate 12: Furnace Pond sluices
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Feature J
Feature M
D009TAP08
D010TAP08
Plate 13: Below Furnace Pond. Building base?
Feature N
Feature O
D011TAP08
D012TAP08
Plate 15. Charcoal burners platform
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Feature S
Feature K
D013TAP08
D014TAP08
Plate 17: Leat retaining wall. North side
Plate 18: Building beneath Furnace Pond
Feature U
Feature hollow way
D015TAP08
D016TAP08
Plate 19. Charcoal burners platform
Plate 20: Hollow way
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Feature hollow way
Feature W
D017TAP08
D018TAP08
Feature hollow way
Feature Z
D019TAP08
D020TAP08
Plate 24: Boundary wall
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Feature Z
Feature AC
D021TAP08
D022TAP08
Feature AC
Feature AC
D023TAP08
D024TAP08
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Feature Dam
Feature Dam
D025TAP08
D026TAP08
Plate 29: Beaufort Dam
Feature Dam
Feature Dam
D027TAP08
D028TAP08
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Feature AC
Feature AC
D029TAP08
D030TAP08
Plate 33: Dry stone wall, sluice channel
Plate 34: Dry stone wall, sluice channel
Feature AC
Feature AD
D031TAP08
D032TAP08
Plate 35: Dry stone wall
Plate 36: Dry stone revetment
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Feature AE
Feature AG
D033TAP08
D034TAP08
Plate 38: Dry stone revetment
Feature AH
Feature AI
D035TAP08
D036TAP08
Plate 39: Dry stone wall (boulder)
Plate 40: Dry stone walls
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D037TAP08
Feature BC
D038TAP08
Plate 41: Field wall SO51432007
Plate 42: Base of wall, up stream of road bridge
Feature BC
Feature BD
D039TAP08
D040TAP08
Plate 43: O set of road bridge
Plate 44: Base of wall, down stream of road bridge
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Feature AJ
Feature AJ
D041TAP08
D042TAP08
Plate 45: Upper Wire works
Plate 46: Upper Wire works
Feature AK
Feature AL
D043TAP08
D044TAP08
Plate 48: Rectangular platform and paths
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Feature AL
Feature AM
D045TAP08
D046TAP08
Plate 49: Rectangular platform and paths. Upper Wire works in background Feature AM D047TAP08
Plate 50: Dry stone boundary wall
Feature Dam
D048TAP08
Plate 52: Forge Pond Dam
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Feature DAM
Feature AO
D049TAP08
D050TAP08
Plate 53: Forge Pond Dam. Original sluice arrangement?
Feature AP
Feature AQ
D051TAP08
D052TAP08
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Feature AW
Feature AX
D053TAP08
D054TAP08
Plate 57: Leat with inner and outer revetments
Plate 58: Wheel pit feed
Feature MM197
Feature MM197
D055TAP08
D056TAP08
Plate 59: Leat terminus
Plate 60: Launder & built up ground
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Feature MM197
Feature AY
D057TAP08
D058TAP08
Plate 61: Launder & built up ground
Plate 62: Masonry structure built int bank
D059TAP08
D060TAP08
Plate 63: Road bridge construction phases
Plate 64: Buildings associated with furnace
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A. P.A.C. Ltd, Registered Address: 36 Hatherleigh Rd, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire. NP7 7RG . 07734962919. Email: apac.philips@btinernet.com. Company Registration No 5041541. VAT Reg No 826 3628 19. www.apac.ltd.uk Director: Dr N. Phillips. D.Phil. BA (Hons). Cert Ed/FE. AIFA. AAI&S

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Angidy Valley &amp; Ironworks, Tintern, Monmouthshire. Desk Based Assessment

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DBA No.

DBA/TAP/08 February 2008

Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

PROPOSED HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT ANGIDY RIVER, TINTERN. DC/2007/01452

Prepared for TAP By Dr N Phillips

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project

2. Scope and Objectives of the Study

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

4. Geography and Topography

5. Archaeological and Historical background

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

4354 NMGW20043562 NMGW20044157 NMGW20044156 NMGW20044153 NMGW20044154 NMR_NATINV109556 CBA_DOB15822

Figurine Coin Ceramics Collection Pottery Viaduct Anti Tank Rail

Roman Roman Medieval Post-Med Post-Med Post-Med 1876 WWII

6. Desk-top Assessment and Baseline Conditions

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

A.P.A.C. Ltd Field Survey

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

7. Archaeological Sites and their Significance

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

8. Predicted Impacts of the Proposal on known Archaeology

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

9. Summary and Recommendations

Tintern, Angidy, Hydro-Electric Project Archaeological Assessment

Listed buildings. SMR/LCC.

Promap Ordnance Survey Maps:

Tintern Angidy Project

Fig 01: Location

Tintern Angidy Project

Tintern Angidy Project

Schematic of Angidy Industrial complex in 1821.

Tintern Angidy Project

LAND USE IN 1763 (East DBA area)

LXXXII A cot and Gardens

Badminton Collection Survey Book II Survey 6 John Aram (NLW)

Tintern Angidy Project

LAND USE IN 1763 (East DBA area)

Badminton Collection Survey Book II Survey 7 John Aram (NLW)

Tintern Angidy Project

LAND USE IN 1763 (West DBA area)

Badminton Collection Survey Book II Survey 8 John Aram (NLW)

Tintern Angidy Project

LAND USE IN 1772 (DBA area)

Badminton Collection Survey Book I0 Survey12 John Aram (NLW)

Tintern Angidy Project

Tintern Angidy Project

Figure 09 1879-1881 OS 1:2,500

Tintern Angidy Project

Figure 10 1901-1902 OS 1:2,500

Tintern Angidy Project

Figure 11 1921 OS 1:2,500

Tintern Angidy Project

Paar & Tucker 1975 (a)

Angidy Valley & Ironworks, Tintern, Monmouthshire. Desk Based Assessment

Angidy Valley & Ironworks, Tintern, Monmouthshire. Desk Based Assessment