STPM Form 6 Terminology and Concepts: Matter Matter anything that occupies space and has mass.

s. Fundamental Particles of Atoms (Historical Point of View) John Dalton (1808) atomic theory 1. Atoms small indivisible particles. 2. Atoms neither created nor destroyed. 3. Atoms chemical reactions result from combination / separation of atoms. J. J. Thomson (1897) 1. Electrons negatively-charged particles. 2. Atoms positively-charged sphere. Ernest Rutherford (1911) 1. Atoms consists of a positively-charged nucleus with a cloud of electrons surrounding nucleus. 2. Protons positively-charged particles. Niels Bohr (1913) 1. Electrons surrounding the nucleus (orbit). James Cadwick (1932) 1. Neutrons electrically neutral subatomic particles. 2. Neutrons mass almost the same with a proton. 3. Nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons. Modern Atomic Model 1. Nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons. 2. Electrons moving around the nucleus (orbits / electron shells/ quantum shells)

Atoms Atom smallest particle of an element. Relative atomic mass (Ar) - (an element) average mass of one atom of the element relative to 1/12 times the mass of one atom of carbon-12.

= (average mass of one atom of the element) / (1/12 x mass of one atom of C-12) Or = 12 x [(average mass of one atom of the element) / (mass of one atom of C-12)] Cations positively-charge ions. Example: H+, K+, NH4+ and Mg2+ Anions negatively-charge ions. Example: Br-, OH-, O2- and S2O32Molecule a group of two or more atoms. Relative molecular mass (Mr) (an element or compound) average mass of one molecule of the substance relative to 1/12 times the mass of one atom of carbon-12. = (average mass of one molecule of substance) / (1/12 x mass of one atom of C-12) Or = 12 x [(average mass of one molecule of substance) / (mass of one atom of C-12)] Proton number / Atomic number / Number of protons (Z)

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Number of electrons (neutral atom).

Nucleon number / Mass number / Number of nucleon (A)

total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. A=Z+N N = number of neutrons

Isotopes (of the same element)

atoms having the same proton number but different nucleon number. same number of protons, number of electrons, electronic configuration and chemical properties. different nucleon number, relative mass, density and rate of diffusion.

Relative isotopic mass the ratio of the mass of one atom of the isotope relative to 1/12 times the mass of one atom of carbon-12 isotope. = (mass of one atom of the isotope) / (1/12 x mass of one atom of C-12) Or = 12 x [(mass of one atom of the isotope) / (mass of one atom of C-12)] Mass spectrometry i. Vaporisation chamber sample is vaporised (produce gaseous atoms or molecules).

ii. Ionisation chamber vapour is bombarded with a stream of high-energy electrons to form positive ions. X(g) + e > X+(g) + 2e. (produce positive ions) iii. Acceleration chamber positive ions are attracted towards the high negative potential plated that accelerates the positive ions to a high and constant velocity. (accelerate the positive ions). iv. Magnetic Field accelerated positive ions are deflected into a circular path according to the m/e ratio. (separate positive ions of different m/e ratio) v. Ion detector positive ions with different m/e ratios will be deflected to the ion detector that can be recorded on a moving chart. (detect the number and m/e ratio of the positive ions) vi. Recorder a flow of current which is amplified and recorded as peaks. (plot the mass spectrum of the sample) Important note:

A lighter ion will deflect more than a heavier ion (the same charge) Example: 35Cl+ will deflect more than 37Cl+ An ion with a higher charge will deflect more than an ion with a lower charge (the same mass) Example: 35Cl2+ will deflect more than 35Cl+

Isotopic abundance = fractional abundance = percentage abundance One mole the quantity of a substance that contains the same number of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) as the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12 isotope. Avogadro constant, L or NA number of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) present in a mole of substance (elements or compounds) = 6.02 x 1023 (unit is mol-1) Number of moles = number of atoms or molecules / Avogadro constant (mol-1) Number of particles in a sample = number of moles x Avogadro constant (mol-1) Mass (g) = number of moles (n) x M (Ar or Mr) Number or moles (n) = mass (g) / molar mass (g mol-1) Mass (g) = number of moles x molar mass (g mol-1) Number of moles = volume of gas (dm3) / 22.4 dm3 at s.t.p. (0C and 1 atm or 101 kPa) Number of moles = volume of gas (dm3) / 24 dm3 at r.t.p. (25C and 1 atm or 101 kPa)

Volume of gas (dm3) = number of moles x / 22.4 dm3 at s.t.p. Volume of gas (dm3) = number of moles x / 24 dm3 at r.t.p. Number of moles of solute = MV / 1000 (M = concentration in mol dm-3) (V = volume in cm3) Concentration of a solution (g dm-3) = mass of solute (g) / volume of the solution (dm3) Concentration of a solution (mol dm-3) = number or moles of solute (mol) / volume of the solution (dm3) MaVa / MbVb = a/b M1V1 = M2V2