What Effects Do Moving Objects Have on Societyand the Environment?

KEYCONCEPTS
you After completing chapter will this beable to position, . explain distance, how and displacement are different . explain speed, how velocity, and acceleration are different . explain vectors scalars how and are different o add subtract and vectors using scale diagrams algebraic and methods r obtain motion information from position-time, velocity-time, and graphs acceleration-time uniform velocity and ',e solv problems ,':, uniform acceleration ,,,0sing algebraic methods ar ,"describe theacceleration how to dUe gravity affects motion the ofobjecls tothesurJace close of Earth . assesS,ltg,]imnact onsociety and environment the ofa technologyapplies that concepts related kinematics to

Automobiles have been made in North America for over 100 years.As technology has advanced, automobile designs have changed substantially. For example, a 1909 Ford Model T could travel at a maximum speed of approximately 70 km/h. This was considered a frightening speed at the time. Over time, vehicleshavebecome faster.Today,manycars can reach speedsof 200 km/h or more, much higher than the speedlimits on any Canadian roads. Scientists and engineers continue to develop a deeper understanding of motion and the factors that affect it. This knowledge, coupled with technological advances, has enabled them to produce extremely fast experimental land vehicles.The ThrustSSC(SuperSonicCar) reached an astounding speed of 1228 km/h. This extraordinary British-built vehicle was driven by a Royal Air Force pilot and powered by two jet engines. The team that built the ThrustSSC and other competing groups are now attempting to build even faster vehicles. Although we benefit greatly from motor vehicles that transport huge amounts of goods daily and make travel much easier, we now realize that burning large amounts of fossil fuels has a negative impact on our environment. Fuel consumption for the ThrustSSC was a mind-boggling 55 L of gasoline per kilometre. In comparison, the passengervehiclesyou seeon the street consume about 0.07 L/km. Many researchershave turned their attention to producing practical vehicles with a lower environmental impact. Studentsat the University of Waterloo are moving the technology of passenger vehicles away from fossil fuels altogether. They have designed and constructed a series of solar vehicles called Midnight Sun, which have reached speeds of 117 km/h. The team captured the world record for the longest journeyby a solar-powered car. Faster,more efficient vehicles are an important part of the future of transportation in Canada. Today's students are tomorrow's scientists and engineers. With a sound understanding of the physics of motion, we can improve today's transportation and environmental technologies to help protect our planet.

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questions your Answer following the using current knowledge.3. How themotion have capabilities ofautomobiles You have chancerevisit questions applying will a to these later, changed thepast over century? concepts skills thechapter. from and 4. How have in changestechnologiesapply that 1. Give examples three 0fscientific language can that be concepts motion about affected society the and used describe motion objects. t0 the of environment? 2. Explain graphs provide how can information the about motion anobject. of

The Effectof Gravityon the Motion of Objects Skills: Predicting, Performing, Analyzing Observing, *dbb'oi A2.'l

you Inthis activity, willinvestigate mass shape how and 4. Repeat 3 with sphere a flatsheet paper. Step one and of change effect gravity themotion objects the of on of falling your Record observatrons. through air. the 5. Crumple piece paper inStep into ball the of used 4 a of Equipment Materials;spherical and 2 objects different of approximately thesame asone thespheres. size of mass; sheet paper 1 of 6. Repeat 3 with crumpted balt the Step paper and the 1. Pick the spheres identify isheavier. up two and which your sphere. Record observations. 2. Predict sphere reach floor if you which wilt the first your A. Did observations 3 support prediction inStep the release ofthem both simultaneously same from the you made Step lf not, in provide 2? reasons the why your height. Record prediction explain reasoning. prediction notsupported. your and ,:rir:' was 3. Hold twospheresarm's the at length your from body at B. Did mass each the of sphere Step affect time in 3 the it thesame height. Release twospheres. the Recoro Vour took spheresreach floor? the to the .:,:rr: observations. @ C. Compare contrast observations 3 with your and forStep Use caution dropping spheres.not when those Steo :::,;, the for 4. Do drop them your 0r near near feet pick other students, upthe D. Compare contrast observations 3 with and your forStep spheres the from floor immediatelv. those Step r''r., for 6.

