James Earl Jones:

A Voice in the Crowd

March 19, 1996

People all around the world know the voice of James Earl Jones. From Star Wars fans listening to the voice
of Darth Vader to news junkies who hear a voice that dramatically intones "This is CNN" just before all the
cable network's station breaks to children who hear the stately voice of the majestic Mufasa, the king of the
jungle in Walt Disney Pictures" animated The Lion King - people know this deep harmonious voice
belongs to this consummate actor of stage and screen.

James Earl Jones was born January 17th, 1931, in Arkabutala Township, Mississippi. His natural parents,
Ruth and Robert Earl, moved away to the Mississippi Delta when he was an infant. Raised for the rest of
his young life by his maternal grandparents, James Earl developed a close relationship with the Connollys.
"Maggie and John Henry were always there, day by day, and they became for me, once and for all, my
mama and my papa" (18) .

Less than three years later, the Connollys moved to Dublin Michigan where James Earl and his >brother'
Randy grew up in a remodelled chicken barn. His early school life had a great impact on his style of
speech and diction. "On my first day at school, I could not believe my ears," recalls Jones, "They called me
James Earrrrl instead of James Uhl, as it had sounded in the South"(40).

After the initial shock of hearing Northern dialect, Jones "quickly absorbed this different rhythm and style"
and embarked on the first half of a long vocal journey leading to his distinctive speaking style. Until he
was 14 years old, James Earl Jones rarely spoke mostly due to shyness, preferring silence to the sound of
his own voice.

Around the age of 10, James Earl Jones witnessed his brother, Randy, having an epileptic seizure. His
grandmother applied the only remedy she knew - a thimbleful of bluing dye - and told James Earl to run for
help. After travelling a mile through a Michigan blizzard and recalling the sight of his brother on the floor
with Ablue liquid spilled out of his mouth," Jones' epic battle with stuttering began. At a local store, Jones
panicked and couldn't speak. After a time, he "finally calmed down and the words came. The doctor was
called. Randy recovered. But the stuttering - that stayed."(42)

The same year his brother almost died, Jones was sexually assaulted by the minister of a church he
attended. The incident scarred him for life. Jones recalls, "I was afraid and very confused. I was on my
guard from then on...I had no need for words"(54).

The "turning point" in Jones' ability to cope with stuttering came in Professor Donald Crouch's English
classroom in high school. After falling in love with Longfellow's "The Song of Hiawatha,"James Earl was
inspired to write a poem about his love for grapefruit. He patterned his work after Longfellow's cadence
and rhyme scheme. When Professor Crouch accused Jones of plagiarism Jones was forced to recite his
work from memory in front of the class (63).

Considering his honour of greater value than the teasing of his classmates James Earl approached the front
of the room to avoid academic disgrace: "I was shaking as I stood up, cursing myself. I strained to get the
words out, pushing from the bottom of my soul. I opened my mouth -- and to my astonishment, the words
flowed out smoothly, every one of them. There was no stutter. All of us were amazed, not so much by the
poem as by the performance"(66).

The voice of James Earl Jones was a new sound to himself and everyone around him. "My voice had
changed, almost without my awareness, so in addition to the novelty of being able to speak, I could now
speak in a deep, strong voice"(67). Crouch and Jones became inseparable for the remaining three years of
high school, resurrecting the powers of speech in the young lad through public speaking, debating, orating
and acting.

The training he received from Crouch enabled Jones to win a public speaking championship and a college
scholarship to the University of Michigan. In 1947, he enrolled intending to pursue a medical degree. He
worked several jobs and enrolled in US Army Reserve Officers Training Corps to support his college
career. But science took its toll on Jones, and he changed majors to the study of drama but "technically,
because there was not an official degree in drama then at the university, (his) degree had to be in
English"(75).

