introduction

Transitioning to IPv6
Quick Learning Module

2 0 0 8 C is c o S y s t e m s , In c . A ll r ig h t s r e s e r v e d .

T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 6 1

Welcome to the T r a n s i ti on i n g to I P v 6 Q u i ck L ea r n i n g M od u le. Q u i ck L ea r n i n g M od u les a r e b y te-s i z ed chu n k s of lea r n i n g tha t ex p la i n the p u r p os e, op er a ti on , a n d con f i g u r a ti on of C i s co techn olog y f ea tu r es . T hi s con ten t i s d es i g n ed to s u p p lemen t y ou r lea r n i n g ex p er i en ce a n d ex a m p r ep a r a ti on . I t i s n ot mea n t to r ep la ce a n y i n -cla s s r oom tr a i n i n g or on li n e lea r n i n g mod u les . We hop e tha t y ou en j oy thi s tr a i n i n g .

Objectives

Upon completing this module, you should be able to ex plain the f or mat of I P v er sion 6 ( I P v 6 ) addr esses and the components that ar e r eq uir ed to r un I P v 6 , ex plain the impact of I P v 6 on netw or k r outing, and conf igur e basic I P v 6 par ameter s. T hese abilities include being able to meet these obj ectiv es:
Explain the need for IPv6 D es c rib e the form at of the IPv6 addres s Explain the m ethods that are u s ed to as s ig n an IPv6 addres s Explain trans ition s trateg ies for im plem enting IPv6

Explain how IPv6 affec ts c om m on rou ting protoc ols and the nec es s ary m odific ations that y ou need to m ak e to thes e protoc ols C onfig u re IPv6 w ith R ou ting Inform ation Protoc ol next g eneration (R IPng ) throu g h an IP vers ion 4 (IPv4 ) netw ork
20 0 8 C i s c o S y s t e m s , I n c . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 62

U p on comp leti n g thi s mod u le, y ou s hou ld b e a b le to ex p la i n the f or ma t of I P v 6 a d d r es s es a n d the comp on en ts tha t a r e r eq u i r ed to r u n I P v 6 , ex p la i n the i mp a ct of I P v 6 on n etw or k r ou ti n g , a n d con f i g u r e b a s i c I P v 6 p a r a meter s . T hes e a b i li ti es i n clu d e b ei n g a b le to meet thes e ob j ecti v es : E x p la i n the n eed f or I P v 6 D es cr i b e the f or ma t of the I P v 6 a d d r es s

E x p la i n how I P v 6 a f f ects common r ou ti n g p r otocols a n d the n eces s a r y mod i f i ca ti on s y ou n eed to ma k e to thes e p r otocols E x p la i n tr a n s i ti on s tr a teg i es f or i mp lemen ti n g I P v 6 C on f i g u r e I P v 6 w i th R ou ti n g I n f or ma ti on P r otocol n ex t g en er a ti on (R I P n g ) thr ou g h a n I P v er s i on 4 (I P v 4 ) n etw or k

E x p la i n the method s tha t a r e u s ed to a s s i g n a n I P v 6 a d d r es s

IPv4 and IPv6

Currently, there are approximately 1.3 billion usable IPv4 addresses available.

2 0 0 8 C is c o S y s te m s , In c . A ll r ig h ts r e s e r v e d .

T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 6 3

T he I P v 4 a d d r es s s p a ce p r ov i d es a p p r ox i ma tely 4 .3 b i lli on a d d r es s es . O f tha t a d d r es s s p a ce, a p p r ox i ma tely 3 .7 b i lli on a d d r es s es a r e a ctu a lly a s s i g n a b le; the other a d d r es s es a r e r es er v ed f or s p eci a l p u r p os es s u ch a s mu lti ca s ti n g , p r i v a te a d d r es s s p a ce, loop b a ck tes ti n g , a n d r es ea r ch. B a s ed on f i g u r es a s of J a n u a r y 1 , 2 0 0 7 , a b ou t 2 .4 b i lli on of thes e a v a i la b le a d d r es s es a r e cu r r en tly a s s i g n ed to ei ther en d u s er s or I n ter n et s er v i ce p r ov i d er s (I S P s ). T ha t lea v es r ou g hly 1 .3 b i lli on a d d r es s es s ti ll a v a i la b le f r om the I P v 4 a d d r es s s p a ce. A n I P v 6 a d d r es s i s a 1 2 8 -b i t b i n hex a d eci ma l d i g i ts , a s s how n i n I P a d d r es s es . T hi s v er s i on of I P f or f u tu r e I n ter n et g r ow th n eed s I n a d d i ti on to i ts techn i ca u n li mi ted s u p p ly of I P a d s p a ce, I P v 6 g en er a tes a v a lloca te mor e tha n the en p la n et. a r y v a lu e, w hi ch ca n b e d i s p la y ed a s 3 2 the f i g u r e. I t p r ov i d es 3 .4 ti mes 1 0 to the 3 8 th a d d r es s i n g s hou ld p r ov i d e s u f f i ci en t a d d r es s es . v 6 of f er s a v i r tu a lly er ou s 1 2 8 -b i t a d d r es s a d d r es s es en ou g h to p a ce to ev er y on e on the

l a n d b u s i n es s p oten ti a l, I P d r es s es . B eca u s e of i ts g en i r tu a lly u n li mi ted s tock of ti r e I P v 4 I n ter n et a d d r es s s

I P v6 A d va n ced F ea tu r es
L arg er addres s s pac e
A g g reg ation M u ltihom ing Global reachability and flexibility

S im pler header

P erform ance and forw arding rate s calability N o broadcas ts N o check s u m s F low labels

R ou ting efficiency

A u toconfig u ration P lu g -and-p lay R enu m bering E nd-to-end w ithou t N A T

E xtens ion headers

M ob ility and s ec u rity

T rans ition ric hnes s

T rans lation

I P s ec m andatory ( or nativ e) for I P v 6

M obile I P R F C -com p liant

D u al-s tack m ethod

6 to4 and m anu al tu nnels

20 0 8 C i s c o S y s t e m s , I n c . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 64

