CE2103: MECHANICS OF SOLIDS/UNIT-1/MODULE-4/Analysis of Stress III Specific Instructional Objectives: After completing this lesson one will be able

to Evaluate stresses on any plane through stress-transformation equations. Evaluate Principal stresses and locate principal planes for 2-D problems. Evaluate maximum shear stresses at a point on a body for 2-D problems. Construct Mohrs circle for stress. Scopes: This lesson includes: Transformation of stresses for 2-D problems. Evaluation of Principal stresses and maximum shear stresses. Construction of Mohrs circle. Examples for evaluation of stresses. Transformation equations:

Figure 4.1 Stresses on an inclined plane Let us consider the stresses at a point in a 2-D space as shown in the figure 4.1. The normal stresses on the X and Y planes are x and y respectively, while, the shear stresses on both the planes is xy . A cutting plane is imagined in such a way that the normal ' n ' to this plane makes an angle ' ' with the reference X axis. Our aim here is to obtain the stresses on this cutting plane. A new set of reference axes X Y is drawn in such a way that the cutting section is perpendicular to X axis and hence, this cutting plane can be called as X plane. Let us consider the wedge shaped portion ABC formed by this cutting plane. The figure 4.1 also shows the normal stress on the cutting plane as x and the shear stress as xy . Assume the dimension of the wedge in the perpendicular
direction of the X Y plane is unit and the area of the side AC of the wedge is dA .

Hence, the area of the side AB = cos dA and that of the side BC = sin dA . Considering the equilibrium of the wedge along X direction we get, Fx = 0

x dA ( x dA cos ) cos ( xy dA cos ) sin ( y dA sin ) sin ( xy dA sin ) cos = 0

x = x cos 2 + y sin 2 + 2 xy sin cos

+ y x y x = x (4.1) + cos 2 + xy sin 2 2 2 Equation (4.1) expresses the normal stress x on the cutting plane in terms of x , y
and xy . Similarly, considering the equilibrium of the wedge along Y direction we get, Fy = 0
xy dA + ( x dA cos ) sin ( xy dA cos ) cos ( y dA sin ) cos + ( xy dA sin ) sin = 0

xy = y sin cos x sin cos + xy ( cos 2 sin 2 )

y xy = x (4.2) sin 2 + xy cos 2 2 Through the same procedure, i.e. by assuming a cutting plane perpendicular to the Y axis, we get the expression for y by substituting with ( 90 + ) in equation (4.1). x + y x y (4.3) cos 2 xy sin 2 2 2 Now, adding equations (4.1) and (4.3) we get, x + y = x + y (4.4) Hence, it can be concluded that irrespective of the orientation of the reference axis system the summation of the normal stress on mutually perpendicular planes remains constant which is the first invariant I1 . Equations (4.1), (4.2) and (4.3) are called as transformation equations through which the stresses along any direction can be evaluated in terms of x , y and xy .

y =

Maximum normal stress:

For a maximum or minimum normal stress the condition

x = 0 is to be satisfied. Hence, differentiating equation (4.1) and equating it with zero we have, y x = 2 x (4.5) sin 2 + 2 xy cos 2 = 0 2

tan 2 =

2 xy

x y

(4.6)

Equation (4.6) gives two values of 2 which are 1800 apart.

Figure 4.2 Angles for optimal normal stress

Hence, the two values of are 900 apart. Therefore, it can be concluded that there are two planes which are perpendicular to each other among which one plane will be subjected to the maximum normal stress while the other will be subjected to the minimum normal stress.

Principal stresses:
If equation (4.2), which gives the value of shear stress on the cutting plane, is equated to zero it results into equation (4.6). From this observation it can be concluded that on the planes of maximum and minimum normal stresses no shear stress develops. Hence, the maximum and minimum normal stresses are the Principal stresses and the corresponding planes are the principal planes.

* Maximum & Minimum normal stresses are the Principal stresses.

Equation (4.6) gives the value of ' tan 2 ' corresponding to the maximum or minimum normal stresses which are the principal stresses acting on the principal planes. This expression can be represented through figure 4.3.