James Earl Jones' first introduction to the semi-professional theatre was a casting call for a campus
production of The Birds by Aristophanes. Intending to read for one of the minor parts, Jones was surprised
when he was asked to audition for, and was later cast as the lead role of Epops, the King of the Birds. Less
than a year later Jones was cast in his first professional theatre production, as Verges in Much Ado About
Nothing.

Robert Earl Jones moved away when his son, James Earl, was an infant. James Earl was not allowed to
communicate with his father, who was considered no good since he was "off in New York with a new wife,
trying to make it as an actor, instead of doing real work" (62). Later his career turned sour when he found
himself "on the blacklist during the McCarthy days"(79).

Robert Earl wanted to see his son for "a long, long time..and was hurt by the family's constant refusal" to
let him see his son(79). But when James Earl was 21, they were reunited in New York for a week as father
showed son the sights on and off Broadway. Jones attributes his father, Robert Earl, with "the best acting
advice..'Pay attention to the little things actors do"(Culhane 122).

After two years in the Army at Camp Hale near Aspen, Colorado, Jones decided to commit to acting.
AThere was nothing to lose, I thought. I could use my GI Bill to go to acting school, and if it didn't work
out, I could step back into my Army career"(Jones 83).

Jones lived by the premise "Acting can never really be taught. It must be learned in a thousand ways, over
and over again. Learning to act is ongoing, a lifelong process, and the responsibility rests with the
actor"(89). Under this idea, Jones felt the only place to learn was in New York, and in 1955 he packed his
bags.

Once they were reunited in New York, Robert Earl let his son move in and they pursued separate careers.
Recalling a childhood nickname, Jones assumed the stage name of Todd Jones and, at the age of 24, was
accepted by the American Theatre Wing. One year later, after an argument with his father, James Earl
Jones rented his own "cold-water-flat" and went back to his full name. After receiving his diploma at the
Theatre Wing in 1957, Jones auditioned for Tad Danielewski's acting workshop, where he was accepted and
set to work on scenes from three memorable plays: Othello, Of Mice and Men, and Miss Julie.

In October, Jones received his first chance to be in a Broadway production as an understudy for Lloyd
Richards who played the role of Perry Hall in The Egghead, starring Karl Malden and directed by Hume
Croyn at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre. The understudy's dream did not come true then , but three months
later Jones received a speaking part on Broadway, playing the valet in Dore Schary's Sunrise at
Campobello, a drama about Eleanor and Franklin D. Roosevelt, starring Ralph Bellamy (105).

With only three lines to deliver as Edward the valet, Jones' "worst fear" came true one night on stage as he
stuttered delivering the line "Mrs. Roosevelt, supper is served"(105). "Mary Fickett, the actress playing
Mrs. Roosevelt, just stood there and (Jones) got through it...(he) recovered..and miraculously it never
happened again"(106.)

Two teachers at the American Theatre Wing noticed Jones while he was a student: director Joseph Papp and
acting teacher Lee Strasberg of the Actors Studio in New York. Jones auditioned seven years in a row and
was never invited to become a member of the Actors Studio. But he did manage to come up with the funds
to enroll in Strasberg's private school. While he didn't find Strasberg an "effective" director, he did find
Strasberg to be a Agreat teacher". Jones later learned that Strasberg, Cheryl Crawford and Elia Kazan
"shared the consensus that there were actors such as (Jones) who, by following their own particular
drumbeat, had already found an effective technique. Rather than pull (Jones) back and them the Method,"
they decided to "let (him) go (his) own path."(107.)

Papp gave Jones his first acting breakthrough opportunity as Micheal Williams in Shakespeare's Henry V.
Papp was credited with injecting a "dash of social conscience by casting Williams..as a negro (ably played
by James Earl Jones)" (Gelb 23). Papp was a visionary who enjoyed bringing his productions to a different
setting. Henry V was performed in Central Park with no admissions charge.