IPv6 is a powerful enhancement to IPv4. Several features in IPv6 offer functional improvements, includ ing the following : Larger address space, including: Improved g lob al reachab ility and flex ib ility T he ag g reg ation of prefix es that are announced in routing tab les M ultihoming to several ISPs A utoconfig uration that can includ e d ata link lay er ad d resses in the ad d ress space Plug -and -play options Pub lic-to-private read d ressing end -to-end without N etwork A d d ress T ranslation ( N A T ) Simplified mechanisms for ad d ress renumb ering and mod ification A sim pler h eader, including: B etter routing efficiency for performance and forward ing -rate scalab ility N o b road casts and thus no potential threat of b road cast storms N o req uirement for processing check sums Simpler and more efficient ex tension head er mechanisms F low lab els for per-flow processing with no need to open a transport inner pack et to id entify the various traffic flows M o b ilit y and securit y , to help comply with mob ile IP and IP Security ( IPsec) stand ard s functionality . M ob ility enab les people with mob ile network d evicesmany with wireless connectivity to move around within network s. M ob ile IP is an Internet E ng ineering T ask F orce ( IE T F ) stand ard that is availab le for b oth IPv4 and IPv6. T he stand ard enab les mob ile d evices to move without b reak s in estab lished network connections. B ecause IPv4 d oes not automatically provid e this k ind of mob ility , y ou must ad d it with ad d itional config urations. In IPv6, mob ility is b uilt in, which means that any IPv6 nod e can use mob ility when necessary . T he routing head ers of IPv6 mak e mob ile IPv6 much more efficient for end nod es than mob ile IPv4. IPsec is the IE T F stand ard for IP network security , availab le for b oth IPv4 and IPv6. A lthoug h the functionalities are essentially id entical in b oth environments, IPsec is mand atory in IPv6. IPsec is enab led on every IPv6 nod e and is availab le for use, mak ing the IPv6 Internet more secure. IPsec also req uires k ey s for each party , which implies a g lob al k ey d eploy ment and d istrib ution. F inally , t ransit io n rich ness: T here are several way s to incorporate ex isting IPv4 capab ilities with the ad d ed features of IPv6. O ne approach is to implement a d ual-stack method , with b oth IPv4 and IPv6 config ured on the interface of a network d evice. T unneling is another techniq ue that should b ecome more prominent as the ad option of IPv6 g rows. T here is a variety of IPv6-over-IPv4 tunneling method s. Some method s req uire manual config uration, while others are d y namic. C isco IO S R elease 1 2 .3 ( 2 ) T and later also includ e N etwork A d d ress T ranslation-Protocol T ranslation ( N A T -PT ) b etween IPv6 and IPv4. T his translation allows d irect communication b etween hosts that use d ifferent versions of the IP protocol.

I P v6 A d d r ess R ep r esen ta tio n

Format:
x: x: x: x: x: x: x: x, w here x is a 1 6 -bit hexadecim al field. L eading z eros in a field are op tional.

C as e-ins ens itiv e for hexadecim al A , B , C , D , E , and F

E x amp l e s :

S u cces s iv e fields of z eros can be rep res ented as : : only once p er addres s . 2 0 3 1 :0 0 0 0 :1 3 0 F :0 0 0 0 :0 0 0 0 :0 9 C 0 :8 7 6 A :1 3 0 B

C an be rep res ented as 2 0 3 1 : 0 : 1 3 0 f: : 9 c0 : 8 7 6 a: 1 3 0 b F F 0 1 ::1

F F 0 1 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :1 0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :1 0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0
20 0 8 C i s c o S y s t e m s , I n c . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

C annot be rep res ented as 2 0 3 1 : : 1 3 0 f: : 9 c0 : 8 7 6 a: 1 3 0 b ::1 ::

F F 0 1 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 :1
T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 65

C olon s s ep a r a te en tr i es i n a s er i es of 1 6 -b i t hex a d eci ma l f i eld s tha t r ep r es en t I P v 6 a d d r es s es . T he hex a d eci ma l d i g i ts A , B , C , D , E , a n d F tha t a r e r ep r es en ted i n I P v 6 a d d r es s es a r e n ot ca s e-s en s i ti v e. I P v 6 d oes n ot r eq u i r e ex p li ci t a d d r es s s tr i n g n ota ti on . U s e the f ollow i n g g u i d eli n es f or I P v 6 a d d r es s s tr i n g n ota ti on s : S u cces s i v e f i eld s of z er os ca n b e r ep r es en ted a s : : on ly on ce i n a n a d d r es s .

T he lea d i n g z er os i n a f i eld a r e op ti on a l, s o tha t 0 9 C 0 eq u a ls 9 C 0 a n d 0 0 0 0 eq u a ls 0 .

A n a d d r es s p a r s er i d en ti f i es the n u mb er of mi s s i n g z er os b y s ep a r a ti n g the tw o p a r ts a n d en ter i n g 0 u n ti l the 1 2 8 b i ts a r e comp lete. I f tw o : : n ota ti on s a r e p la ced i n the a d d r es s , ther e i s n o w a y to i d en ti f y the s i z e of ea ch b lock of z er os .

U s i n g the : : n ota ti on g r ea tly r ed u ces the s i z e of mos t a d d r es s es . F or ex a mp le, F F 0 1 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 b ecomes F F 0 1 : : 1 .

A n u n s p eci f i ed a d d r es s i s w r i tten a s : : b eca u s e i t con ta i n s on ly z er os .

I P v6 A d d r ess T y p es
Unicast A d d r e ss is f o r a sing l e inte r f ace . I P v 6 h as se v e r al ty p e s ( f o r e x am p l e , g l o b al , r e se r v e d , and l ink -l o cal ) . O ne -to -m any .

M u l ticast

E nab l e s m o r e e f f icie nt u se o f th e ne tw o r k . A ny cast Use s a l ar g e r ad d r e ss r ang e .

O ne -to -ne ar e st ( al l o cate d f r o m

M u l tip l e d e v ice s sh ar e th e sam e ad d r e ss. A l l any cast no d e s sh o u l d p r o v id e u nif o r m

u nicast ad d r e ss sp ace ) . se r v ice .

S o u r ce d e v ice s se nd p ack e ts to any cast ad d r e ss.

R o u te r s d e cid e o n cl o se st d e v ice to r e ach th at d e stinatio n. S u itab l e f o r l o ad b al ancing and co nte nt d e l iv e r y se r v ice s.