Figure 4.3 Orientation of the Principal planes From figure (4.3) we can write,

y 2 R= x + xy 2 x y xy Hence, cos 2 P = and sin 2 P = 2R R

(4.7)

Now, substituting the expressions for sin 2 P and cos 2 P in equation (4.1) we obtain the expressions for the normal stresses on the plane at an angle P as,

x y 1 xy + (4.8) ( x ) P = . + 2 2 R R Substituting the expression of R from equation (4.7) into equation (4.8) we get,

x + y

y 2 1 = (4.9) + x + xy 2 2 Where we denote normal stress ( x ) = 1 . We know according to the equation (4.4)

x + y

that the summation of the normal stress values on two mutually perpendicular planes remains constant with the change of the orientation of the planes, we can write, 1 + 2 = x + y

y 2 Hence, 2 = x + y 1 = x + xy 2 2 Therefore, we can write the expressions of equations (4.9) and (4.10) as,

x + y

(4.10)

y 2 1,2 = (4.11) x + xy 2 2 Equation (4.11) is showing the values of the maximum and minimum normal stresses which are nothing but the Principal stresses.

x + y

Maximum shear stresses:

Equation (4.2) gives us the expression of the shear stress along any arbitrary plane as, y xy = x sin 2 + xy cos 2 2 Taking derivative of equation (4.2) with respect to and equating it to zero, we have, xy = ( x y ) cos 2 2 xy sin 2 = 0 This gives, x y tan 2 = (4.12) 2 xy Similar to equation (4.6) equation (4.12) also gives two values of 2 which are 1800 apart for which the shear stresses become maximum or minimum. Let, the angles are 2 S and 180 + 2 S . Hence, the orientations of the two mutually perpendicular planes on which the shear stresses become maximum or minimum, create angles S and 90 + S with the X axis. Comparing the equations (4.6) and (4.12) which give the orientations for maximum normal and maximum shear stress respectively we have,

1 = cot 2 P = tan ( 90 + 2 P ) (4.13) tan 2 P Hence, 2 S = 90 + 2 P S = 45 + P (4.14) Equation (4.14) indicates that the maximum or minimum shear stresses occur on planes which make 450 with the Principal planes. tan 2 S = Equation (4.12) gives the value of ' tan 2 ' corresponding to the maximum or minimum shear stresses which can be represented through figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4 Orientation of the planes of optimal shear stresses

From figure (4.4) we can write,

y 2 R= x + xy 2
Hence, cos 2 S =

(4.15)

xy

2R 2R Substituting the above expressions of sin 2 S and cos 2 S in equation (4.1) (which gives the normal stress on any arbitrary plane) we get, + y x = x (4.16) 2 From equation (4.16) we can conclude that the plane of maximum and minimum shear stresses are not free from the normal stress where as, we know that the plane of maximum and minimum normal stresses i. e. the principal planes are free from the shear stresses. Substituting the above expressions of sin 2 S and cos 2 S in equation (4.2) (which gives the normal stress on any arbitrary plane) we get,
2 y 1 xy y 2 xy = x + = x + xy 2 R R 2 Putting 180 + 2 S in place of 2 S in figure 4.4 we get, 2 2

and sin 2 S =

x y

cos (180 + 2 S ) = cos 2 S = Now substituting sin (180 + 2 S )

xy

2R 2R and cos (180 + 2 S ) with their expressions in equation

and sin (180 + 2 S ) = sin 2 S =

x y

(4.2), in place of sin 2 S and cos 2 S respectively, we get,

 y 2 xy = x + xy 2 Hence, we are getting the maximum and minimum values as, y 2 max./min. = x + xy 2 Comparing equations (4.17) with equation (4.11) it can be demonstrated that, + y 1 = x + max. 2
and
2

(4.17)

(4.18)

(4.19) max. Where we know that 1 and 2 are the maximum and minimum Principal stresses respectively. Now, subtracting equation (4.19) from the equation (4.18) we get, 1 2 = 2 max. 2 max. = 1 (4.20) 2 Equation (4.20) expresses maximum shear stress in terms of the maximum and minimum Principal stresses.

2 =

x + y 2

From the above derivation we can conclude the followings, Planes for maximum shear stresses are Two mutually perpendicular planes. Planes of maximum and minimum shear stresses form an angle of 450 with the principal planes. Planes of maximum shear stresses are not free from normal stresses.

Mohrs circle stress:

In 1895, Otto Mohr (1835 1918) of Germany suggested use of stress circle in calculating the stress values on any arbitrary plane. This stress circle is popularly called as Mohrs circle stresses.

