Mathematicia Generalli by Er.OP Gupta List of formulae e-id: theopgupta@gmail.

com
MATHEMATICIA GENERALLI

Logarithmic Relations
a) =
b
a
b
log p
log p
log a
b)
1
=
a
p
log p
log a

c)
( ) ( ) =
n
a a
log m nlog m d) ( ) ( ) ( ) . = +
a a a
log mn log m log n
e) ( ) ( )
| |
=
|
\ .
a a a
m
log log m log n
n
f) 1 =
a
log a , = =
p
a a
log a plog a p
Exponential Relations
a) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1 . . ... . ...
2! !
= + + + + +
n
n
x
e e e
x x
a x log a log a log a
n

b)
2 3
1 ... ...
2! 3! !
= + + + + + +
n
x
x x x
e x
n
for all x.
Logarithmic Series
a) ( )
2 3 4
1 ... , 1 1
2 3 4
+ = + + < s
e
x x x
log x x x
b) ( )
2 3 4
1 ... , 1 1
2 3 4
= s <
e
x x x
log x x x .
Binomial Expansions
a) ( )
0 0 1 1 2 2
0 1 2
... ...

+ = + + + + + +
n
n n n n n n n n r r n n n n
r n
a b C a b C a b C a b C a b C a b if
+
e n Z .
b) ( )
2
1 2
1 1 ... ... + = + + + + + +
n
n n n r n n
r n
x C x C x C x C x if n is a positive integer.
c) ( )
( ) ( )( )
2 3
1 1 2
1 1 ...
2! 3!

+ = + + + +
n
n n n n n
x nx x x such that 1 1 < < x and

e n Z or e n Q .
d)
1 2 2 3 1
. . ...

= + + + +

n n
n n n n
x a
x a x a x a
x a
.
Trigonometric Series
a)
3 5 7
sin ...
3! 5! 7!
= + +
x x x
x x
b)
2 4 6
cos 1 ...
2! 4! 6!
= + +
x x x
x
c)
3
5
2
tan ...
3 15
= + + +
x
x x x
Sum of Special Sequences
a) Sum of first n natural numbers:
( )
1
1
1 2 3 ...
2
=
+
+ + + + = =

n
r
n n
n r
b) Sum of squares of first n natural numbers:
( )( )
2 2 2 2 2
1
1 2 1
1 2 3 ...
6
=
+ +
+ + + + = =

n
r
n n n
n r
c) Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers:
( )
2
3 3 3 3 3
1
1
1 2 3 ...
2
=
+ (
+ + + + = =
(

n
r
n n
n r
d) Sum of any constant k to n times: ( )
1
... to times
=
+ + + + = =

n
r
k k k k n k nk .
(By OP Gupta)
MATHEMATICIA \ CLASS 12 \ OP GUPTA \ MG -


Mathematicia Generalli by Er.OP Gupta List of formulae e-id: theopgupta@gmail.com

III
List of formulae of Mensuration for using in the problems of Maxima and Minima
Followings are also of importance, though questions on them are rarely found in maxima and minima:
01. Circle:
Perimeter i.e. circumference 2 r t =
Area
2
r t =
02. Equilateral triangle:
Perimeter 3a =
Area
2
3
4
a =
03. Rectangle:
Perimeter ( ) 2 l b = +
Area lb =
04. Square:
Perimeter 4a =
Area
2
a =
05. Cuboid:
Lateral surface area ( ) 2 . = + l b h
Total surface area ( ) 2 lb bh hl = + +
Volume lbh =
06. Cube:
Lateral surface area
2
4 = a
Total surface area
2
6a =
Volume
3
a =
07. Sphere:
Surface area
2
4 r t =
Volume
3
4
3
r t =
08. Hemisphere:
Curved surface area
2
2 r t =
Total surface area
2
3 r t =
Volume
3
2
3
r t =
09. Cylinder:
Curved surface area 2 rh t =
Total surface area
2
2 2 r rh t t = +
Volume
2
r h t =
10. Cone:
Curved surface area
2 2 2
, t = = + rl where l r h
Total surface area
2
r rl t t = +
Volume
2
1
3
r h t =
11. Frustum of a cone:
Curved surface area ( ) ( )
2
2
, l R r where l h R r t = + = +
Total surface area ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
, l R r R r where l h R r t t = + + + = +
Volume
( )
2 2
1
3
h R r r R t = + +
12. Sector and segment of Circle:
Area of the sector of angle
2
360
r
u
u t =
Length of the arc of a sector of angle 2
360
r
u
u t =
Area of the segment of a circle = Area of the corresponding sector Area of corresponding triangle

