AC (Alternating Current)

An electric current that reverses directions at regularly occurring intervals.

AMP (Ampere)
A unit of flow of electrical current.
OHM'S LAW:

For three phase A.C. circuits

Armature
The rotating part of a motor or the moving part of a contactor or relay.
Bimetal
Two dissimilar types of metal fastened together, when heated they bend which can open or close a circuit.
Bleed Gas
A small flow of gas that assists a diaphragm of a bleed gas valve to operate.
Boiler Horsepower
One boiler horsepower equals 33,475 BTU/HR
Booster
An electric, gas or steam hot water booster for a commercial dishwasher that will supply 180F minimum rinse
water.
Formula to size an electric booster.
G.P.H. / 10 = KW based on 40F temperature rise.
BTU (British Thermal Unit)
The heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.
One BTU per minute = 17.58 watts
Bypass
A small passageway machined in a valve to allow gas or water to bypass around a closed valve
Capacitor
An electrical device to store electrical energy, block the flow of dc current, and to act as a conductor of AC current.
Capillary
A hollow tube used to allow a liquid or gas to flow in a temperature control.
Centigrade Temperature
Metric system scale, 0 degrees being the freezing point and 100 degrees being the boiling point of water. Degrees
centigrade =.555 (degrees Fahrenheit -32)
CENT. FAHR.
-50
-58
-45
-49
-40
-40
-35
-31
-30
-22
-25
-13
-20
-4
-15
5
-10
14

CENT. FAHR.
50
122
55
131
60
140
65
149
70
158
75
167
80
176
85
185
90
194

CENT. FAHR.
150
302
155
311
160
320
165
329
170
338
175
347
180
356
185
365
190
374

CENT. FAHR.
250
482
255
491
260
500
265
509
270
518
275
527
280
536
285
545
290
554

CENT. FAHR.
350
662
355
671
360
680
365
689
370
698
375
707
380
716
385
725
390
734

-5
23
95
203
195
0
32
100
212
200
5
41
105
221
205
10
50
110
230
210
15
59
115
239
215
20
68
120
248
220
25
77
125
257
225
30
86
130
266
230
35
95
135
275
235
40
104
140
284
240
45
113
145
293
245
CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute)
Measurement of air volume by an air handling device.

383
392
401
410
419
428
437
446
455
464
473

295
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
335
340
345

563
572
581
590
599
608
617
626
635
644
653

395
400
405
410
415
420
425
430
435
440
445

743
752
761
770
779
788
797
806
815
824
833

Combination Gas Valve

A control valve that consists of some or all of the following: manual valve, automatic safety shutoff, main actuator
valve, pressure regulator and pilot adjuster.
Contactor
An electromagnetic actuated relay used to close an electrical circuit
Continuity
A continuous path for the flow of electricity.
Current
The flow of electricity, measured in amperes.
D.C.(Direct Current)
A steady flow of electrical current in one direction only.
Diastat
Part of a thermostat consisting of a sensing bulb, hollow capillary tube and a bellows. This sealed system is filled with
a fluid which expands when heated to actuate electrical contacts.
Differential
The difference between the on and off temperatures of an operating thermostat.
Direct Spark Ignition
Two high voltage electrodes create a continuous spark to ignite a main burner.
Disposer
Master disposer replacement work sheet.

D.P. (Double Pole)

A switch device that opens or closes connections in two conductors of the same circuit.
D.P.D.T (Double Pole, Double Throw)

A switch that opens or closes connections alternately in two conductors of the same circuit.D.P.S.T. (Double Pole,
Single Throw)

A switch that opens or closes connections at one position in two conductors of the same circuit.
ECO
Energy Cut-Off Device

Fahrenheit
Temperature scale, 32F being the freezing point and 212 F being the boiling point of water.
Degrees Fahrenheit = (1.8 x Centigrade) + 32
CENT. FAHR.
-50
-58
-45
-49
-40
-40
-35
-31
-30
-22
-25
-13
-20
-4
-15
5
-10
14
-5
23
0
32
5
41
10
50
15
59
20
68
25
77
30
86
35
95
40
104
45
113

