Types of Tenses 1. Present tense: i. ii. iii. iv. 2.

Simple present tense plays/play Present perfect tense has played Present continuous tense is playing Present perfect continuous tense has been playing Simple past tense played Past perfect tense had played Past continuous tense was/were playing Past perfect continuous tense had been playing Simple future tense will play Future perfect tense will have played Future continuous tense will be playing Future perfect continuous tense will have been playing

Past tense: i. ii. iii. iv.

3.

Future tense: i. ii. iii. iv.

Types of Phrases 1. Noun phrase: i. ii. 2. (determiner) + (adjective phrase) + noun Example His handsome younger brother...

Verb phrase: i. ii. verb + (noun phrase) example ...hugged the baby.

3.

Adjective phrase: i. ii. (adverb phrase) + adjective Example ...extremely hot.

4.

Adverb phrase: i. ii. (adverb of degree) + adverb Example ...very fast.

5.

Prepositional phrase i. ii. preposition + noun phrase Example ...along the roadside.

6.

Difference between adjective phrase and adverb phrase: i. Phrase 1 The weather is extremely hot. adjective phrase ii. The weather... is a noun phrase ...extremely hot. explains the weather Therefore, ...extremely hot. is an adjective phrase Adjective phrase explains noun phrase ...runs... is a verb phrase ...very fast. explains the way the dog runs Therefore, ...very fast. is an adverb phrase Adverb phrase explains verb phrase

Phrase 2 The dog runs very fast. adverb phrase

TAKE NOTE! Phrase A highly entertaining film. The whole phrase is a noun phrase for it starts with an article A... although ...highly entertaining... is an adjective phrase.

Types of Clauses 1. Noun clause: i. 2. A clause that is being described

Adjectival/relative clause: i. A clause that describes noun

3.

Adverbial clause: i. Consists of adverbs

Types of Sentences 1. Simple sentence: i. ii. 2. Only 1 finite verb 1 clause

Compound sentence: i. 2 finite verbs

ii. iii. 3.

2 clauses that can stand on their own Combined by using the coordinating conjunctions

Complex sentence: i. ii. iii. Consists of finite and non finite verbs 2 clauses, 1 independent clause and 1 dependent clause Combined by using subordinating conjunctions

Sentence patterns 1. There are 7 patterns of sentences: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. 2. SV = subject + verb SVO = subject + verb + object SVC = subject + verb + complement SVA = subject + verb + adverb SVOO = subject + verb + indirect object + direct object SVOC = subject + verb + object + complement SVOA = subject + verb + object + adverb

Differences between complement and adverb: Complement o Either an adjective or a noun o Examples: She / appears / very pretty. SVC (adjective) We / made / him / our class monitor. SVOC (noun) Adverb o Starts with a preposition or an adverb itself o Examples: He / swims / across the river. SVA (preposition) He / could speak / English / very proficiently. SVOA (adverb)

3.

Differences between SVO/SVOO and SVC/SVOC: SVO/SVOO o She / kicked / the ball. SVO o My / mummy / bakes / us / cakes. SVOO SVC/SVOC o She / is / a teacher. SVC o We / made / him / our class monitor. SVOC

Reported Speech 1. The rules: i. ii. iii. Direct speech past tense indirect speech past tense Direct speech present tense indirect speech present tense Examples: Direct speech I am trying to get a taxi, said Peter. Indirect speech Peter said that he was trying to get a taxi. Direct speech I am trying to get a taxi, says Peter. Indirect speech Peter says that he is trying to get a taxi. iv. v. vi. vii. Changes in pronoun I she/he Changes in place here there Changes in time today that day, tomorrow the next day, etc. Changes in noun this that, these those

Direct Speech Tomorrow Yesterday Here This This morning Today Tonight Next/on Tuesday Last Tuesday The day after tomorrow Ago

Reported Speech The next day/the following day The day before There That That morning That day That night The following Tuesday The previous Tuesday In two days time Before/previously

Active and Passive Voice 1. The rules: i. ii. Maintain the tenses (present tense remains present tense) Maintain the place and time

iii.

Interchange the position of the subject and the predicate

TAKE NOTE! Whenever the verb ends with ing in active voice, add in being in the passive voice was preparing (active voice) was being prepared (passive voice)