Distance, Positiofl, andDisplacement

You seeand interactwith moving objectseveryday.Whether you are racing down a ski hill or running for a schoolbus, motion is part of your everyday life. Long jump athletesare rrery awareof distance,position, and displacement. Long jumpers run down a stretchof track to a foul line and then jump asfar aspossibleinto a sandpit (Figurel). Theirgoalis to increase distance their jumps.To do this,theyfocus the of long jumpers masterthis goal by strength,and technique.Successful on their speed, the physicsof motion. applying

Units SlMetric (le The system Systdme Sl base international provides d'unit6s) for fundamental units measuring physical quantities. Examples of base (m) units metres fordistance are (s) and seconds and displacement quantities physical fortime. Some use derived that defined units are interms a combination of ofbase unit units. examolea derived An of per (m/s), is ismetres second which the unit speed velocity. Sl for and

jumps. jumpers of distance their to the attempt maximize horizontal Figure Long 1

Describingthe Motion of Obiects

of kinematicsthestudy motion location in motiona change anobject's observer by as measured a particular (d) of distance thetotallength thepath anobject motion in travelled by the moves along direction lineanobject point froma particular starting

Many of branches engineering To of useprinciples kinematics. learn more about becoming an engrneer,
G O T O N E L S O N S CIENCE

To understandthe motion of objects,we must first be able to describemotion. motion. You arelikely use Physicists a number of specificterms and units to describe and units. familiar with many of theseterms to is Kinematics the term usedby physicistsand engineers describethe study of is how objectsmove.!\4rat exactlyis motion? Motion a changein the location of an in Distance, physicsterms,meansthe total length by object,asmeasured an observer. of the path travelledby an object in motion. The SI metric baseunit for distanceis motion, imaginethat the metre (m). To help you understandthe terms that describe you are at your home in Figure 2.You are at the location marked "0 m'" If you walk of directlyfrom hometo your schoolin a straightline,you will travela distance 500m. will travel an If you walk from your schoolto the library and then return home,you of additionaldistance 700m f 1200m : 1900*. (F If your friend wants to know how to get to the library from your horne,telling him to walk for 1200m is not very helpful You alsoneedto tell your friend which is direction to go. Direction the line an object movesalongfrom a particular starting points (north, in on or point, expressed degrees a compass in termsof the compass as up, down, left, right, forwest,east,and south). Directions can alsobe expressed afterthe distance(or in Directionsareoften expressed brackets ward,and backwards. other value).For example,500 m [E] indicatesthat the object is 500 m to the east'

Chaoter1 . Motionin a StraiqhtLine

Directionis importantwhendescribing motion. If the schoolin Figure2 is your starting point, the library is in a differentdireciion from your schoolthariyour home is. If the library is your startingpoint, then your school and home arein the samedirection.

W+-r

Figure Distance direction a 2 and alonq straight line

Scalarand Vectoreuantities
-{ scalarquantity is a quantity that hasmagnitude(size)only. Distanceis an example of a scalarquantity.since.directionis so ilportant in describingmotion, physicists fiequently useterms that include direction ln their definitions. .i vector a quantity is that hasmagnitude(size)and alsodirection.An arrow is praced abovethe symborfor a variablewhen it represents vector quantity. a $
scalara quantity hasonly that magnitude (size) vectora quantity hasmagnitude that (size) direction and