20 0 8 C i s c o S y s t e m s , I n c . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 66

Broadcasting in IPv4 results in a number of problems. Broadcasting generates interrupts in every computer on th e netw ork and, in some cases, triggers malfunctions th at can completely h alt an entire netw ork . T h is disastrous netw ork event is k now n as a broadcast storm. In IPv6 , broadcasting does not ex ist. IPv6 replaces broadcasts w ith multicasts and any casts. M ulticast enables efficient netw ork operation by using a number of functionally specific multicast groups to send req uests to a limited number of computers on a netw ork . T h e multicast groups prevent most of th e problems th at are related to broadcast storms in IPv4. T h e range of multicast addresses in IPv6 is larger th an in IPv4. F or th e near future, allocation of multicast groups is not being limited. IPv6 also defines a new ty pe of address k now n as an any cast address. A n any cast address identifies a list of devices or nodes; th erefore, an any cast address identifies multiple interfaces. A ny cast addresses are lik e a cross betw een unicast and multicast addresses. U nicast sends pack ets to one specific device w ith one specific address, and multicast sends a pack et to every member of a group. A ny cast addresses send a pack et to any one member of th e group of devices w ith th e any cast address assigned. F or efficiency , a pack et th at is sent to an any cast address is delivered to th e closest interfaceas defined by th e routing protocols in useth at is identified by th e any cast address, so any cast can also be th ough t of as a one-to-nearest ty pe of address. A ny cast addresses are sy ntactically indistinguish able from global unicast addresses because any cast addresses are allocated from th e global unicast address space. N ote th at th ere is little ex perience w ith w idespread, arbitrary use of Internet any cast addresses, and th ere are some k now n complications and h az ards w h en using th em in th eir full generality . U ntil more ex perience h as been gained and solutions h ave been agreed upon for th ose problems, th e follow ing restrictions are imposed on IPv6 any cast addresses: A n any cast address M U S T N O T be used as th e source address of an IPv6 pack et. A nd an any cast address M U S T N O T be assigned to an IPv6 h ost, th at is, it may be assigned to an IPv6 router only .

I P v6 U n ica st A d d r essin g
T hes e are ty pes of IPv6 u nic as t addres s es . R es erved: U s ed b y the IET F L oopb ac k (: : 1 ) G lob al: S tarts w ith 2 0 0 0 : : / 3 and as s ig ned b y IA N A Private: L ink loc al (s tarts w ith F E8 0 : : / 1 0 ) U ns pec ified (: : )

A s ing le interfac e m ay b e as s ig ned m u ltiple IPv6 addres s es of any ty pe: u nic as t, any c as t, or m u ltic as t. IPv6 addres s ing ru les are c overed b y m u ltiple R F C s . A rc hitec tu re defined b y R F C 4 2 9 1

20 0 8 C i s c o S y s t e m s , I n c . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 67

T here are several b asic ty pes of IPv6 unicast ad d resses: g lob al, reserved , private ( includ ing link -local) , loopb ack , and unspecified . T he IPv6 g lob al unicast ad d ress is eq uivalent to the IPv4 g lob al unicast ad d ress. A g lob al unicast ad d ress is an IPv6 ad d ress from the g lob al unicast prefix . T he structure of g lob al unicast ad d resses enab les the ag g reg ation of routing prefix es, which limits the numb er of routing tab le entries in the g lob al routing tab le. G lob al unicast ad d resses used on link s are ag g reg ated upward throug h org aniz ations and eventually to the ISPs. T he IE T F reserves a portion of the IPv6 ad d ress space for various uses, b oth present and future. R eserved ad d resses represent 1 / 2 5 6th of the total IPv6 ad d ress space. Some of the other ty pes of IPv6 ad d resses come from this b lock . A b lock of IPv6 ad d resses is set asid e for private ad d resses, j ust as is in IPv4. T hese private ad d resses are local only to a particular link or site and are never routed outsid e of a particular company network . Private ad d resses have a first octet value of F E in hex ad ecimal notation, with the nex t hex ad ecimal d ig it b eing a value from 8 to F . T hese ad d resses are further d ivid ed into ty pes b ased on their scope. T he concept of link -local ad d resses is new to IPv6. T hese ad d resses have a smaller scope than site-local ad d resses; they refer only to a particular phy sical link ( such as a phy sical network ) . R outers d o not forward d atag rams using link -local ad d resses, not even within an org aniz ation; they are only for local communication on a particular phy sical network seg ment. T hese ad d resses are used for link communications such as automatic ad d ress config uration, neig hb or d iscovery , and router d iscovery . M any IPv6 routing protocols also use link -local ad d resses. J ust as in IPv4, a provision is mad e for a special loopb ack IPv6 ad d ress for testing ; d atag rams sent to this ad d ress loop b ack to the send ing d evice. H owever, in IPv6 there is j ust one ad d ress, not a whole b lock , for this function. T he loopb ack ad d ress is 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 1 , which is normally ex pressed using z ero compression as : : 1 . In IPv4, an IP ad d ress of all z eros has a special meaning ; it refers to the host itself, and is used when a d evice d oes not k now its own ad d ress. In IPv6, this concept is formaliz ed , and the all-z eros ad d ress ( 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 ) is named the unspecified ad d ress. It is ty pically used in the source field of a d atag ram that is sent b y a d evice that seek s to have its IP ad d ress config ured . Y ou can apply ad d ress compression to this ad d ress; b ecause the ad d ress is all z eros, the ad d ress b ecomes j ust : : .

I P v6 G l o ba l U n ica st ( a n d A n y ca st) A d d r esses

I P v 6 h as th e s ame ad d re s s f ormat f or g l ob al u n i c as t an d f or an y c as t ad d re s s e s .
A s ing le interface m ay be as s ig ned m u ltip le addres s es of any typ e ( u nicas t, anycas t, and m u lticas t) .

U s es a g lobal rou ting p refixa s tru ctu re that enables ag g reg ation u p w ard, ev entu ally to the I S P . E v ery I P v 6 -enabled interface contains at leas t one loop back ( : : 1 / 1 2 8 ) and one link -local addres s .

