Annexure I Syllabi for PGDRMeth/ Pre-Ph. D.

Program RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Methodology (PGDRMeth) part of Ph.D. Program comprises of six papers and two projects. The following are the papers: Paper I Paper II Paper III : Theory and Philosophy of Research Methodology : Parametric Statistics and Theory of Sampling : Quantitative Methods of Data Analysis: Either Option I: Mathematical Models and Methods of Management Research, or Option II: Parametric and Stochastic Methods in Management Research, or Option III: Models of Research in Management Science; or Option IV: Econometric Methods in Management Research : Any one of the following options may be chosen: Either Option I: Non Parametric Methods of Research in Management, or Option II: Methods and Models of HRP and HRM Macro and Micro, or Option III: Methods and Models of Marketing Research, or Option IV: Methods and Models of Research in Finance : Recent Advances in Theory & Practice of Management/Economics/ Commerce (Seminar Paper) : Quantitative and Non-Quantitative Modeling of Business/ Economy (Seminar Paper) Paper V and VI are Seminar papers which will focus on review of literature by the candidates on their respective topics of Research. : Project: The projects have to be based on data generated for investigation of the problem for Ph. D. Dissertation

Paper IV

Paper V Paper VI

Paper VII

Paper VIII : Project: The projects have to be based on data generated for investigation of the problem for Ph. D. Dissertation

The objective of the Pre-Ph. D. course is to a) Endow scholars with adequate knowledge to understand and appreciate the nature, complexities and challenges of research on the one hand, and equip them with knowledge and skills that will enable them to exercise choice between available techniques or methods of analysis of data and interpretation of results with reference to the objectives of a particular topic of investigation and the nature and limitations of data / information base of research on the other; b) Highlight the deeper implications of results for theory and policy as well as identify areas for further research with an appreciation and understanding of limitations of the results obtained by the candidate himself/herself, particularly the otiose-type results, which may be specific to a particular method or data base or theoretical framework chosen for analysis. c) Enable scholars to i) avoid the choice of inappropriate methods or method mismatched with the objective and/or data base, and ii) extricate and excavate all the results that are explicit or implicit in the analysis. d) Enable scholars to identify their own contribution. Teaching/Learning The learning mode will consist of lectures, seminars, group work, cases, self study of the modules and discussion. Teaching modules shall be made available to the scholars, preferably in advance, on nominal payment. The classroom lectures, seminars, discussion and presentations will invariably be followed by illustrations and applications to problems. Applications, explanations and illustrations of the concepts, theories, procedures and methods will be enriched by references to the individual topics of investigation of individual scholars. Scholars have to bring data pertaining to their own research investigation for this purpose. Special attention shall be paid to data massaging and interpretation of results obtained from the application of specific methods/techniques. Data may, however, be primary or secondary. Naturally, it is not text bookish teaching or learning. Emphasis is more on application, learning by doing and interpretation of results.

The course contents of the papers are detailed below: Paper I Philosophy and Theory of Research Methodology Objective of the paper is to familiarize the scholars with the a) approach to research and its design; b) role of methodology; and c) philosophical, theoretical, ideological and originality interface with research in general and empirical research in particular. I. Concepts I.1 Research Definition: Commonsense, Dictionary, Technical; I.2 Definition/ Concept of Construct, Postulate, Proposition, Thesis, Hypothesis, Law, Principle. Definition and Dimension of a Theory, Functions and Characteristics; I.3 Types of Theory: General Theory and Particular/ Empirical Theory and Empirical Theorizing. Cases and Their Limitations; I.4 Causal Relations. Differences between Theory, Principle, Law and Hypothesis/ Postulate/ Proposition; I.5 Hypothesis Formulation: Ex-Ante/A Priori and Ex-post hypothesis formulation. Sources of Hypothesisation. Empirical Basis of Hypothesis Formulation. Types of Errors in Formulation of Hypothesis. Testing of Hypothesis-Meaning. Null and Alternative Hypothesis. Verifiability and Testability of Hypothesis. Errors in Testing and Verification of Hypothesis. Policy Formulation, Adoption/Implementation and Evaluation of Its Impact and Hypotheses thereof.

II. Objectives of Research and Its Typologies: II.1 The following are the types of Research with special reference to Social Science
Research in General and Management and Economic Sciences in Particular and Objectives: Research As a Gap Filling Exercise: i) Information / Data Gap Filling, ii) Theoretical Gap Filling, iii) Evaluation and Monitoring of Impact/ Effect of Policy/ Strategy/ Project formulation and their Implementation, iv) Methodological Gap Filling, v) Pre Testing of New Ideas, Simulation and Forecasting; and vi) Reinterpreting and Reviewing of Experimental/Exploratory Research.