Positionand Displacement
Position the distanceand direction of an object frgy is u particular reference point. Position vectorquantityrepresented the sy,mbol isa by 7. Noii., ,fr" *.,o, arrow above the symbold' This arrowindicates that position is a vector:it hasa direction aswell as a magnitude.For exampre, home is your reference if point, the position of the school in Figure2 is 500 m [E]. Note that the magnitude oithe poritio' i, tte sameasthe straightJinedistance (500m) from home to"school, thi p"ritlr;""rr" but includesthe direction (due east[E]). Theposition of the schoolfrom point o ;;* be described bv the equation :500m[E] 4cnoor Now assume that the ribrary is your reference point, or the point 0 m. Theposition ofthe schoolfrom the reference point (library)ca1be describJ bv the equation :700mfW] Tscnoor once the position of an objecthas beendescribed, you can describe what hap_ p,ens the object when it moves from that position. to This is dispracement_the displacement the (A7) change rn in an object'sposirion. Displacement represented is by,il;;; ai -cfange position anobiect of \otice the vector arrow indicatingthat displacement is a vecto-lquantity. The tr! anglesymbolA is the Greekretteiderta.Delta is always ,"ua urltiunge in,,,so Ad is readas'thange in position."As with any change, displacement be calculated can br-subtractingthe initial position vectorirom the finai position vector: r\d : dp1- dnitiar l.vhen an object changes position more its than once (experiences . two or more displacements), total dispracement the A/1 of the object;;";;;;lated by adding the displacements using the following equation:
Toreview scalar vector and

N E LS ON S C IE N C E

position thedistance direction (d) and of anobject froma reference point

ndr: nd, td, +

.1 .1 Distance,position,and Displacement

you when walk from place another, position one your to changes. changeyour This in positiondisplacement. is The displacementbecalculated your can using positionthe at beginning theendofyour journey theequation : i1inu1and with ad Remember dnitiar. positiona vector that quantity, you is so have take to direction account.the into In following Sample Problems,willcalculate we displacements a range techniques. using of problems. Refer Figure forthefirst to 3 three Sample InSample Problemwewillcalculate displacement object aninitial 1, the 0fan with position0 m. of
W E ----+ hoqE;, ,. ,,.;, library

Figure 3

Sample Problem Calculating 1: Displacement aZero from Starting byVector Point Subtraction
lmagine you that walk from home school a straighHine to in route. isyour What displacement?
Requiredl Ad Analysis: : dr*oo, ?no.n, Ad

AZ Figureshows home the journey. Solution: : 7,*o' - 7n0,. 3 point that is starting foryour you :500m lEl- 0m your When areat home, position notchanged. has Therefore, your position zero. school a position 500m [E] initial is Your has of A7:500m lEl relativeyour to home.

Solution

: 500 Given: ?rrnoo, m lE];?n,*.: 0 m

StatemenL displacement walking your Your when from home to school500 [E]. is m

Sample Problem Calculating 2: Displacement byVector Subtraction

What your is displacement walk your if you from school the to Statement displacement walking school the Your when from to library? that positions measured toyour Note all are relative home. library 700m [E]. is positionyour Defining initial the starting of motion 0 mwill as : : (,noo, 500 lE];7,,*u* 1200 lE] Given: m m problems often make displacement simpler.Sample ln Problem 2, Required: A7 if wehad defined masbeing location theschool, would 0 the of it have obvious thediagram thedisplacement been from that from Analysis: Ad: 7,,"u" dscnoor the school thelibrary 700 [E]. to is m Sofution: Ld:d6,u, - ?,.noor : 1200 lEl - 500 lEj m m

l 7 :zo o m i rl Sample Problem Calculating DisplacementVector 3: Total by Addition

One night you afterworking thelibrary, decide goto the at to mall. What your is totaldisplacement walking the when from library themall? to lf thedisplacement thelibrary your from t0 home is represented and displacement your byA@ the from home tothemall represented then total is byL^dr, the displacement, Adr,is given vector by addition these displacements: of two

Given: : 1200 iwl;l?, : 1000 [W](from A@ m m Figure 3) tdr: ti, + ti, Required:A7, Sofution: td-,: ti, + ti, Analysis:thisproblem, arenot In we simply calculating a position, are change in : 1200 [w] + 1000 lwl we finding sum twodifferent the of m m displacements. The given Figure displacements are in 3. l7 r : z z o o m 5 w1 To calculate total the displacement, need use wewill to vector Statement walklng thelibrary themall, When you from to addition. issimple both This if vectors thesame have direction. experience a displacement m [Vtt]. of2200
10 Chapter1 . Motionin a StraightLine