O p tionally, ev ery interface can hav e m u ltip le u niq u e local and g lobal addres s es .
20 0 8 C i s c o S y s t e m s , I n c . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 68

G lob a l u n i ca s t a d d r es s es a r e d ef i n ed b y a g lob a l r ou ti n g p r ef i x , a s u b n et I D , a n d a n i n ter f a ce I D . T he I P v 6 u n i ca s t a d d r es s s p a ce en comp a s s es the en ti r e I P v 6 a d d r es s r a n g e, w i th the ex cep ti on of F F 0 0 : : / 8 (1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ), w hi ch i s u s ed f or mu lti ca s t a d d r es s es . T he cu r r en t g lob a l u n i ca s t a d d r es s a s s i g n men t b y the I n ter n et A s s i g n ed N u mb er s A u thor i ty (I A N A ) u s es the r a n g e of a d d r es s es tha t s ta r t w i th b i n a r y v a lu e 0 0 1 (2 0 0 0 : : / 3 ), w hi ch i s 1 / 8 of the tota l I P v 6 a d d r es s s p a ce a n d i s the la r g es t b lock of a s s i g n ed b lock a d d r es s es . A d d r es s es w i th a p r ef i x of 2 0 0 0 : : / 3 (0 0 1 ) thr ou g h E 0 0 0 : : / 3 (1 1 1 ) a r e r eq u i r ed to ha v e 6 4 -b i t i n ter f a ce i d en ti f i er s i n the ex ten d ed u n i v er s a l i d en ti f i er (E U I )-6 4 f or ma t. T he I A N A i s a lloca ti n g the I P v 6 a d d r es s s p a ce i n the r a n g es of 2 0 0 1 : : / 1 6 to the r eg i s tr i es . T he g lob a l u n i ca s t a d d r es s ty p i ca lly con s i s ts of a 4 8 -b i t g lob a l r ou ti n g p r ef i x a n d a 1 6 -b i t s u b n et I D . I n d i v i d u a l or g a n i z a ti on s ca n u s e a 1 6 -b i t s u b n et f i eld k n ow n a s a S u b n et I D to cr ea te thei r ow n loca l a d d r es s i n g hi er a r chy a n d to i d en ti f y s u b n ets . T hi s f i eld a llow s a n or g a n i z a ti on to u s e u p to 6 5 , 5 3 5 i n d i v i d u a l s u b n ets . F or mor e i n f or ma ti on , r ef er to R F C 3 5 8 7 , IPv6 Global Unicast Address Format, w hi ch r ep la ces R F C 2 3 7 4 .

L in k -L o ca l A d d r esses

L ink -local addres s es are u s ed for au tom atic addres s config u ration, neig hbor dis cov ery, and rou ter dis cov ery. L ink -local addres s es are als o u s ed by m any rou ting p rotocols . W hen com m u nicating w ith a link -local addres s , you m u s t s p ecify the ou tg oing interface becau s e ev ery interface is connected to F E 8 0 : : / 1 0 .
20 0 8 C i s c o S y s t e m s , I n c . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

L ink -local addres s es hav e a s cop e lim ited to the link and are dynam ically created on all I P v 6 interfaces by u s ing a s p ecific link -local p refix F E 8 0 : : / 1 0 and a 6 4 -bit interface identifier.

L ink -local addres s es can s erv e as a w ay to connect dev ices on the s am e local netw ork w ithou t needing g lobal addres s es .

T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 69

IPv6 is defined on most of th e current data link lay er protocols, including th e follow ing: E th ernet* PPP

F D D I

H igh -L evel D ata L ink C ontrol ( H D L C )

A ttach ed R esource C omputer netw ork ( A R C net) A T M N onbroadcast multiaccess ( N BM A )

T ok en R ing

A nd IE E E 13 9 4 A n R F C describes th e beh avior of IPv6 in each of th ese specific data link lay ers, but C isco IO S softw are does not necessarily support all of th em. T h e data link lay er defines h ow IPv6 interface identifiers are created and h ow neigh bor discovery deals w ith data link lay er address resolution.

F rame R elay

L a r g er A d d r ess S p a ce E n a bl es A d d r ess A g g r eg a tio n

2001:0410:0001::/48

2001:0410:0002::/48

A d d re s s ag g re g ati on p rov i d e s th e f ol l ow i n g b e n e f i ts :

A g g reg ation of p refixes annou nced in the g lobal rou ting table E fficient and s calable rou ting I m p rov ed bandw idth and fu nctionality for u s er traffic
T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 61 0

20 0 8 C i s c o S y s t e m s , I n c . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

I P v 6 a lloca tes la r g e n a g g r eg a tes a ll of the p s i n g le p r ef i x to the I P or g a n i z a ti on s to d ef i n

u mb er s r ef i x es v 6 I n ter ea s in g

of a d d r es s es to I S P s a n d or g a n i z a ti on s . A n I S P of i ts cu s tomer s i n to a s i n g le p r ef i x a n d a n n ou n ces the n et. T he i n cr ea s ed a d d r es s s p a ce i s s u f f i ci en t to a llow le p r ef i x f or thei r en ti r e n etw or k . i n a n ef f i ci en t a n d s ca la b le r ou ti n g ta b le. r oa d er a d op ti on of n etw or k f u n cti on s . a n d w i d th a n d f u n cti on a li ty f or u s er tr a f f i c li ca ti on s .

A g g r eg a ti on of cu s tomer p r ef i x es r es u lts S ca la b le r ou ti n g i s n eces s a r y to ex p a n d b S ca la b le r ou ti n g a ls o i mp r ov es n etw or k b tha t con n ects the v a r i ou s d ev i ces a n d a p p

U s er s w ho s p en d mor e ti me on li n e a n d a r e g en er a lly w i lli n g to s p en d mor e mon ey on commu n i ca ti on s s er v i ces a n d hi g h-v a lu e s ea r cha b le of f er i n g s A n d ma s s i v e s ca la b le g a mes w i th g lob a l p a r ti ci p a n ts a n d med i a -r i ch e-lea r n i n g , p r ov i d i n g lea r n er s w i th on -d ema n d r emote la b s or la b s i mu la ti on s

A la r g e i n cr ea s e i n the n u mb er of b r oa d b a n d con s u mer s w i th hi g h-s p eed con n ecti on s tha t a r e a lw a y s on

I n ter n et u s a g eb oth n ow a n d i n the f u tu r eca n i n clu d e the f ollow i n g elemen ts :

H ome n etw or k s w i th ex p a n d ed n etw or k a p p li ca ti on s s u ch a s w i r eles s V oI P , home s u r v ei lla n ce, a n d a d v a n ced s er v i ces s u ch a s r ea l-ti me v i d eo on d ema n d (V oD )

10

A ssig n in g I P v6 G l o ba l U n ica st A d d r esses

S tatic as s ig nm ent

D y nam ic as s ig nm ent D H C Pv6 (s tatefu l)

RouterX(config-if)

M anu al interfac e ID as s ig nm ent EU I-64 interfac e ID as s ig nm ent S tateles s au toc onfig u ration
ipv6 address 2001:DB8:2222:7272::72/64

RouterX(config) # in t erf ac e et h ern et 0 RouterX(config-if) # ipv6 address 2001:0DB8:0:1::/64 eu i-64

20 0 8 C i s c o S y s t e m s , I n c . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 61 1