III. Ideology and Social Science Research III.1 III.2

Alternative approaches : Positive and Normative. Positivism and Normatism; Ideology Meaning and Types. Relevance, Constraints; Influence of Ideological Pre-dilections on the Selection of problem of research and Interpretation of results of investigation; III.3 Scientific Research and objectivity and ideological neutrality. IV. Normativism Vs Positivism and Their Relevance in Social Science Research IV.1 Concepts of normativism and positivism. IV.2 Normativism Types and their implications for research IV.3 Positivism Types and their implications for research V. Structure and Design of Investigation V.1 Selecting research problem and objective(s) of investigation; V.2 Research Design; V.3Preparation of Synopsis: Statement and Explanation of Nature and Importance of Problem of investigation; Objectives of Investigation; Hypotheses; Data or

Information Base-Sources of Data and Sample Design, Sample Size. Models and Methods; Chapter Scheme and References; V.4 Techniques of Referencing and Maintenance of Record of studies; V.5 Review of Literature: Meaning, Functions and Importance, Types and Techniques of Reviewing. Literature. VI. Indicators of Progress of a Scientific Discipline VI.1 Meaning of Indicator. Different Indicators of Scientific Development: Number of Books and Research Papers Published, Number of Practioners/Persons Teaching, Researching, Studying the Subject; VI.2 Movement from Particular to General Theory as an Indicator of Scientific Development. VII. Originality in Social Science Research

VII.1

Originality: Meaning. Discovery, Innovation and Invention: their meanings and implications for originality. Role of Creativity, Intuition, Imagination, Vision/Perception; VII.2 Limitations of Social/Human phenomena and their impact on Social Science Research; VII.3 Methodology and Originality: Originality and Social Science Research with special reference to Management and Economic Science. VIII. Epistemology and Methodology VIII.1 Epistemology Meaning and its relation with Methodology; VIII.2 Methods and Methodology: Concept, Importance and Role in Research Investigation; VIII.3 Method-Meaning, Differences between Methodology and Method; IX. Types of Methods IX.1 IX.2 Scientific Vs Non Scientific Method; Four Basic Methods of Research;

X. Other Methods X.1 Scientific Method and steps involved in scientific method; X.2Methods of Induction and Deduction; X.3 Comparative and Historical Method; X.4 Experimental and Experiential Method; X.5 Observational and Participatory Method; X.6 Case Method of Research and Development of Cases; X.7 Content Analysis. Suggested Readings Burns, Robert B. (2000) Introduction to Research Methods, Sage Publications, N. Delhi. Cooper, Donald R. and Schindler, Pamela R. (1999) Business Research Methods, Tata Mcgraw Hill. Easterly Smith, Mark Thorpe, Richard, Hill and Lowe, Andy (2002) Management Research An Introduction, Sage Publications, N. Delhi. Popper, Karl R. (1968) The Logic of Scientific Discovery, Hutchinson of London. Prakash, S. (2006) Theory and Philosophy of Social Science Research, BIMTECH, Xeroxed. .

Sarvavanavel, P. (2003) Research Methodology, Kitab Mahal, Allahabad. **********

Paper II Parametric Statistics and Theory of Sampling Objective of this paper is to a) sensitize the scholars about the importance of data/ information base of research; b) equip them with skills required for generation of primary data; and c) endow them with knowledge to assess the appropriateness, adequacy and representativeness of the sample and its design. I. Data and Information Base of Research 1.1 Meaning, Nature and Types of Data: Secondary and Primary; Observational; Experimental and Experiential. II. Statistics-Concept and Types

2.1 Descriptive and Inferential, Parametric and Non-Parametric, Stochastic and

Deterministic 2.2 Tools of Descriptive statistics and their applications III. Survey Methods of Data Collection 3.1 Census Survey and Sample Survey; 3.2 Sampling from Primary and Secondary Sources, Nature and Limitations; 3.3 Observation and Experience as Data Base. IV. Sampling: Concept and Types 4.1 Sampling: Need and Concept. Types of Sampling Probability and NonProbability Sampling; 4.2 Random and Simple Random sampling; Stratified and Cluster Sampling: 4.3 Judgmental Sampling and Its Types. V. Steps in Sampling