Sample Problem Calculating Displacement 4: Total byAdding Displacements in0pposite Directions

point, appears wehave problem. need add Atthis it that a We to a vector a direction toa vector a direction We with with [WJ [E]. point can transform problem that vectors inthesame this so both direction.doso, To consider direction to bethesame the as [E] "negative" The vector m [E]isthesame -27 m [W]. 27 as [WJ. Solution wecan therefore rewrite equationfollows' the as problem, given lnthis the values displacements. are To calculate : B0m iW] - 27m [W] tretotal displacement, add wewill these displacement two vectors. A dog practising heragility is for competition. leaves She her trarner runs m due and B0 west pick a ball. then to up She the 27 carries ball m due and east drops into bucket. it a What thedog's displacement? is total

Given: : 8omlwl;a?,: 27mlEl A@ Required: A?, tl, + Analysis: : n^d, tl, tdr: Solution: l^1,+ ti, : Bo m l wl +2 7 ml E l

a 7 r : s g m [ w]
Statement dog's displacement m [WJ. The total is53

Practice
1. A golfer a ball hits from golf ata position16.4 ffi relativetheclubhouse. a tee of m to The comes rest a position64.9 ffi relativetheclubhouse. ball t0 at of m to Determine thedisplacement golf ofthe ball. [ans:4s.5 ** ml,Ml] 2. A rabbit 3.8m [N]and runs grass. rabbit stops nibble some t0 on The then hops m [N]toscratch 6.3 againstsmall What therabbit's a tree. is total displacement? 3# [ans:r0.1 m[N]l 3. A skateboarder 4.2m upa ramp, slides stops, then and slides m down ramp 2.7 the jumping What histotal before off. is displacement ramp? [ans: m[up]l upthe 4ai"E 1.5

VectorScaleDiagrams
In Tutorial 1, you used algebrato determine the displacement of an object in a straight iine. However, there is another method you can use to solve displacement problems: r-ector scale diagrams. Vectorscale diagramsshow the vectors associatedwith a displacement drawn to a particular scale. A vector can be represented by a directedline segment, which is a straight line between two points with a specific direction. Line segments have magnitude only (Figure a(a)). A directed line segment is a line segmqnt rr-ith an arrowhead pointing in a particular direction (Figure a(b)). For example, AB is a line segment in the direction from point A to point B. Line segment BA is the same line segmentbut in the direction from point B to point A (Figure a(c)). A directed line segment that represents a vector always has two ends. The end with the arrowhead is referred to as the tip. The other end is the tail. A vector scale diagram is a representation of motion using directed line segments drawn to scale with arrowheads to show their specific directions. Vector scale diagrams are very useful in measuring the total displacement of an object from its original position. {$ vector scale diagrama vector diagram drawn using specific a scale directed segment straight line a line between points a specific two with direction

Itip

,':

B tatt

nitt''
A (a)
(b)

rp-f
(c)

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Figure (a) line 4 A (b) segment Directed segment (c)Directed segment line 7E line B7

1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement

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Consider two displacements,L,i, = zoo m [W] and Lir= 500 m [W]. We can . determine the total displacementthat results frorn adding tiiese vectors together by drawing a vector scalediagram. In general,when drawing"avecto, s.ale diagram, you should choose scalesthat produce -diagrams approximately one-half to one full page in size' The larger the diagram, the more precise your results win be. Figure 5 shows a vector diagram d.awn to a scale where 1 cm in the diagram represents 100 m in the real worrd. Note that each vector in Figure 5 has a tip (the end with an arrowhead) and a tail (the other end). vecto^ cun b-eadded by joining them tip to tail. This is similar to,using a-number rine in mathematics.Thus, after apprying our.clrsen scale' lig.ure5 showsAT, drawn as a vector7.0 cmin rengthpointing due west'The tip of L,d, is jo.inedro rhe tair of Lir.In other words,tn" airpr"."-. :r^7, is drawn as a directed is S.Ocm long pointing due west, starting Itlry"gT"Athat where the displacementA7, ends. The total displacemlni, Adr, i, the displacement from the tail, or start, of the first vector to the tip, or end, of the secondvector. In this c a s e 'A d t p o i n ts due w est and has a l ength of r2 cm. converti ng thi s measurem ent by applying our scalegives a total displa-ement of 1200m twl. For straight-line motion, vector scalediagrams are not very complex. we will look at more advancedvector scale diagrams in chapter 2 when we consider motion in two dimensions.

