Name: Cherry Ann O.

Bucog

June 18, 2011

Why is it important to study philosophical foundation of Education? Theres nothing constant in this world except change. Change is inevitable in teaching learning process especially in todays information technology where the issue of self-responsibility has acquired a new urgency. Learning usually takes place inside the classroom where teacher impart his knowledge and mold the students to be a good Christian. To be a good Christian, a person must acquire a good moral character towards his self and to his fellowmen. Every educator should know the importance of philosophy, since philosophy provides educators, and teachers with framework for planning, implementing and evaluating curriculum in schools. It helps in answering what schools are for, what subjects are important, how students should learn and what materials and methods should be used. In decision making, Philosophy provides the starting point and will be used for the succeeding decision making.

Idealism - The most significant philosophymost of the worlds religions are based on idealism - Idealism as idea-ism - Platothe Academy opened in 397 B.C., believed that material things are of little consequencethe everyday world of things and objects is a shadowy copy of the true idea which the soul carries within itself from heaven, reason is rooted in a spiritual soul Idealist philosophers - Plato, Descartes, Kant, Spinoza, Leibniz, Hegel, Schopenhauer - Students are encouraged to stretch themselves through higher-level thinking to become truth seekers - The teacher will devote considerable time and energy to the one who goes astray Idealism - No discipline problems, because the teacher knows the content well, likes to teach, and knows the students - The idealist philosophy views the school as representing the community Realism - Objects exist regardless of how we perceive them - Focuses on the scientific method and personal experience - The crux of realism is scienceempirical, objective, and experimentalwith precise measurements Realist philosophers - Aristotle, Comenius, Pestalozzi, Herbart, Montessori, Hobbes, Bacon, Locke - Thomas Jefferson and Horace Mann embraced realism - Accountability in the schools is an outgrowth of realism Existentialism - Focuses on the individual - Not a logical theory, but one that can be felt as an attitude or mood - Awareness, anxiety, choice take on special meaning - Revolt against the traditional philosophical stance - A way of life which involves ones total self in complete seriousness about the self Choice - I make the choice. Even no choice is a choice. - I must consider the alternatives. - I must be aware of what the alternatives can do or lead to because I am responsible for my choice. - I must make the choice as though it were for all humankind.

Existentialist philosophers - Kierkegaard, Sartre, Nietzsche - Kierkegaardthemes of passionate choice, absolute freedom, total responsibility - Life must be understood backward, but lived forward - The theory focuses on value questions Thoreau - Let me forever go in search of myself; never for a moment think I have found myself; be as a stranger to myself, never a familiar seeking acquaintance still. Pragmatism - Pragmatism evolved as a philosophical expression of the westward movement in America, followed by scientific and technological advances, a new frontier of sorts - Charles Peirce, William James, John Dewey - Social reconstruction theory and progressive education also based on pragmatist philosophy Theories of Education - Experimentalismthrough John Deweys emphasis on testing of ideas through experimentationdeveloped the progressive education theory - Curricula emphasize experience and child-centered activities in which the process is stressed over any final product George Herbert Meade - Science courses need to have an important role in schools. - Compartmentalization of curricular offerings is not desirable, because relationship of things to each other needs to be presented. - Play has an essential role. - Subject matter should relate to students problems and experiences. - Education is a dialogue. George Herbert Meade - The teacher is the most significant factor in instruction. - Broad fields of learning should be emphasized. - The whole is more concrete than the part. - The research method can be used in many different classes. Progressivism - Followers looked to Jean-Jacques - Rousseau, author of Emile who believed in natural education without coercion - Pestalozzi, Rousseaus follower, believed that education should involve the entire childbody, emotions, and intellect - William Heard Kilpatrickadvanced cooperative learning, intrinsic rewards, liberal classroom disciplineproject method

Kilpatricks projects - The creative project - The enjoyment project - The problem project - The specific learning project - Progressive educators more concerned with childs needs and interests than with academic subject matter Social Reconstructionism - Culture is always changing. Human beings are capable of resculpting culture so that human growth and development are promoted. - Technology advancement occurred at a rate beyond what society and culture were prepared to adjust to and accept. Perennialism - Based on the philosophy of realism - Traditional and conservative, follows the beliefs of Aristotle - Robert Maynard Hutchins, president of the University of Chicagohuman nature is rational and constant and can be predicted to do things in certain ways, therefore education should be based unchanging, absolute, and universal truths Perennialists - Humanities are works that provide insights into the good, the true, and the beautiful - The Great Books are works considered to be classic, should be a part of everyones general, liberal, and humanistic education - Precision is important. The universe is understood through quantitative terms. - Three primary approaches to learning: didactic teaching of concepts, coaching of skills, seminars using the Socratic method Essentialism - Very traditional and conservative, in direct opposition to progressive education - Teach elementary children to read, write, and compute mathematically, teach secondary students to have higher order thinking skills - Resurfaced as back to basics Philosophical Terms - Philosophy: philo means love, and sophos means wisdomlove of wisdom - Metaphysics is the study of the nature of reality, of what is real, draw back the nonessentials and examine what remainsan idealist sees reality as nonmaterial, realist sees an objective order, independent of humans Philosophical Terms - Epistemologythe theory of knowing and of knowledge, deals with the nature of learning itselfidealist teacher may use the Socratic method to bring out latent ideas, Realists believe knowledge begin in the sensations we get from objects in the environment

Axiology - Concerned with value, divided into two areas, ethics and aesthetics - Ethics deals with moral values and appropriate conduct. - Aesthetics considers values in beauty and art. - The good, the true, and the beautiful Logic - Addresses the rules of correct and valid thinking and considers the rules of inference that we use to frame propositions and arguments - Deductive logic moves from general statements to particular instances and applications - Inductive logic moves from particular instances and applications to generalizations