CENT. FAHR.
50
122
55
131
60
140
65
149
70
158
75
167
80
176
85
185
90
194
95
203
100
212
105
221
110
230
115
239
120
248
125
257
130
266
135
275
140
284
145
293

CENT. FAHR.
150
302
155
311
160
320
165
329
170
338
175
347
180
356
185
365
190
374
195
383
200
392
205
401
210
410
215
419
220
428
225
437
230
446
235
455
240
464
245
473

CENT. FAHR.
250
482
255
491
260
500
265
509
270
518
275
527
280
536
285
545
290
554
295
563
300
572
305
581
310
590
315
599
320
608
325
617
330
626
335
635
340
644
345
653

CENT. FAHR.
350
662
355
671
360
680
365
689
370
698
375
707
380
716
385
725
390
734
395
743
400
752
405
761
410
770
415
779
420
788
425
797
430
806
435
815
440
824
445
833

Field Coil
A coil of insulated wire wrapped around an iron core. When electric current flows through the coil, a magnetic field is
produced. Used in motors in conjunction with an armature.
Gas Orifice Capacity Chart (BTU Ratings)
No.
--80
79
1/64
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
1/32
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59

Size
--.0135
.0145
.0156
.0160
.0180
.0200
.0210
.0225
.0240
.0250
.0260
.0280
.0292
.0310
.0313
.0320
.0330
.0350
.0360
.0370
.0380
.0390
.0400
.0410

<--3.0
428
494
572
602
762
940
1037
1190
1354
1469
1589
1843
2004
2259
2303
2407
2560
2880
3046
3218
3394
3575
3761
3951

3.5
463
534
618
650
823
1016
1120
1285
1462
1587
1716
1991
2165
2440
2487
2600
2765
3110
3291
3476
3666
3862
4062
4268

NATURAL
4.0
495
571
661
695
879
1086
1197
1374
1563
1696
1835
2128
2314
2608
2659
2779
2956
2235
3518
3716
3919
4128
4343
4563

4.5
525
605
701
737
933
1152
1270
1457
1658
1799
1946
2257
2455
2767
2820
2948
3135
3527
3731
3941
4157
4379
4606
4840

--->
7.0
654
755
874
919
1163
1436
1583
1818
2068
2244
2427
2815
3062
3451
3518
3677
3910
4399
4654
4916
5185
5461
5745
6036

<LP>
11.0
1273
1469
1700
1788
2263
2794
3081
3536
4024
4366
4722
5476
5956
6713
6843
7153
7607
8557
9053
9563
10087
10625
11176
11742

58 .0420
57 .0430
56 .0465
3/64 .0469
55 .0520
54 .0550
53 .0595
1/16 .0625
52 .0635
51 .0670
50 .0700
49 .0730
48 .0760
5/64 .0781
47 .0785
46 .0810
45 .0820
44 .0860
43 .0890
42 .0935
3/32 .0938
41 .0960
40 .0980
No.
Size
--- ---
39 .0995
38 .1015
37 .1040
36 .1065
7/64 .1094
35 .1100
34 .1110
33 .1130
32 .1160
31 .1200
1/8 .1250
30 .1285
29 .1360
28 .1405
9/64 .1406
27 .1440
26 .1470
25 .1495
24 .1520
23 .1540
5/32 .1563
22 .1570
21 .1590
20 .1610
19 .1660
18 .1695
11/64 .1719

4147
4346
5083
5171
6356
7111
8322
9182
9478
10552
11518
12527
13577
14338
14485
15423
15806
17385
18620
20550
20682
21664
22576
<--3.0
23272
24217
25425
26662
28133
28443
28962
30015
31630
33849
36729
38815
43478
46402
46469
48743
50795
52538
54309
57748
57426
57941
59427
60931
64775
67535
69461

4479
4695
5490
5585
6865
7680
8989
9918
10238
11398
12441
13530
14665
15487
15646
16658
17072
18778
20111
22197
22339
23399
24384

