1.

Diagram 1 shows the different stages which take place during cell division.

Diagram 1
(a) Name the cell division shown in Diagram 1. Mitosis [1 mark] (b) Arrange the stages in Diagram 1 according to the correct sequence of events during cell division L,N,K,M [1 mark] (c) Name the stages labelled K and N? K N : Anaphase (early ) : Metaphase [2 marks] (d) Explain the behaviour of chromosomes during stages K and N. K N : Sister chromatids separate and move towards to the opposite poles of the cell : Chromosomes align/lined up at the metaphase plate // 2 sister chromatids are attached to the spindle fibre by their centromeres [2 marks]

Diagram 2 shows an experiment carried out on animal cloning by using two different species of frog

Species X
Ovum Ovum without nucleus A

Species Y
C UV light

Intestine is removed from the tadpole

B D

Nucleus is sucked out from the intestine

Nucleated egg cell fused with the nucleus of intestinal cell E F (e) Based on Diagram 2, state the meaning of cloning. Cloning is a process to produce a new frog which is identical to its parent by mitosis [1 mark] (f) Name the type of reproduction shown in Diagram 2. Give a reason for your answer. Asexual reproduction (1 m). The production of offspring is not involving the process of fertilization (1 m) [2 marks] (g) Describe why a mature intestinal cell is used in this experiment. Give two reasons. Mature intestinal cells are able to undergo mitosis /cell division by mitosis. Have all the necessary factors required for a complete cell division [2 marks] (h) (i) Based on Diagram 2, name the species of frog that will be produced at the end of the experiment. Species Y [1 mark] (ii) Explain your answer in (h) (i). Nucleus of the frog is obtained from species Y [1 mark]

Diagram 2

2.

Diagram 3 shows the levels of cell organisation in human.

Cell
m u s cl Tissue c e ll Cell P Smooth muscle cell

Tissue P

Tissue Q

Diagram 3
Stomach

Level R

Gastric gland

(a) State what a cell is. Is a basic unit of life / living organism [1 mark] (b) Name Cell P and Tissue Q Cell P : Epithelial cell Tissue Q : Smooth muscle tissue [2 marks] (c) Based on Diagram 3, explain the organisation and function of Tissue Q and stomach. Tissue Q : Made up of many smooth muscle cells . Perform / carry out (specific function) muscle contraction /contraction of stomach wall Stomach : Made of many Tissue Q / epithelial tissues and smooth muscle tissues Perform / carry out (specific function) the digestion of food / protein [4 mark] (d) State the Level R of cell organisation. Organ [1 mark]

(e) (i)

Name the food molecules that are digested in the stomach and the enzyme for this reaction. Food molecules : protein //caseinogens (soluble milk protein) Enzyme : pepsin // rennin [2 marks]

(ii)

Describe how the hydrochloric acid produced by the gastric glands help in the digestion of food molecules in the stomach. Provide acidic medium for the optimum reaction of enzymepepsin in stomach / stop the activity of salivary amylase / helps to kill bacteria in food [2 marks]

3.

Diagram 4(a) shows the human digestive system.

Diagram 4(a)

(a) (i)

State the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces with aid of teeth. Chemical digestion breakdown of complex food into simple soluble substances / molecules. Process requires digestive enzymes. [2 marks]

(b) (ii) State the difference between absorption and assimilation. Absorption movement of simple soluble molecules/ substances across intestinal wall of the alimentary canal into the bloodstream Assimilation utilisation of absorbed food by body cells for energy , growth, reproduction , repair [2 marks] (c) Name the structures P and Q. P : Deodenum Q : Pancreas [2 marks] (d) Describe how Q is involved in the digestion of fats and starch in P Pancreatic juices containing lipase and pancreatic amylase transported from Q to P. Lipase hydrolyse tiny droplets of fats to fatty acids and glycerol . Pancreatic amylase hydrolyses starch to maltose [2 marks] (f) Diagram 4(b) shows two types of fats

Diagram 4(b)

(i)