2 2
sin cos
360 2 2
u u u
t = r r
2 2
1
sin
360 2
u
t u = r r
Circumference i.e. arc length of semicircle of radius r t = r
Perimeter of semicircle of radius r 2 t = + r r
13. Area of a trapezium
1
2
= (Sum of parallel sides) (Distance between parallel sides)
14. Area of a rhombus
1
2
= (Product of diagonals)
MATHEMATICIA \ CLASS 12 \ OP GUPTA \ MG -


Mathematicia Generalli by Er.OP Gupta List of formulae e-id: theopgupta@gmail.com

IV
Algebraic Identities
a) ( )
2
2 2
2 = + a b a ab b
b) ( )
3
3 2 2 3
3 3 + = + + + a b a a b ab b
c) ( )
3
3 2 2 3
3 3 = + a b a a b ab b
d) ( )( )
2 2
= + a b a b a b
e) ( )( )
3 3 2 2
= + + a b a b a ab b
f) ( )( )
3 3 2 2
+ = + + a b a b a ab b
g) ( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 + + = + + + + + a b c a b c ab bc ca
h) ( )( )
3 3 3 2 2 2
3 + + = + + + + a b c abc a b c a b c ab bc ca
Concept of Infinity
We consider the existence of two symbols and outside the set of real numbers R and would call them minus
infinity and plus infinity respectively with the fact < < x for every R x e .
Thus and are not real numbers but just the symbols (like we use x, y etc.)
When we write = x , we mean that:
a) x is larger than any real number however large.
b) x is not a fixed number.
Also
, 1
0, 0 1
1, 1

>

= s <

if c
c if c
if c
.
Symbols and their meanings
S. No. Symbol Meaning
01. N Set of natural numbers
02. I Z or Set of integers
03. Q Set of rational numbers
04. R Set of real numbers
05. C Set of complex numbers
06.
e
is an element of (or belongs to)
07. e is not an element of (or does not belong to)
08. S U or or Universal set
09. : / or Such that
10. | Empty set or Null set
11.
_
is subset of
12.
_
is superset of
13.
c
is proper subset of
14.

is proper superset of
15.

Union
16.

Intersection
17.

For all
18.

Implies
19. if and only if
MATHEMATICIA \ CLASS 12 \ OP GUPTA \ MG -


Mathematicia Generalli by Er.OP Gupta List of formulae e-id: theopgupta@gmail.com

V
TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE
Relation between trigonometric ratios
a)
sin
tan
cos
u
u
u
= b)
1
tan
cot
u
u
= c) tan cot 1 u u =
d)
cos
cot
sin
u
u
u
= e)
1
cosec
sin
u
u
= f)
1
sec
cos
u
u
=
Trigonometric identities
a)
2 2
sin cos 1 u u + =
b)
2 2
1 tan sec u u + =
c)
2 2
1 cot cosec u u + =
Addition / subtraction formulae & some related results
a) ( ) sin sin cos cos sin = A B A B A B
b) ( ) cos cos cos sin sin = A B A B A B
c) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
cos cos cos sin cos sin + = = A B A B A B B A
d) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
sin sin sin sin cos cos + = = A B A B A B B A
e) ( )
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