Before Henry V opened, Jones was also given a job as the leading role in Lionel "bel's play The Pretender
directed off Broadway by Herbert Machiz. Jones "fared better with the critics than the play did, but not by
much. "One critic said Jones was "first rate,"(Jones 113) while others gave considerably less praise saying
that Jones as the character of Jesse Prince, "plays the part of the novelist as well as anyone
could."(Atkinson 42).

In 1961, James Earl Jones moved into high gear and had what he termed a "breakthrough year" in 1961
(Jones 123). Papp again cast Jones in a production, this time as Oberon in Midsummer Night's Dream at
the New York Shakespeare Festival. Although his performance was not critically acclaimed, Jones began
to get small parts on television with roles on "Playhouse 90,"' The Brighter Day,"A The Catholic Hour,"A
Camera Three," and the popular "Phil Silvers Show"(382).

Jones left the cast of The Blacks in the fall of 1961 to play a featured role in a new comedy by Josh
Greenfield, Clandestine on the Morning Line. The production opened in the "ctors Playhouse to mixed
reviews that generally agreed that "some likable characters (were) interrupted by a story"(Gelb 30). The
show had a short run and helped Jones land a role in another experimental drama, Jack Gelber's The Apple.

The production opened at the Living Theatre in December 1961 and was billed as Experimental theatre
with a vengeance" (Taubman 31.) And for the next several years, Jones struggled off Broadway "bulling his
way to success" where "in play after play Jones (was) never guilty of underplaying; he invariably (came) on
strong, and often effective" (qtd in Jones).

Jones has a self-expressed passion for Othello. He has played Othello at seven different time in his life in
the theatre beginning at the age of 25 in Michigan and ending at the age of 50 at the Winter Garden Theatre
in new York in 1981(377-381).

The year 1964 produced two major Othello's, one in London which cast Sir Lawrence Olivier as the title
role. The second major production cast James Earl Jones as the moor and debuted in Central park with the
Summer Shakespeare festival and re-opened in October at the Martinique. Calling it "unjustly neglected,"
Life magazine compared Jones to Olivier and called Jones "immensely moving," as a reminder of "civil
rights and race relations" (qtd. in Jones).
Producer Joe Papp and director Gladys Vaughan fought over how Jones should play the tragic stranger in
service to the Duke of Venice. Jones recalls "Joe wanted me to play Othello tough, because in time of
racial tension, Othello should be tough and militant" (158). But Vaughan fought to give the character a
sensitivity and benevolence and Jones took her up on the idea. Critics loved it. Believing Othello could fall
into the trap set by Iago has never been easy, "but Mr. Jones succeeds in giving it credibility throughout.
He is genuinely moving in his deep affection for (his) wife... His disintegration into a man in whom Iago
has unloosed the furies is well prepared and pitiful to behold. Restrained and soft in speech up to this
moment, (Jones) has deep strength and force as he propelled along his wrath and grief..."(Funke 48). For
his work as Othello, Jones was honoured with the Drama Desk-Vernon Rice Award.
When the production began to wane some 224 performances after opening night in the Martinique, director
Vaughan closed Othello and formed a repertory company with the cast.

One of the turning points in the life of James Earl Jones came inside the gloves of the first black
heavyweight boxing champion, Jack Johnson. Playwright Howard Sackler wrote about Jack Johnson's
turbulent life and career in The Great White Hope. For legal reasons Sackler named his boxer Jack
Jefferson.

Director Edwin Sherin and playwright Sackler recruited Jones for the lead, treating him as if they "had
found
a gold mine"(Jones 188). Using the same trainer that brought Olivier into shape for Othello, Jones
prepared for the role with grueling roadwork and intellectual exploration he later compared to basic training
in the Army (189). After six weeks of rehearsal, The Great White Hope opened on December 7 at the
Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., for a seven week run with Ed Sherin directing.
At the age of 37, Jones realized he was involved in a Asignificant theatre experience" but was "completely
unprepared for the critical praise, the later fame, and the thunderous response of (the) audience" (192).
Comparing his performance to that Marlon Brando's in Tennessee Williams' Streetcar Named Desire, critics
acclaimed Jones an "overnight success"(qtd in Jones). Calling it "immeasurably moving,"Clive Barnes
wrote in the New York Times: "With head shaved, burly, huge, Mr. Jones stalks through the play like a
black avenging angel. Even when corrupted by misery, his presence has an almost moral force to it, and his
voice rasps out an agony nearly too personally painful in its nakedness" (Barnes 58).