State the type of fats shown in Diagram 4(b) R : Saturated fat S: Unsaturated fat [2 marks]

(ii) A girl takes food from group R continuously for a long period of time. Explain the consequences to the health of her heart. Able to explain the consequences of taking food from group P for a long period time

Sample answer: Food from group P contains high level of cholesterol (1m) Cholesterol//fatty deposits tend to accumulate on the inner wall of arteries (1m) Causes the narrowing of the blood vessels/ coronary arteries are blocked by the built-up of fatty tissues (1m) Reduces the flow of blood (1m) The heart muscles become starved of oxygen and dies (1m) The girl might get heart attack (1m) MAX: 3 marks [3 marks] 4. Diagram 5 represents the structures of four organic compounds which are found in living cells.

Diagram 5
(a) (i) Name the compounds of X and Z X : polypeptides / protein Z : lipid / fat [2 marks] (ii) State the monomer of X and Y X : amino acid Y : glucose / fructose / galactose [2 marks] Monomer X can be divided into 2 groups, which is essential and non-essential of monomer X. State the difference between these two groups.

(b) (i)

Essential amino acids cannot be synthesised by the body while non essential amino acids can be synthesised by the body [1 mark] (ii) State the reaction that leads to synthesis of compound Z. 1 molecule of glycerol + 3 molecules of fatty acids [1 mark] (c) What would happen if pancreatic cells are unable to synthesis compound X? Enzymes / any pancreatic enzymes / hormones cannot be synthesised [1 mark] (d) (i) In the space below draw and label the structure of the basic unit of organic compound W.

[2 mark] (ii) Name two type of organic compound W. RNA and DNA [1 mark] (iii) State 2 differences between the organic compounds you have named in (d)(ii) RNA Found in cytoplasm , ribosomes , and nucleus Consists of one strand of polynucleotide Strand of polynucleotide is linear DNA Found in nucleus , chloroplast , mitochondria Consists of double strands polynucleotide Strands of polynucleotide are twisted each other / double helix

[2 marks]

5.

Diagram 6 shows three organisms P , Q and R.

Diagram 6

(a) (i) (ii)

Describe the type of nutrition in P and Q.

[4 marks]

Explain one similarity and four differences for the alimentary canals and types of nutrition between Q and R. [10 marks]

Poor eating habits result in health problems such as obesity, anaemia and constipation (b) Based on the statement above, state the causes and suggest ways on how to overcome the health problems mentioned in the statement. [6 marks]

7 (a) (i) Organism P shows autotrophic nutrition. Able to synthesis their own food / complex organic substances. Eg : green plant synthesise carbohydrates from inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide and water (2m) Organism Q shows heterotropic nutrition. Unable to synthesis its own food. Feed on food substances from other organisms (2m) 7 (a) (ii) Similarity : Both have alimentary canals which are unable to secrete enzyme cellulase to digest cellulose Differences: Organism Q Ruminant Made up of 4 chambers Rodent Has one stomach only with no division of chamber No caecum and appendix Food digested twice by regurgirating and rechewing before being swallowed again Has large caecum Faeces are eaten twice for a secong round of digestion Organism R

Cellulose is digested in the stomach

Cellulose is digested in the caecum and appendix

Microorganisms are found in rumen and reticulum

Microorganisms are found in caecum and appendix

7 (b)

Obesity Obesity is often caused by consumption of excess carbohydrates and fats and lack of exercise. People who are obese should reduce intake of fats and carbohydrates and carry out more exercise. Anaemia Anaemia may be due to insufficient red blood cells or the available red blood cells do not contain sufficient haemoglobin to transport oxygen Anaemia often results from a deficiency of nutritional factors (eg: iron , vitamin B12) required to synthesis haemoglobin or RBC. It may also be caused by excessive loss of blood or destruction of the cells There should be an increase in the intake of iron and vitamin B12 if anaemia is caused by the deficiency of these factors Constipation Constipation is the difficulty elimination of faeces from the body Eating more food high in dietary fibre and drink more fluid/water to prevent constipation