3.5
25137
26157
27462
28798
30388
30722
31283
32420
34165
36562
39672
41924
46961
50120
50192
52649
54865
56747
58661
60215
62027
62584
64188
65813
69965
72946
75026

4788 5078 6334

5019 5323 6639
5869 6225 7764
5970 6333 7898
7339 7785 9709
8211 8709 10862
9609 10192 12712
10603 11246 14026
10945 11609 14479
12184 12924 16119
13300 14107 17594
14464 15342 19135
15678 16629 20740
16556 17560 21902
16726 17741 22127
17809 18889 235558
18251 19358 24144
20075 21293 26557
21500 22804 28442
23729 25168 31391
23882 25330 31592
25015 26532 33092
26068 27649 34485
NATURAL
--->
4.0
4.5

7.0
26872 28502 35549
27963 29660 36992
29358 31139 38837
30786 32654 40726
32486 34456 42975
32843 34835 43447
33443 35472 44241
34659 36761 45849
36524 38739 48316
39068 41457 51706
42411 44984 56104
44819 47538 59290
50204 53249 66413
53581 56831 70881
53657 56912 70982
56284 59698 74456
58653 62211 77591
60665 64345 80253
62711 66515 82959
64372 68277 85157
66309 70332 87719
66905 70963 88507
68620 72783 90776
70357 74625 93074
74795 79332 98945
77982 82713 103161
80206 85072 106103

12322
12916
15104
15365
18888
21131
24730
27286
28167
31357
34228
37225
40347
42608
43045
45831
46969
51663
55331
61067
61460
64377
67087
<LP>
11.0
69156
71964
75553
79229
83603
84522
86066
89195
93994
100588
109145
115343
129200
127992
138088
144847
150946
156123
161389
165664
170649
172181
176596
181066
192487
200690
206413

17
16
15
14
13
3/16
12
11
10
9
8

.1730
.1770
.1800
.1820
.1850
.1875
.1890
.1910
.1935
.1960

70353
73644
76161
77863
80451
82640
83968
85754
88014
90303

75990
79544
82263
84102
86897
89261
90695
92625
95066
97538

81236
85036
87943
89908
92897
95425
96957
99020
101629
104272

86164
90195
93278
95362
98532
101213
102839
105027
107794
110598

107465
112492
116338
118938
122891
126235
128263
130992
134443
137940

209063
218843
226324
231381
239072
245577
249522
254831
261546
268348

.1990 93088 100547 107489 114009 142194 276625

7
13/64
6
5
4
3
7/32
2
1

.2010
.2031
.2040
.2055
.2090
.2130
.2188
.2210
.2280

94969
96963
97825
99269
102679
106647
112534
114808
122196

102578
104732
105663
107222
110906
115192
121550
124007
131987

109660
111964
112958
114626
118563
123145
129943
132569
141100

116312
118755
119810
121579
125755
130615
137825
140611
149659

145067
148114
149430
151635
156844
162906
171898
175372
186658

282213
288141
290701
294991
305125
316916
334411
341169
363124

Please click here for chart.

Glow Coil
A coil of fine wire which when heated by an electrical current glows and is used to light a pilot flame.
GPH (Gallons Per Hour)
The measurement of the flow of a volume of liquid. To convert GPH to GPM divide by 60.
GPM
Gallons Per Minute
Hot Surface Ignition
A resistive element is used to heat and ignite a gas burner.
Hp (horsepower)
One horsepower = 2544 B.T.U. per HR.
One horsepower = 745.2 watts
Horsepower to Kilowatt Chart
Horsepower =

KW

3
5
7.5
10
15
20
25

3
5
7
9.5
12.5
15.5
18

HZ (Hertz)
Frequency of ac power in cycles per second. Usually 60 HZ in USA and 50 HZ overseas.
ID
Internal Diameter
Inches of Water Column
A measurement of gas pressure, one inch of water column equals 0.036 psi. 28 inches of water column equals 1 psi.
Infrared Burner
Heat is produced by a glowing burner surface which radiates infrared energy.
Intermittent Pilot Ignition
Pilot flame ignites only when main gas burner is to be ignited.