A B
A B
A B

f) ( )
cot cot 1
cot
cot cot
=

B A
A B
B A

Transformation of sums / differences into products & vice-versa
a) sin sin 2sin cos
2 2
+
+ =
C D
C D
C D

b) sin sin 2cos sin
2 2
+
=
C D
C D
C D

c) cos cos 2cos cos
2 2
+
+ =
C D
C D
C D

d) cos cos 2sin sin
2 2
+
=
C D C D
C D
e)
( ) ( ) sin sin 2sin cos = + + A B A B A B
f)
( ) ( ) 2 sin sin cos sin = + A B A B A B
g)
( ) ( ) cos cos 2cos cos = + + A B A B A B
h)
( ) ( ) cos cos 2sin sin = + A B A B A B
Multiple angle formulae involving 2A and 3A
a) sin2 2sin cos = A A A
b)
2 2
sin 2sin cos =
A A
A

c)
2 2
cos2 cos sin = A A A
d)
2 2
cos cos sin
2 2
=
A A
A
e)
2
cos2 2cos 1 = A A
f)
2
2cos 1 cos2 = + A A
g)
2
cos2 1 2sin = A A
h)
2
2sin 1 cos2 = A A
i)
2
2tan
sin2
1 tan
=
+
A
A
A

j)
2
2
1 tan
cos2
1 tan

=
+
A
A
A

k)
2
2tan
tan2
1 tan
=

A
A
A

l)
3
sin3 3sin 4sin = A A A
m)
3
cos3 4cos 3cos = A A A
n)
3
2
3tan tan
tan3
1 3tan

A A
A
A

Relations in Different Measures of Angle
( )
t
Angle in Radian Measure = Angle in Degree Measure
180

( )
t
180
Angle in Degree Measure = Angle in Radian Measure
( ) u =
l
in radian measure
r

Also followings are of importance as well:
=
o
1Right angle 90 ' ' ''
o
1 =60 , 1 =60
( )
t
o
1 = =0.01745 radians approximately
180
206265 ' ''
o
1 radian= 57 17 45 or seconds
MATHEMATICIA \ CLASS 12 \ OP GUPTA \ MG -


Mathematicia Generalli by Er.OP Gupta List of formulae e-id: theopgupta@gmail.com

VI
General Solutions
a) ( ) sin sin 1 , x y x n y where n Z
n
t = = + e .
b) cos cos 2 , x y x n y where n Z t = = e .
c) tan tan , x y x n y where n Z t = = + e .
Relation in Degree & Radian Measures
Angles in Degree

0

30

45

60

90

180

270

360

Angles in Radian


0
c

6
t | |
|
\ .
c

4
t | |
|
\ .
c

3
t | |
|
\ .
c

2
t | |
|
\ .
c
( ) t
c

3
2
t | |
|
\ .
c
( ) 2t
c

In actual practice, we omit the exponent c and instead of writing t
c
we simply write t and similarly for others.
Trigonometric Ratio of Standard Angles
Degree /Radian ( )
0

30

45

60

90

T Ratios
( )
+

0
6
t

4
t

3
t

2
t

sin 0
1
2

1
2

3
2

1
cos
1
3
2

1
2

1
2

0
tan
0
1
3

1

3

cosec
2
2
2
3

1
sec
1
2
3
2
2
cot
3
1
1
3

0
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles
Angles ( )

2
t
u

2
t
u +

t u

t u +

3
2
t
u

3
2
t
u +

2t u
OR u

2t u +
T- Ratios
( )
+

sin cosu cosu sinu sinu cosu cosu sinu sinu
cos sinu sinu
cosu

cosu sinu sinu cosu cosu
tan cotu cotu
tanu

tanu cotu
cotu

tanu tanu
cot tanu tanu
cotu

cotu tanu
tanu

cotu cotu
sec
cosecu

cosecu

secu

secu
cosecu

cosecu

secu secu
cosec secu secu
cosecu cosecu
secu
secu cosecu cosecu