In October the following year, The Great White Hope opened on Broadway at the Alvin Theatre.
Catapulted into the limelight, "..Jones was receiving a standing ovation of the kind that makes Broadway
history"(Barnes 58).

Since then Jones has gone on to become critically acclaimed film and television actor. He has appeared in
over 200 films and even had his own weekly television show called, "Gabriel's Fire." Jones has journeyed
far from the boy who never spoke a word to anyone who walked on two legs. James Earl Jones has
delighted millions of people across the country with his body and voice, but for himself, life is nothing
more that "Words, Words, Words" (Jones 190).

Works Cited

Atkinson, Brooks."The Pretender by Lionel Abel." New York Times 25 May 1960: 42:1.
Barnes, Clive. AWhite Hope: Tale of Modern Othello Opens in Capital." New York Times 14 Dec. 1967
58:1.
Culhane, John. "How james Earl Jones Found His Voice." Reader's Digest Nov, 1994: 51-53.
Funke, Lewis. "Theatre: Fun and Frolic."New York Times 3 Aug. 1961: 13:1
"Theatre: Othello from the Park Festival Production is at the Martinique." New York Times 13 Oct. 1964:
48:1.
Gelb, Arthur. "A rousingly Paced >Henry V'." New York Times 30 Jun. 1960: 23:1.
"Clandesting on the Morning Line Opens." New York Times 31 October 1961: 28:1.
Gilroy, Harry. "Rain and Praise Shower on MacBeth." New York Times 29 Jun. 1966: 38:1.
Hughes, Allan. "Theatre: Boston Festifal O'Neil's Emperor Jones is revived - 12 dancers act as scenery."
New York Times 6 Aug. 1964: 20:4.
"Dancers Are Scenery in Emporer Jones." New York Times 16 Aug 1964: II,5:1.
Jones, James Earl., and Penelope Niven. James Earl Jones: Voices and Silences. NY: Macmillan, 1993.
Kauffman, Stanley. "Theatre: Bohikee Creek at Stage 73." New York Times 29 Apr. 1966: 39:1.
Kerr, Walter. "You Can't Just Watch."New York Times 24 Dec. 1967: II,3:1.
Leahy, Michael. "Gabriel's Ire." TV Guide 27 Oct. 1990:
8-12.
MacKenzie, Robert. "Review: Gabriel's Fire." TV Guide 8 Dec. 1990: 48.
"The Dynamo." Newsweek. 2 Dec. 1963.
Oliver, Edith. "Interlude 1897: Fences."New Yorker 31 May 1993: 136.
Taubman, Howard. "Jack Gelber's The Apple." New York Times 8 Dec. 1961: 44.
"Theatre: Man's Solitude." New York Times 28 Nov. 1963: 69:2.
"Theatre: A Penatrating Play."New York Times 3 Mar. 1964:30:2.
Othello' in the Park." New York Times 15 Jul. 1964: 29:1.
"Theatre: Brechtian Tale of Decadence."New York Times 07 May 1965: 33:2.
"Theatre: Coriolanus in Central Park: Gladys Vaughn Gives Production Vigor."New York Times 15 Jul.
1965: 23:1.
"Theatre: Danton's Death at Beaumont." New York Times 22 Oct. 1965: 46:1.
Woolson, Jennifer Daack. "James Earl Jones: A Voice of Hope." Vim & Vigor Fall 1995: 14-18.
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