IPS
Iron Pipe Size
Jet Burner
A burner in which gas and air mixtures combine in air above the burner ports to burn.
KPA (Kilopascal)
Metric pressure measurement.
kW (Kilowatt)
One kW equals 1,000 watts.
kWh (Kilowatt Hour)
The amount of energy one kilowatt produces in one hour. One kilowatt hour = 3412 Btu Per hour.
Line Voltage
The voltage level of the main power supply.
Load
Electrical power consumed by components of an electrical circuit.
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
Referred to as propane.
Manometer
Instrument for the measure of gas pressure in inches of water column.
Milliamp
1 /1000 of an ampere.
Millivolt
1 /1000 of a volt
Mini-Pilot
A thermocouple and pilot combines in one device.
Natural Gas
Gas extracted from the earth.
N.C.
Normally Closed

A switch or other device which is in the closed position when not energized or activated.
N.O.
Normally Open

A switch or other device which is in the open position when not energized or activated.
NPT
National Pipe Taper
OD
Outside Diameter
OHM
The resistance which will allow one ampere of current to flow when the voltage is one Volt.
Ohm's Law
Equations of relationship of voltage, current, and resistance.
OHM'S LAW:

Equations of Relationships of Voltage, Current and Resistance

Common Equations Derived from OHM'S LAW:
REMEMBER:

I = AMPS: Measures Current

E = VOLTS: Measures Electrical Force
R = OHMS: Measures Resistance to Electric Current
W = WATTS: Electric Power or Heat Energy

If elements are designed for 3-PHASE DELTA connection, wattage output

may be reduced to 1/3 by reconnecting to 3-PHASE WYE
FOR CURRENT IN 3-PHASE CIRCUITS

FOR RESISTANCE IN 3-PHASE CIRCUIT

(ACROSS ANY TWO TERMINALS0
Ohm's Law Calculation Examples

Open Circuit
An electrical circuit through which a current can not flow because of an open switch or other break in the wiring.
Parallel Circuit
An electrical circuit in which more than one path is provided for the current flow.
Pilot Safety Valve
A valve of which closes when pilot flame does not exist, valve automatically stops the flow of gas to the pilot and main
burners.
Pipe Sizes
Dimensions of standard pipe.
Nominal
Pipe Size

Threads
per Inch

Inside
Diameter Inches

Outside
Diameter Inches

1/8"
1/4"
3/8"
1/2"
3/4"
1"
1-1/4"
1-1/2"
2"
2-1/2"

27
18
18
14
14
11-1/2
11-1/2
11-1/2
11-1/2
8

.269
.364
.493
.622
.824
1.049
1.380
1.610
2.067
2.469

.405
.540
.675
.840
1.050
1.315
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875

Pressure Drop
The decrease in gas pressure as gas passes through a control or piping.
Primary Side of Transformer
The high voltage side of a step-down transformer.

PRV (Pressure Reducing Valve)

A mechanical valve that reduces the incoming pressure of air, water or steam to a Lower set pressure.
PSI
Pounds Per Square Inch
PSIG
Pounds Per Square Inch Gauge
Relay
An electromagnet device used in a control circuit to provide electric current to a valve or switch. Referred to as a start
relay when used for a motor.
Resistor
A device to limit the current flow in a circuit.
Rheostat
A type of resistor where the resistance can be adjusted to various levels.
Safety Pilot Valve
See pilot safety valve.
Secondary Transformer Winding
Low voltage side of a step down transformer.
Series Circuit
An electrical circuit in which only one continuous path is provided for the flow of current, so that the current flows
through all components in the circuit.
Solenoid
A wire wound coil that creates a magnetic field when energized.
Solenoid Valve
A valve operated by a solenoid coil.
Solid-state
Semiconductor type switching device with no moving parts to control an electrical circuit.
S.P. (Single Pole)

A switch device that opens or closes connections in a single conductor.