Figure 4.5 Stress at a point for 2-D space

We know that for 2-D space, the normal stress x and shear stress xy on any arbitrary plane as expressed in equation (4.1) and (4.2) respectively, as, + y x y x = x + cos 2 + xy sin 2 2 2

x + y x y This becomes, x = cos 2 + xy sin 2 2 2 y and, xy = x sin 2 + xy cos 2 2 Now adding the squares of equation (4.21) and (4.22) we get, 2 2 x + y x y 2 2 x + xy = + xy 2 2 Now, if the average stress is expressed as, + y av. = x , 2 and 2 x y 2 2 + xy = b 2 equation (4.23) takes the form,
2 ( x av. ) + xy2 = b 2

(4.21) (4.22)

(4.23)

(4.24)

Figure 4.6 Mohrs circle for 2-D space

The standard equation of a circle is ( x a ) + y 2 = b 2 , where the coordinate of centre of the circle is ( + a, 0 ) with a radius of length ' b ' . Now comparing equation (4.23) with the above equation of a circle it can be observed that equation (4.23) represents a circle. Hence, if we plot this equation with x and xy along two mutually perpendicular axes,
2

each pair of the values of x and xy will be on a circle of centre coordinate as ( av. , 0 ) and radius of b . In figure 4.6 coordinate of the point A on the perimeter of the circle represents the stress values ( x , xy ) on a plane with a particular orientation. Point B represents the stresses on a plane with maximum normal stress while, Point C represents the stresses on a plane with minimum normal stress. Point D and E represent the stresses on planes with maximum shear stress. The figure also indicates that twice the angle between the plane of maximum normal and shear stress is 900 . Hence, the principal plane and the plane with maximum shear stress makes an angle of 450 . Observations from Mohrs circle: State of stress at a point based on Mohrs circle. Maximum normal stress is 1 and the minimum is 2 . No shear stresses exist with these. Hence, Principal stresses. Maximum shear stress is equal to the radius of the Mohrs circle which is 1 2 . 2 If 1 = 2 , Mohrs circle reduces into a point and no shear stresses develop in the X-Y plane. If 1 + 2 = 0 , the centre of the Mohrs circle coincides with the origin of coordinates. Since under this condition the plane of maximum shear stress associates with zero normal stress it is called as the state of pure shear. This condition also indicates that under this system of stresses, the magnitude of the maximum shear stress and the maximum normal stress (Principal stress) becomes equal.

If we know the values of the stresses x , y and xy at a particular point, we should be able to evaluate the normal ( x , y ) and shear ( xy ) stresses on an arbitrary plane from the orientation of this plane with reference to the X plane either by using the transformation equations or from the Mohrs circle.

Example problem:
1. The state of stress at a point in a body is as shown in the figure 1. Find the normal and shear stresses acting on plane a-a using transformation equations.

Figure 1 Solution: The state of stresses of the body is, x = 20MPa , y = 30MPa and xy = 20 MPa Figure 1a showing the state of stresses in the body and the free body diagram of the wedge shaped part created by the cutting plane a-a. The normal to the cutting plane a-a makes an angle = 300 with the X axis.

Figure 1a The expression for calculating the normal stress x on the cutting plane a-a is,

x + y x y + cos 2 + xy sin 2 2 2 Substituting x , y , xy and in the above equation we get,

x =

20 + 30 20 30 + cos 2 ( 30 ) + 20 sin 2 ( 30 ) = 39.82 MPa 2 2 The expression for calculating the shear stress xy on the cutting plane a-a is,

x =

xy =

x y 2

sin 2 + xy cos 2

Substituting x , y , xy and in the above equation we get,

xy =
Summary:

20 30 sin 2 ( 30 ) + 20 cos 2 ( 30 ) = 14.33MPa 2

This lesson included: Development of transformation equations for the evaluation of stresses for 2-D problems. Evaluation of Principal stresses and maximum shear stresses. Construction of Mohrs circle. Examples to demonstrate the evaluations of stresses at a point.

Question set 4.0:

What is meant by state of pure shear? What is the coordinate of the centre of Mohrs circle and what is its radius? What happens if ( x + y ) = 0 and 1 = 2 ?

Additional problems:
1. Solve the example problem 1. using Mohrs circle of stress. 2. The state of stress for an element of unit thickness be as shown in figure 2. a) Find the stresses that must act on plane AB of the wedge ABC to keep the element in equilibrium. b) Find the Principal stresses and show their sense on a properly oriented element. c) Find the maximum shear stresses with the associated normal stresses and show the results on a properly oriented element. d) Check the invariance of the normal stresses.

Figure 2