5.1 Identification of Objective(s) of Investigation;

5.2 Hypotheses and Identification of Data needs; 5.3 Identification of Population; 5.4 Formulation of Questionnaire, Pre-testing and Administration/Management of Questionnaire; 5.5 Editing of Responses; Data Massaging and Data Preparation from Response Sheets; Tabulation and Classification; 5.6 Classification Factors As Analytical Tools. VI. Measurement

6.1 Measurement: Meaning and Approaches. 6.2 Types of Measurement: Ordinal and Cardinal.
6.3 Types of Ordinal Measurement and Approaches. 6.4 Tools of Measurement and Methods of Analysis, VII. Design and Size of Sample 7.1 Sample Design Meaning and Steps in Designing the Sample. 7.2 Factors Affecting Sample Size. 7.3 Procedures of determining sample size. VIII. Theory of Sampling

8.1 Small and Large: Definitions.

8.2 Sampling of Variables and Sampling of Attributes. 8.3 Procedures of Hypothesis Testing - Cardinally and Ordinally Measured Variables. 8.4 Differences of Means/Proportions (Ordinally and Cardinally Measured Variables). 8.5 Application of t, f and z tests. Suggested Readings Allen, R.G.D. (1958) Statistics for Economics, Allen & Unwin, London. Hagood, M.J. and Price D.O., Theory of Sampling, Chapter 4. Hansen, M.H., Hurwiz, W.N and Meadow, W.G., Sample Survey Method and Theory, Vol.II, Chapter I. Kish, Leslie, Survey Sampling. Levin, David M., Krehbiel, Timothy C. and Berenson, Mark L. (2001) Business Statistics A First Course, Pearson Education, Delhi. Mahalanobis, P.C., Experiments in Statistical Sampling, ISI, Calcutta. Peatman, J.G., Descriptive and Sampling Statistics, PP. 9-17, 283-326. Prakash, S. (2006) Theory of Sampling, BIMTECH, Xeroxed. Praksh , S. (1994) Use of Sample Survey For Educational Statistics, UNESCO, Paris. Rosander, A.C. (1965) Elements of Probability and Principles of Statistics, East-West Press, Calcutta. Sukhatme, P.V., and Sukhatme, S. V., Sampling Theory of Survey with Applications; Chapter I, PP. 83-4, 86-7, 93-4, 238-9, 243-417. Yule, G.U and Kendall, M.G., An Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, Chapter 16, 23. **********

Paper III Quantitative Methods of Data Analysis Objective of this paper is to a) familiarize scholars with selected mathematical and statistical techniques/methods of data analysis; b) enable scholars to choose from various mathematical methods/models and/or develop a new model; c) endow scholars with the skill to use and apply these techniques/methods for modeling and/or to analyse problems of research; d) implement the chosen model empirically; and e) develop the ability to interpret empirical results obtained by the candidate in order to go beyond the apparent and mechanistic explanation. Candidates may opt either for Option I or Option II or Option III or Option IV Option - I Mathematical Models and Methods of Management Research I. 1.1 Mathematical model-Concept and Characteristics. Different Types of Mathematical Models-Macro and Micro, General and Partial, Planning and Growth. Computable Models, Nature and Limitations. Linear Algebra 2.1 Elements of Sets, Vectors and Matrices. Matrix : Types, Operations and Inversion. Theory of Positive Matrices-Selected topics. Use of Matrices in i) Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations, ii) Estimation of Regression Equations, and iii) Formulation of Models with Illustrations; iv) Solving problems of theory of games, programming and input output analysis.

II.

III.

Difference Equations 3.1 Linear First and Second Order Homogeneous and Non-Homogeneous Difference Equation and their solutions. Traditional Vs Prakash-Subramanian Method of Solving linear first order difference equations with special reference to empirical applications; 3.2 Difference equations based Empirical Modelling for Scholars familiarization with applications: Harrod and Mahalanobis models, Share Price Determination Model.

IV.

Differential Calculus

4.1 Elements of Differential Calculus: Procedures of Differentiation of simple

functions. Modelling with Illustrations of applications from candidates projects/theses.