S.P.D.T.
Single Pole, Double Throw

A switch that opens or closes connections alternately in two conductors of the same circuit.
S.P.S.T.
Single Pole, Single Throw

A switch that opens or closes connections at one position in a circuit.

Standing Pilot
Pilot flame remains lit whether main burner is off or on.
Steam Temperature/Pressure Table
Gauge Pressure P.S.I.G.
0
2

Temperature Fahrenheit
212
218.5

4
6
8
10
15
25
30
40
50

224.4
229.8
234.6
239
249.7
266.8
274
286.7
297.7

Therm
100,000 BTU's
Thermal Overload Protector
A device which trips an internal switch to interrupt electrical current to protect against an over current
condition.
Thermocouple
A device containing two different metals which produces a small amount of DC voltage when heated.
Operates a pilot safety valve.
Thermopile
A group of thermocouples contained in one unit, when heated by a pilot flame millivolts are generated to
energize a pilot safety valve or power a millivolt operated control.
Thermostat
An automatic device actuated by temperature changes to control a preset operating temperature.
Transformer
A device for changing one voltage to another voltage.
Tubing Sizes
Type K and L Copper Water Tubing
Nominal Size Inches

Actual Outside Diameter Inches

1/4
3/8

3/8
1/2

1/2

5/8

3/4
1
1-1/4

7/8
1-1/8
1-3/8

1-1/2

1-5/8

2-1/8

Two-Stage Pilot
A pilot ignition system that uses a small standing pilot flame to light a larger pilot.
Vac
Volts Of Alternating Current
Vacuum
A pressure lower than atmospheric pressure.
VDC
Volts Of Direct Current
Venturi
A piece of pipe that attaches to a burner. Because it narrows down then flares out it Increases gas velocity to
create a negative pressure for combustion.
Volt
One volt will produce a flow of one ampere through a one OHM resistance.
OHM'S LAW

VOLTS = AMPERAGE x OHMS

Voltage
The force of electric current through a circuit.
Water
One gallon of water = 8.34 lbs.
One Cubic Foot of Water = 62.4lbs.
One Cubic Foot of Water = 7.38 gallons.
One gallon of water = 231 cubic inches.
One BTU = The quantity of heat to raise the temperature of one pound of
water 1degree between 32degrees and 212degrees F
Kilowatt Heating Guide
Amount of Liquid
Cubic
Feet

Gallons

.66

Temperature Rise, F
Kilowatts to heat in one hour
20

60

100

140

170

0.3

0.8

1.6

2.7

2.9

1.3

10

0.5

1.6

3.2

5.3

5.8

2.7

20

1.1

3.2

6.0

9.5

11.5

3.3

25

1.3

4.0

7.5

12.0

14.5

6.7

50

2.7

8.0

15.0

24.0

29.0

13.4

100

5.5

16.0

30.0

48.0

57.5

20.0

150

8.0

24.0

45.0

72.0

86.5

26.7

200

11.0

32.0

60.0

95.0

115.0

Gas Burner Approximate BTU/HR Heating Guide

Gallons
1-3
3-4

BTU/HR
5,000
7,000

3-5

8,000

5-8
8-16
8-40

12,000
20,000
30,000

Watt
A measurement of electrical power. Rate at which one volt can push one ampere through an electrical circuit
One watt =.0569 BTU per minute
Approximate Percent Rated Watts When Reduced Voltage Is Applied:
120 Volt Heater On 115 Volt = 92%
120 Volt Heater On 110 Volt = 84%
120 Volt Heater On 105 Volt = 77%
240 Volt Heater On 220 Volt = 84%

240 Volt Heater On 208 Volt = 75%

240 Volt Heater On 120 Volt = 25%
480 Volt Heater On 440 Volt = 84%
OHM'S LAW

WATTS = AMPERAGE x OHMS

WATTS = VOLTS x AMPERAGE
W.C.
Water Column