scale cm: 100 1 m Adr: .1200 [W] m

A d r:5 6 9 t*

tip

4 4 : 7 0 0 mf t V 1

tail

r*1fi*::
problem, will Inthe following sample we determine displacement vector byusing scale diagrams. consider examplewhich an in motion occurs twoopposite in directions.

:i*fii.i:!'xii

Sample Problem Using Vector 1: a Scale Diagram Determine Total t0 the Displacement forTwo Motions Opposite in Directions
lmagine you going visit friend. that are your to you Before get you there, decide stop thevariety to at store. you lf walk m [N] 200 your from home thestore, then to and travel m [S]to your 600 friend's house, isyour displacement? what total
scalecm:100 1 m
STOTC

Solution
Letyour initial displacement your from home thestore to be your A4 displacement thestore your from to friend's house ryd be Ldr. Given: = 200 1ltl; = 600m [S] A@ m A7, Required: Ad, Analysisr tdr: td, + Ld, Ld, a d , : Z O O mJ wI
home Adr: 699 tt, t

Solution: Figure shows given 6 the vectors, thetipofAd, with joined thetailof ldr.fneresultant A?,isdrawn to vector inred, from taitofA@tothetipoI Ldr.The the directionl?, is 1S1. ot friend's Ad,measures in length Figure sousing scale 4 cm in 6, the of house 1 cm: 100 theactual m, magnitude is400m. of17, Figure Solution diagram adding 6 scale for vectors a change with Statement Relativeyour to point stafting atyour your in direction home, total displacement m [S]. is400
12 Chapter'l o Motionin a StraightLine

Practice
1. A cardrives m [w]to a stop lt then 73 sign. continues fora displacement m ffi. on of46 Use vector diagram determine car's displacement.FH[ans: m a scale to the total E6G 120 [fy]l 2. Arobin 32m [s]to catch worm then 59m [N]back itsnest. a flies a and fties to Use vector diagramdetermine robin's displacement. [ans:27 scale to the total *# a* m[N]I

Summary
Motion involves a change in the position of an object. Motion can be describedusing mathematical relationships. A scalar is a quantity that has magnitude (size) only. A vector is a quantity that has magnitude (size) and direction. You can determine the displacementof an object by subtracting the start position from the end position. You can determine total displacement by adding two or more displacements together algebraically or by using a vector scale diagram Vectors can be added by joining them tip to tail.

Questions
1. Which thefollowing quantities vectors, which of are and arescalars? sure explain reasoning your Be to the for a nswe r .:': (a)A bird a distance20m. fiies of (b)A train travellingi00 km/h north. is at due (c) lt takes athlete s to run100 an 10.37 m. 2. Explain followingyour words: the in own : (a) thedifference position displacement between and (b)thedifference between distance displacement and 3. What thedisplacementlocomotive changes is ofa that its position 25m ffi to 76m M? ca+ from 4. Acar changes position 52km[trVJto km[E]. its from 139 What thecar's is Etrt displacement? 5. Determinetotal the disptacement ofthefollowing foreach motions algebraic by methods byusing and scale m*e diagrams.

(a)A7.: 1o twl;ld,: 3.0 lwl m m m 0) Aa : io mlwl;l?,: 3.0 lEl :2Bm : 7.0 lsl ( c)A7' m : 7.0 lwl;a7, 12 [E]; : km (0 Aa km
ld, : s.o [w] km
6. A person walks paces 10 forward followed 3 paces by

forward, finally paces and B *ii backwards. +iB (a) Draw vector diagram a scale representingperson,s - this motion. a scale 1 cm: i purr. Use of (b) Check answer pacing thismotion your by yourself. out How close your is experimental tothat predicted result byyour vector diagram? scale

1.1 Distance, Position, and Displacement

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