E

Maxwell,Gauss,Faraday,Ampre

B
d

l
d

A

E . d

A=
q
c
0

B . d

A=0

E . d

l =
d 1
B
dt

B. d

l =j
0
(i +c
0
.
d 1
E
dt
)
Surfaceintegralforaclosedsurface(volume)
lineintegralforaclosedline

E . d

A=1
E

B. d

A=1
B
Gausselectricflux
Gaussmagneticflux
Faraday
Ampre
Throughanysurface
lineintegralforaclosedline
Weusetherighthandrule
flux:thumbanddl:fingers
1
Isscalarbut
haveadirection
Segment
vectors
d

l

E
d

l
1
B
N
Z
Magnet
1
E

B
Conductancecurrent displacementcurrent
N
Z
i
wire
E
x
=
B
t
Waveequation
1
2
4
3
1
2
3
4
B
x
=j
0
c
0
E
t
Fromeq.3fromeq.4
Combiningthese2equations(5and6)weget

2
E
x
2
= j
0
c
0

2
E
t
2

2
B
x
2
=j
0
c
0

2
B
t
2
Waveequations
Solutionforwaveequationsare:
E( x , t )=E
m
cos( k xot )
B( x , t )=B
m
cos( k xot )
Weget: v=
o
k
=
1
.
j
0
c
0
(5)
(6)
Fromeq.6weget
Forlightv=c
E
B
=c
Forlight
Nonconservatifinduced
electricfieldbecause
intE.dl#0
(conservatif<>intE.dl=0)
x ' =
xvt
.
1
v
c
t ' =
t
xv
c
.
1
v
c
(
x '
t '
)
=
1
.
1
v
c
(
1

v
c
v
1
)
(
x
t
)
Lorentztransformation(specialrelativitytheory),prime(')movingframe
Lorentztransformation(specialrelativitytheory),prime(')movingframe
Galileitransformation,prime(')movingframe
t(time)
xaxis
FrameSisstill,S'frameismovingwithvelocityv
Anevent
v t
x '
x
x ' =xvt
t ' =t
Universaltime
Iftheeventisalightbeamtotheright
x'=ctvt=(cv)t
sotheobserverinx'seethelightwithacvvelocity
thisisimpossible
Lorentztransformation(specialrelativitytheory),prime(')movingframeonlyforx(1demension)
Letc=1,wejusthavetotakethegooddimensions
lightbeamtoright
lightbeamtoleft
x=t
x=t
thiscanbetrueif x=t
AndforS'
Better
wearelookingfortransformationssothat
thiswillbecorrect
x ' =t '
xt =x' t '
x ' =x cosh ot sinho
t ' =t cosh ox sinho
i
n

x
=
v
t
i
n

S
'

x
'
=
0
Universaltime
Forx'=0weget x=
sinho
cosh o
t
cosh o=
1
.
(1v )
sinho=
v
.
(1v )
x ' =
x
.
(1v )

(v t )
.
(1v )
v=
sinh o
cosh o
t ' =
t
.
(1v )

(v x)
.
(1v )
Cisnot1andforgood
dimensionsweget
x ' =
xvt
.
(1v / c )
t ' =t
vx/ c
.
(1v / c)
(1)
(2)
Ift'=0thingsthataresimultaneously:aline
inSweggetsimultaneously=horizontalline
forSandS'simultaneouslyisdifferent
t =v x/ c
in

S
'
inS'
spacetime
t
x
S
S'
x'axis
SandS'seebothcforlight

X
j
L

=0
EulerLagrange,principalofleastaction
Invariantare
ForInvariantsthephysicslawsareframeindepending
xt
t x yz
Allscalars
allvectorsareNOT
Lorentztransformationsorrotations
dX
j
=| dt , dx , dy , dz
dX
j
=|dt , dx , dy , dz
dX
j
dX
j
=dX
j
dX
j
=dt+dx +dy +dz
Afour(4)vectorfromtheupperkind(indexup)
L=TU

A
j
B
j IfthisisascalarthenAisa4vector
Bisknown4vector
Afour(4)vectorfromthelowerkind

X
j
=
j

j
=
(

t
)
2
+
(

x
)
2
+
(

y
)
2
+
(

z
)
2

X
j
dX
j
=(2)(1)is scalar
j=0,1,2,3
Isinvariant
=field |

t
,

x
,

y
,

z
or
Lowerkindxupperkind=scalar
sothederivatetoupperkindisfromlowerkind

j
or

L dt =action
ForaviolincordwegetviaLagrange
1
2

|
(

t
)
2

x
)
2
dx
Fortheactionintegratingoverdt
1
2

|
(

t
)
2

x
)
2
dx dt
Thisisanintegraloverspaceandtime

L' (
j
) dx then action=

L' (
j
) dx dt
L'istheLagrangedensity
d
dt
L

q

L
q
=0
EulerLagrangeforfields