4.2 Elementary Input Output Analysis ;

4.3 Theory of Control, Theory of Catastrophy and Theory of Chaos. Option - II Parametric and Stochastic Methods in Management Research

I. Probability-Theory and Applications

1.1 Theory of Probability Classical and Axiomatic Approaches. Basic Theorems

Addition, Multiplication-Conditional and Non-conditional - Markov - Chain Probability Calculus of Mathematical Expectation. II. Curve Fitting and Regression Analysis

2.1 Curves: Concept and Types. Different Methods of Curve Fitting (Linear, Log
Linear, Semi Log Linear and Quadratic) with applications to problems of business and economy. Method of derivation of interpretation of results; 2.2 Bivariate Regression and Correlation Analysis. 2.3 Interrelation between correlation and regression analysis. Why do two regression equations exist for a single data set? 2.4 Multiple and Partial Regression and Correlation Analysis. III. Analysis of Variance and Covariance 3.1 Variance Analysis of One, Two and Three Factor Classification. 3.2 Covariance Analysis; 3.3 Intra-class Correlation and Its uses in Research. Option - III Models of Research in Management Science 1.1 Linear Programming - Basic Concepts, Model Formulation, Duality Theorem and Solution of Problems through simplex and software; 1.2 Multi-criteria Decision Making: AHP, ANP, Goal Programming 1.3 Data Envelopment Analysis 1.4 Quality Control, Theory of Waiting and Queing; 1.5 Theory of Games: Two Person Zero and Constant Sum Games; 1.6 Fuzzy Programming and its applications; 1.7 Mathematical Programming 1.8 Sensitivity Analysis 1.9 Kuhn-Tucker Conditions of Existence and Uniqueness of Solution Suggested Readings 1. Introduction to Operations research by H A Taha 2. Data Envelopment Analysis by Cooper, Seiford and Tone 3. Fuzzy Set Theory with Applications to Operations Research by U Zimmerman Option - IV Econometric Methods in Management Research I. Definition and Nature

1.1 Single Equation Models and Simultaneous Equation Models.

1.2 Structural and Reduced form equations 1.3 Identification and Simultaneous Equation Models. II. Estimation 2.1 OLS and Its Assumptions; Consequences of violation of Assumptions of OLS Autocorrelation, Hetroscedasticity and Multicollinearity. 2.2 Data Base and Problems of estimation-Cross Section and Time Series Data Base. 2.3 Detection/Tests of the Problems of Estimation and their Remedies. 2.4 Two Stage and Indirect Least Squares methods of estimation.

III. Applications of Econometric Models to Business and Economy Suggested Readings Cramer, J.S. (1973) Applied Econometrics, North Holland. Grant, Eugenel L. (1948) Statistical Quality Control, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. Hadley, G. (1962) Linear Programming, Oxford & IBH, Delhi. Keane, Edward ( ) Elementary Statistics and Econometrics. Kenny, J.F. and Keeping, E.S. (1963) Mathematics for Statistics, part I and part II, East-West Press. Levine, David M., Krehbiel Hill, Timothy, C. and Berenson, Mark L. (2001) Business Statistics A First Course, Pearson Education, Delhi. Prakash, S. (2003) Reading Modules. Rosander, A.C. (1965) Elements of Probability and Principles of Statistics, East-West Press, Calcutta Weatherburn, C.E.A. (1946) A First Course in Mathematical Statistics, Cambridge. Yule, G.U. and Kendall, M.G. (1954): An Introduction to the Theory of Statistics. Koutsoyiannis, A. (1972) Theory of Economics, Macmillan Education Ltd., London. *********

Paper IV Any one of the following options may be chosen: Either Option I: Non Parametric Methods of Research in Management, or Option II: Methods and Models of HRP and HRM Macro and Micro, or Option III: Methods and Models of Marketing Research, or Option IV: Methods and Models of Research in Finance Option I Non- Parametric Methods of Research in Management Objective of the paper is to equip scholars with skills, required for analyzing cases, involving qualitative aspects of business and economy on the one hand, and evaluate the level and pattern of interrelations among important attributes or qualitative variables attributes on the other. Section (A) is compulsory for all. Candidate may choose either (B) or (C) in Combination with (A) Section (A)

I. Setting up Statistical Models

1.1 Parametric and Non Parametric Statistics 1.2 Parametric Vs Nonparametric Statistical Tests, Assumptions and Limitations; 1.3 Ratios and Proportions as Tools of Analysis. Common Errors in the use of Ratios and Proportions as the Base of Analysis. II. One-Sample Case

2.1 The Binomial Theorem : Statement and Binomial Test; 2.2 2 Test;
2.3 Randomization of Matched Pairs and their Test. 2.4 Run Test. Section (B) I. Inter Relations Between Qualitative Variables

1.1 Theory of Attributes and

Association: Two by Two Table; Contingency Table. Yules Coefficient of Association and Coefficient of Contingency. F and Z Tests. 1.2 Spearmans Rank Correlation Coefficient: -Tied and Untied Ranks; 1.3 Kendalls Rank Correlation Coefficient: ; 1.4 Kendalls Multiple and Partial Rank Correlation Coefficient: xy.z , y.xz and z.xy. 1.5 Kendalls Coefficient of Concordance; W. II. Interrelations and Two Samples 2.1 Sign Test; 2.2 Wilcoxon Matched-pairs Signed-Rank Test; III. Multi-Variate Analysis 3.1 Qualitative Variables 3.2 Median Test; 3.3 Mann-Whitney U Test; 3.4 Testing Significance of Changes - McNemar Test.