Interface id entifiers in IPv6 ad d resses are used to id entify interfaces on a link . T hey can also b e thoug ht of as the host portion of an IPv6 ad d ress. Interface id entifiers are req uired to b e uniq ue on a specific link . Interface id entifiers are alway s 64 b its and can b e d y namically d erived from a L ay er 2 med ia and encapsulation. H ere are several way s to assig n an IPv6 ad d ress to a d evice: Static assig nment using a manual interface ID Static assig nment using an E U I-64 interface ID Stateless autoconfig uration D H C P for IPv6 ( D H C Pv6) O ne way to statically assig n an IPv6 ad d ress to a d evice is to manually assig n b oth the prefix ( or network ) and interface ID ( or host) portion of the IPv6 ad d ress. T o config ure an IPv6 ad d ress on a C isco router interface and enab le IPv6 processing on that interface, use the ipv 6 address command in interface config uration mod e. T he ex ample shows how to enab le IPv6 processing on the interface and config ure an ad d ress b ased on the d irectly specified b its. A nother way to statically assig n an IPv6 ad d ress is to config ure the prefix portion of the IPv6 ad d ress and d erive the interface ID from the L ay er 2 M A C ad d ress of the d evice, k nown as the E U I-64 interface ID . T o config ure an IPv6 ad d ress for an interface and enab le IPv6 processing on the interface using an E U I-64 interface ID in the low-ord er 64 b its of the ad d ress ( or host) , use the ipv 6 address eui-6 4 command in interface config uration mod e. T he ex ample assig ns an IPv6 ad d ress to E thernet interface 0 and uses an E U I-64 interface ID in the low ord er 64 b its of the ad d ress. A utoconfig uration, as the name implies, is a mechanism that automatically config ures the IPv6 ad d ress of a nod e. In IPv6, it is assumed that b oth PC s and non-PC d evices are connected to a network . T he autoconfig uration mechanism was introd uced to enab le plug -and -play network ing of these d evices and to help red uce ad ministrative overhead . D H C P for IPv6 enab les D H C P servers to pass config uration parameters such as IPv6 network ad d resses to IPv6 nod es. It automatically allocates reusab le network ad d resses and ad d itional config uration with flex ib ility . T his protocol is a stateful counterpart to IPv6 stateless ad d ress autoconfig uration ( und er R F C 2 462 ) , and can b e used separately or concurrently with IPv6 stateless ad d ress autoconfig uration to ob tain config uration parameters.

11

IPv6 E U I-64 Int e r f ac e Ide nt i f i e r

T o ind icate that the chosen ad d r ess is f r om a uniq ue Ether net M A C ad d r ess, the U/ L b it is set to 1 f or g l ob al scop e ( 0 f or l ocal scop e) .
2 0 0 8 C is c o S y s te m s , In c . A ll r ig h ts r e s e r v e d . T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 6 1 2

T his f or m at ex p and s the 4 8 -b it M A C ad d r ess to 6 4 b its b y inser ting F F F E into the m id d l e 1 6 b its.

Cisco can use the EUI-6 4 f or m at f or inter f ace id entif ier s.

T h e 6 4-bit interface identifier in an IPv6 address identifies a uniq ue interface on a link . A link is a netw ork medium over w h ich netw ork nodes communicate using th e data link lay er. T h e interface identifier can also be uniq ue over a broader scope. In many cases, an interface identifier is th e same as, or is based on, th e data link lay er ( or M A C ) address of an interface. A s in IPv4, a subnet prefix in IPv6 is associated w ith one link . Interface identifiers in global unicast and oth er IPv6 address ty pes must be 6 4 bits long and can be constructed in th e 6 4-bit E U I-6 4 format. T h e E U I-6 4 format interface ID is derived from th e 48 -bit data link lay er ( M A C ) address by inserting th e h ex adecimal number F F F E betw een th e upper th ree by tes ( or th e O rganiz ational U niq ue Identifier [ O U I] field) and th e low er th ree by tes ( or serial number) of th e data link lay er address. T o indicate th at th e ch osen address is from a uniq ue E th ernet M A C address, th e seventh bit in th e h igh -order by te is set to 1 ( eq uivalent to th e IE E E G/ L bit) to indicate th e uniq ueness of th e 48 -bit address. T h e interface identifier for stateless autoconfiguration in an E th ernet environment uses th e modified E U I-6 4 format. T h is format ex pands th e 48 -bit E th ernet M A C address format to a 6 4-bit version by inserting " F F F E " in th e middle of th e 48 bits. T h is creates a 6 4-bit version. T h e seventh bit ( starting w ith th e leftmost bit as 1) in an IPv6 interface identifier is referred to as th e U niversal/ L ocal bit, or U / L bit. T h is bit identifies w h eth er th is interface identifier is locally uniq ue on th e link or th at it is universally uniq ue. In th e case w h ere th e interface identifier is created from an E th ernet M A C address, it is assumed th at th e M A C address is universally uniq ue and, th erefore, th e interface identifier is universally uniq ue. T h e rationale of th e U / L bit is for future use of th e upper-lay er protocols to uniq uely identify a connection, even in th e contex t of a ch ange in th e leftmost part of th e address. H ow ever, th is is not y et used. T h e eigh th bit ( starting w ith leftmost bit as 1) , also k now n as th e G bit, is a group/ individual bit for managing groups.

12

IPv6 Routing Protocols

IPv6 routing types S ta tic R IPng ( R F C 2 0 8 0 )

O S PF v3 ( R F C M P-B G P4

IS -IS f or IPv6

2 7 4 0 ) 2 5 4 5 /2 8 5 8 )

T h e ipv6 unicast-r o uting c om m a nd is req uired to ena b l e IPv6 b ef ore a ny routing protoc ol is c onf igured .
2 0 0 8 C is c o S y s t e m s , In c . A ll r ig h t s r e s e r v e d . T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 6 1 3

E IG R P f or IPv6

(R F C

I P v 6 u s es lon g es t-p r ef M a n y of the common a d d r es s es a n d d i f f er en f i g u r e a r e cu r r en tly a v

i x ma tch r ou ti n g j u s t li k e I P v 4 cla s s les s i n ter d oma i n r ou ti n g (C I D R ). r ou ti n g p r otocols ha v e b een mod i f i ed to ha n d le lon g er I P v 6 t hea d er s tr u ctu r es . T he u p d a ted r ou ti n g p r otocols s how n i n the a i la b le.