Section (C) I. Two Independent Samples 1.1 Fishers Exact Probability Test; 1.2 2 Test for Two Independent Samples; 1.3 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Two Sample Test; 1.4 Moses Test of Extreme Reactions; and 1.5 Randomization Test for Two Independent Samples. 1.6 Component/ Factor Analysis-Kendall, Prakash et al. II. Cardinally Measured Variables 2.1 Principal Compound Analysis. Option II Methods and Models of HRP and HRM Macro and Micro, Detailed course outlines shall be provided in the class b y the teacher concerned. Option III Methods and Models of Marketing Research, Detailed course outlines shall be provided in the class b y the teacher concerned. Option IV Methods and Models of Research in Finance Detailed course outlines shall be provided in the class b y the teacher concerned. Suggested Readings for Option I Kendall, M. G. (1962) Multivariate Stastical Analysis, Charles Griffin, London. Keeping, E. S. (1967) Statistical Inference, East West Press. Prakash, Shri (1996) Quality of Education National Status Paper on Achievements and Methodological Thrusts, UNESCO, Regional office, Bangkok. Prakash, Shri (2006) Non-Parametric Statistical Analysis, BIMTECH, Xerox Siegel, Sidney (1973) Non Parametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, McGraw-Hill. **********

Paper - V Recent Advances in Theory & Practice of Management/Economics/Commerce Objective of this paper is to facilitate the familiarization of the candidates with the recent advances in theory of the discipline/ subject of their Ph. D. degree, specially with reference to the advances in the specific area/field/topic of research of an individual candidate. Each candidate shall be expected to prepare an exhaustive seminar paper with a view to review literature in the concerned field. The seminar paper may be incorporated in the thesis as a part of chapter on Review of Literature. Besides the guide, one faculty member may be designated to guide the candidate in preparing the seminar paper. The candidate may also seek help of any faculty member of BIMTECH for the paper. Each candidate shall focus on the survey of theoretical advances and contemporary practices in the subject in which he/she is registered for Ph. D.. The findings will be presented in a seminar before the members of the Doctoral Committee. The Performance in the Seminar shall be evaluated by the guide, chairman of the department and Chairman and Secretary of the Doctoral Committee. A weight of 70 per cent shall be assigned to the written part of the paper, to be evaluated by the guide and an external examiner, 30 per cent weight shall be allotted to the presentation before the committee. Paper - VI Quantitative and Non-Quantitative Modeling of Business/ Economy The following areas are provisionally included: Mathematical Programming and Optimization Techniques. Linear, Non-linear, Integer and Quadratic Programming. Input-Output Analysis. Theory of Games. Theory of Ques and Waiting. Quality Control. Theory of Choice-Collective/Individual. Modelling-Different Types. Goal Programming, Fuzzy Programming and its applications, Data envelopment analysis, Theory of Control, Theory of Catastrophe and Theory of Chaos Each candidate is expected to choose 3 subjects from the above list in consultation with the guide in order to develop the model for his/her own research. A seminar paper is to be prepared by the candidate and presented before the committee. Same composition as for seminar paper V and same pattern of evaluation. Doctoral Committee will identify faculty members to help the candidates in locating the material in the chosen area of learning.

Projects Candidates are expected to undertake two projects. The projects have to be based on data generated for investigation of the problem for Ph.D dissertation. In each of these projects, the candidates are expected to use at least three techniques/methods of data analysis. The project will be evaluated jointly by an external examiner and the internal guide. Each project will carry 100 marks. Whereas 70 marks will be assigned to the written project report, 30 marks shall be allotted to viva-voce examination. Candidates will have to obtain at least 60 per cent of aggregate marks assigned to each course/ paper and project work, whereas a minimum of 55 per cent marks in each part of the program shall have to be obtained for qualifying for the award of the Diploma. No candidate shall be allowed to submit the thesis without the completion of the entire course work prescribed for Pre-Ph. D. program. Those candidates, who have completed M. Phil/M. Litt. degree of a recognized university may be exempted from this. Progress Report Quarterly progress report of the work done by each candidate has to be submitted to the University by the guide through the chairman/secretary of the research degree committee. This is mandatory as per rules of the University.