Y ou ca n u s e a n d con f i g u r e I P v 6 s ta ti c r ou ti n g i n the s a me w a y tha t y ou w ou ld w i th I P v 4 . T her e i s a n I P v 6 -s p eci f i c r eq u i r emen t p er R F C 2 4 6 1 tha t a r ou ter mu s t b e a b le to d eter mi n e the li n k -loca l a d d r es s of ea ch of i ts n ei g hb or i n g r ou ter s to en s u r e tha t the ta r g et a d d r es s of a r ed i r ect mes s a g e i d en ti f i es the n ei g hb or r ou ter b y i ts li n k -loca l a d d r es s . T hi s r eq u i r emen t mea n s tha t u s i n g a g lob a l u n i ca s t a d d r es s a s a n ex t-hop a d d r es s w i th I P v 6 r ou ti n g i s n ot r ecommen d ed . T he C i s co I O S g lob a l comma n d to en a b le I P v 6 i s ipv6 unicast-r o uting . Y ou mu s t en a b le I P v 6 u n i ca s t r ou ti n g b ef or e a n I P v 6 -ca p a b le r ou ti n g p r otocol, or a n I P v 6 s ta ti c r ou te, w i ll w or k .

13

R IPng ( R F C

2 0 8 0 )

S im il a r IPv4 f ea tures
B ased on R IP v 2

D istance v ector , r ad ius of 1 5 hop s, sp l it hor iz on, and p oison r ev er se

U pd a ted f ea tures f or IPv6

Uses the m ul ticast g r oup F F 0 2 : : 9 , the al l -r ip -r outer s m ul ticast g r oup , as the d estination ad d r ess f or R IP up d ates Uses IP v 6 f or tr ansp or t N am ed R IP ng

IP v 6 p r ef ix , nex t-hop IP v 6 ad d r ess

2 0 0 8 C is c o S y s te m s , In c . A ll r ig h ts r e s e r v e d .

T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 6 1 4

R ou ti n g I n f or ma ti on P r otocol n ex t g en er a ti on (R I P n g ) i s a d i s ta n ce v ector r ou ti n g p r otocol w i th a li mi t of 1 5 hop s tha t u s es s p li t hor i z on a n d p oi s on r ev er s e to p r ev en t r ou ti n g loop s . R I P n g i n clu d es the f ollow i n g f ea tu r es : I s b a s ed on a n d i s s i mi la r to I P v 4 R I P v er s i on 2 U s es I P v 6 f or tr a n s p or t

U s es the mu lti ca s t g r ou p F F 0 2 : : 9 , the a ll-R I P -r ou ter s mu lti ca s t g r ou p , a s the d es ti n a ti on a d d r es s f or R I P u p d a tes S en d s u p d a tes on U s er D a ta g r a m P r otocol (U D P ) p or t 5 2 1 I s s u p p or ted b y C i s co I O S R elea s e 1 2 .2 (2 )T a n d la ter

I n clu d es the I P v 6 p r ef i x a n d n ex t-hop I P v 6 a d d r es s

14

IPv4 -to-IPv6 T ra nsition

IPv6 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6

Transition richness means:

No fixed day to convert; no need to convert all at once D ifferent trans ition m ech anis m s are availab le D u al s tack M anu al tu nnel 6 to4 tu nnel I S A T A P tu nnel T eredo tu nnel D ifferent com p atib ility m ech anis m s P roxying and trans lation ( NA T -P T )
T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 6 1 5

2 0 0 8 C is c o S y s t e m s , In c . A ll r ig h t s r e s e r v e d .

T h e transition from IPv4 does not req uire upgrades on all nodes at th e same time. M any transition mech anisms enable smooth integration of IPv4 and IPv6 . O th er mech anisms th at allow IPv4 nodes to communicate w ith IPv6 nodes are available. A ll of th ese mech anisms are applied to different situations. T h e th ree most common tech niq ues to transition from IPv4 to IPv6 are as follow s: T h ere are several tunneling tech niq ues available:

D ual stack is an integration meth od w h ere th e node h as connectivity to both an IPv4 and IPv6 netw ork . A s a result, th e node and its corresponding routers h ave tw o protocol stack s. M anual IPv6 -over-IPv4 tunneling is an integration meth od w h ere an IPv6 pack et is encapsulated w ith in IPv4. T h is req uires dual-stack routers.

D y namic 6 to4 tunneling is a meth od th at automatically connects IPv6 islands th rough an IPv4 netw ork , ty pically th e Internet. T h e 6 to4 tunneling meth od dy namically applies a valid, uniq ue IPv6 prefix to each IPv6 island, enabling fast deploy ment of IPv6 in a corporate netw ork w ith out address retrieval from IS Ps or registries.

Intra-S ite A utomatic T unnel A ddressing Protocol ( IS A T A P) tunneling is an automatic overlay tunneling mech anism th at uses th e underly ing IPv4 netw ork as a link lay er for IPv6 . IS A T A P tunnels allow individual IPv4 or IPv6 dual-stack h osts w ith in a site to communicate w ith oth er such h osts on a virtual link , creating an IPv6 netw ork using th e IPv4 infrastructure. T eredo tunneling is an IPv6 transition tech nology th at provides h ost-to-h ost automatic tunneling instead of gatew ay tunneling. It passes unicast IPv6 traffic w h en dual-stack ed h osts ( th at is, h osts th at are running both IPv6 and IPv4) are located beh ind one or multiple IPv4 N etw ork A ddress T ranslators.

Prox y ing and translation is a translation mech anism th at sits betw een an IPv6 netw ork and an IPv4 netw ork . T h e j ob of th e translator is to translate IPv6 pack ets into IPv4 pack ets and vice versa.

15

Cisco IOS Dual Stack

IPv4

IPv6

D u al s tac k is an integ ration m ethod in w hic h a node has im plem entation and c onnec tivity to b oth an IPv4 and IPv6 netw ork .
20 0 8 C i s c o S y s t e m s , I n c . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 61 6

A d u a l-s ta ck n od e choos es w hi ch s ta ck to u s d u a l-s ta ck n od e s hou ld p r ef er I P v 6 w hen i t i s I P v 6 i n teg r a ti on , i n w hi ch n od es ha v e b oth I P common ly u s ed i n teg r a ti on method s . O ld I P v a s b ef or e. N ew a n d mod i f i ed a p p li ca ti on s ta k A a d g IP n ew a p p li ca ti on p r og r a d r es s es a n d D N S r eq u es et hos t b y a d d r es s ca lls v 6 . A n a p p li ca ti on ca n b

D u a l s ta ck i s a n i n teg r a ti on method w her e a n od e ha s con n ecti v i ty to b oth a n I P v 4 a n d I P v 6 n etw or k , thu s the n od e ha s tw o s ta ck s . Y ou ca n con f i g u r e thi s on the s a me i n ter f a ce or on mu lti p le i n ter f a ces . F ea tu r es of the d u a l-s ta ck method a r e a s f ollow s :

E x p er i en ce i n p or ti n g I P v 4 a p a p p li ca ti on s , ther e i s a mi n i ma cod e. T hi s techn i q u e i s w ell k n p r otocol tr a n s i ti on s . I t en a b les

mmi n g i n ter f a ce (A P I ) s u p p or ts b oth I P v 4 ts . T hi s n ew A P I r ep la ces the g et hos t b y . A con v er ted a p p li ca ti on ca n ma k e u s e of e con v er ted to the n ew A P I w hi le s ti ll u s i n p li ca ti on s to I P v 6 s u g g es ts l cha n g e i n s ome loca li z ed ow n a n d ha s b een a p p li ed g r a d u a l a p p li ca ti on u p g r a d tha t, f or p la ces i n i n the p a es , on e b

e b a s ed on the d es ti n a ti on a d d r es s . A a v a i la b le. T he d u a l-s ta ck a p p r oa ch to v 4 a n d I P v 6 s ta ck s , i s on e of the mos t 4 -on ly a p p li ca ti on s con ti n u e to w or k e a d v a n ta g e of b oth I P la y er s . a n d IP v 6 n a me a n d b oth I P v 4 a n d g on ly I P v 4 .

mos t s i d e the s ou r ce s t f or other y on e, to I P v 6 .

16

C isco IO S D ua l S ta ck ( C ont. )

IPv4: 192.168.99.1 IPv6: 3 f f e :b 0 0 :c 18:1::3

W h en b oth IPv4 a nd IPv6 a re c onf igured on a n interf a c e, th e interf a c e is c onsid ered d ua l -sta c k ed .

2 0 0 8 C is c o S y s t e m s , In c . A ll r ig h t s r e s e r v e d .

T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 6 1 7

C i s co I O S S of tw b a s icIP v 4 a n d U s i n g I P v 6 on ipv6 unicast-r

a r e R elea s e 1 2 .2 (2 )T a n d la ter a r e I P I P v 6 on a n i n ter f a ce, i t i s d u a l-s ta ck a C i s co I O S r ou ter r eq u i r es tha t y ou o uting . T hi s comma n d en a b les f or w

v 6 -r ea d y . A s s oon a s ed a n d f or w a r d s I P v 4 u s e the g lob a l con f i g a r d i n g of I P v 6 d a ta g r

y ou con f i g u r e a n d I P v 6 tr a f f i c. u r a ti on comma n d a ms .

N ote tha t y ou mu s t con f i g u r e a ll i n ter f a ces tha t f or w a r d I P v 6 tr a f f i c w i th a n I P v 6 a d d r es s u s i n g the i n ter f a ce comma n d ipv6 ad d r e ss.

17

IP v 6 T un n e lin g

IPv6

IPv4

IPv6

IPv6

Tunneling is an integration method in which an IPv6 packet is encapsulated within another protocol, such as IPv4 . This method of encapsulation is IPv4 .
R eq ui r es dual-st ack r o ut er s

Includes a 20-b y t e IP v 4 h eader w i t h no o p t i o ns and an IP v 6 h eader and p ay lo ad

20 0 8 C i s c o S y s t e m s , I n c . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 61 8

T u n n eli n g i s a n i n teg r a ti on method w her e a n I P v 6 p a ck et i s en ca p s u la ted w i thi n a n other p r otocol, s u ch a s I P v 4 . When I P v 4 en ca p s u la tes the I P v 6 p a ck et, a p r otocol ty p e of 4 1 i s s p eci f i ed i n the I P v 4 hea d er , a n d the p a ck et ha s the f ollow i n g cha r a cter i s ti cs : I t r eq u i r es d u a l-s ta ck r ou ter s . T hi s p r oces s con n ects I P v 6 i s la n d s w i thou t n eed i n g to a ls o con v er t a n i n ter med i a r y n etw or k to I P v 6 . T u n n eli n g p r es en ts thes e tw o i s s u es : A tu n n eled n etw or k i s of ten d i f f i cu lt to tr ou b les hoot. T u n n eli n g i s a n i n ter med i a te i n teg r a ti on a n d tr a n s i ti on techn i q u e tha t s hou ld n ot b e con s i d er ed a f i n a l s olu ti on . A n a ti v e I P v 6 a r chi tectu r e s hou ld b e the u lti ma te g oa l. T he ma x i mu m tr a n s mi s s i on u n i t (M T U ) i s ef f ecti v ely d ecr ea s ed b y 2 0 octets i f the I P v 4 hea d er d oes n ot con ta i n a n y op ti on a l f i eld . I t i n clu d es a 2 0 -b y te I P v 4 hea d er w i th n o op ti on s a n d a n I P v 6 hea d er a n d p a y loa d .

18

E nab l i ng IPv6 o n C i s c o R o u t e r s
RouterX(config)#

ipv6 unicast-r o uting

Enab l es IP v 6 tr af f ic f or w ar d ing

RouterX(config-if)#

ipv6 ad d r e ss ipv6prefix/prefix-l en g t h

Conf ig ur es the inter f ace IP v 6 ad d r esses

e ui-64

2 0 0 8 C is c o S y s te m s , In c . A ll r ig h ts r e s e r v e d .

T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 6 1 9

T her e a r e tw o b a s i c s tep s to a cti v a te I P v 6 on a r ou ter . F i r s t, I P v 6 tr a f f i c f or w a r d i n g mu s t b e a cti v a ted , then ea ch i n ter f a ce w her e I P v 6 i s r eq u i r ed mu s t b e con f i g u r ed . B y d ef a u lt, I P v 6 tr a f f i c f or w a r d i n g i s d i s a b led on a C i s co r ou ter . T o a cti v a te I P v 6 tr a f f i c f or w a r d i n g b etw een i n ter f a ces , the g lob a l comma n d ipv6 unicastr o uting mu s t b e con f i g u r ed . T hi s en a b les the f or w a r d i n g of u n i ca s t I P v 6 tr a f f i c. I P v 6 i s en a b led on a p er -i n ter f a ce b a s i s . T he ipv6 ad d r e ss comma n d con f i g u r es a g lob a l I P v 6 a d d r es s . T he li n k -loca l a d d r es s i s a u toma ti ca lly con f i g u r ed w hen a n a d d r es s i s a s s i g n ed to a n i n ter f a ce. Y ou mu s t s p eci f y the en ti r e 1 2 8 -b i t I P v 6 a d d r es s or u s e the 6 4 -b i t p r ef i x b y u s i n g the e ui-64 op ti on .

19

IPv6 A ddr e s s C o nf i g u r at i o n E x am p l e

Mac Address: 0060.3e47.1530

2 0 0 8 C is c o S y s te m s , In c . A ll r ig h ts r e s e r v e d .

T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 6 2 0

Y ou ca n comp letely s p eci f y the I P v 6 a d d r es s or comp u te the hos t i d en ti f i er (w hi ch i s the r i g htmos t 6 4 b i ts ) f r om the E U I -6 4 i d en ti f i er of the i n ter f a ce. I n thi s ex a mp le, the I P v 6 a d d r es s of the i n ter f a ce i s con f i g u r ed u s i n g the E U I -6 4 f or ma t. A lter n a ti v ely , y ou ca n comp letely s p eci f y the en ti r e I P v 6 a d d r es s to a s s i g n a r ou ter i n ter f a ce a n a d d r es s u s i n g the ipv6 ad d r e ss comma n d i n i n ter f a ce con f i g u r a ti on mod e. N ote tha t con f i g u r i n g a n I P v 6 a d d r es s on a n i n ter f a ce a u toma ti ca lly con f i g u r es the li n k -loca l a d d r es s f or tha t i n ter f a ce.

20

C o nf i g u r i ng and V e r i f y i ng R IPng f o r IPv6

RouterX(config)# ip v 6

C reat es an d en t ers R I P ro u t er co n f i g u rat i o n m o de

router rip

tag

RouterX(config-if)# ip v 6 rip

C o n f i g u res R I P o n an i n t erf ace

ip v 6 rip

tag ena b l e

s h ow

D i sp l ay s t h e st at u s o f t h e v ari o u s R I P p ro cesses
ip v 6 route rip

s h ow

S h o w s R I P ro u t es i n t h e I P v 6 ro u t e t ab l e
T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 6 2 1

2 0 0 8 C is c o S y s te m s , In c . A ll r ig h ts r e s e r v e d .

T hi s f i g u r e s how s ex a mp les of comma n d s y n ta x u s ed to con f i g u r e R I P n g . T he s y n ta x i s s i mi la r , i f n ot i d en ti ca l, to thei r I P v 4 cou n ter p a r ts . F or R I P n g , i n s tea d of u s i n g the ne tw o r k comma n d to i d en ti f y w hi ch i n ter f a ces s hou ld r u n R I P n g , u s e the comma n d ipv6 r ip tag e nab l e i n i n ter f a ce con f i g u r a ti on mod e to en a b le R I P n g on a n i n ter f a ce. T he tag p a r a meter tha t y ou u s e f or the ipv6 r ip e nab l e comma n d mu s t ma tch the tag p a r a meter i n the ipv6 r o ute r r ip comma n d . N ote tha t en a b li n g R I P on a n i n ter f a ce d y n a mi ca lly cr ea tes a r ou ter r i p p r oces s , i f n eces s a r y .

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R IPng f o r IPv6 C o nf i g u r at i o n E x am p l e

2 0 0 8 C is c o S y s te m s , In c . A ll r ig h ts r e s e r v e d .

T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 6 2 2

T he ex a mp le s how s a n etw or k of tw o r ou ter s . R ou ter Y i s con n ected to the d ef a u lt n etw or k . O n b oth r ou ter X a n d r ou ter Y , R T 0 i s a ta g tha t i d en ti f i es the R I P n g p r oces s . R I P n g i s en a b led on the f i r s t E ther n et i n ter f a ce of r ou ter Y u s i n g the ipv6 r ip R T 0 e nab l e comma n d . R ou ter X s how s tha t R I P n g i s en a b led on b oth E ther n et i n ter f a ces u s i n g the ipv6 r ip R T 0 e nab l e comma n d .

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Sum m ar y
IPv6 offers many additional benefits to IPv4, including a larger address sp ace, easier address aggregation, and integrated security. T h ere are several w ays to assign IPv6 addresses: statical, stateless autoconfiguration, and D H C Pv6. C isco sup p orts all of th e maj or IPv6 routing p rotocols: R IPng, O S PF v3 , and E IG R P. T ransitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 req uires dual stack s, tunneling, and p ossibly N A T -PT . A n IPv6 address is 1 2 8 bits long and is made up of a 48 -bit global p refix , a 1 6-bit subnet ID , and a 64-bit interface identifier.

U se th e ipv6 unicast-r o uting command to enable IPv6 and th e ipv6 ad d r e ss ipv6-a d d r e s s / pr e f ix -l e n g t h command to assign interface addresses and enable an IPv6 routing p rotocol.

20 0 8 C i s c o S y s t e m s , I n c . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 623

larger address sp ace, easier address aggregation, and integrated security.

I n s u mma r y , IPv6 offers many additional benefits to IPv4, including a

A n IPv6 address is 1 2 8 bits long and is made up of a 48 -bit global p refix , a 1 6-bit subnet ID , and a 64-bit interface identifier. T h ere are several w ays to assign IPv6 addresses: statical, stateless autoconfiguration, and D H C Pv6. C isco sup p orts all of th e maj or IPv6 routing p rotocols, including R IPng, O S PF v3 , and E IG R P. T ransitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 req uires dual stack s, tunneling, and p ossibly N A T -PT . U se th e ipv6 unicast-r o uting command to enable IPv6 and th e ipv6 ad d r e ss command to assign interface addresses and enable an IPv6 routing p rotocol.
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Q uiz Q ue stion 1
Which address type from IPv4 was eliminated in IPv6?
a) u n i c as t b ) m u l t i c as t

c ) e v e r y c as t

d ) b r o ad c as t

The correct answer is d.

20 0 8 C i s c o S y s t e m s , I n c . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 624

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Q uiz Q ue stion 2
H ow can you condense consecu tive sets of z eros in an IPv6 address?
a) b ) c ) d ) w ith b y e b y r w ith th lim e p th e : : : s y m i n at i n g l e l ac i n g f o u e : : s y m b o l ad i n g z e r o s r c o n s e c u tiv e z e r o s w ith as in g le z e r o b o l

The correct answer is d.

20 0 8 C i s c o S y s t e m s , I n c . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

T r a n s i t i o n i n g t o I P v 625

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T ha n k y ou f or ta k i n g the T r a n s i ti on i n g to I P v 6 Q u i ck L ea r n i n g M od u le.

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