Memorization List

ionsnames and charge

Polyatomic Ions to Memorize 1 acetate : C2H3O2 or CH3CO2 ; cyanide : CN hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate): HCO3 ; nitrate : NO3 ; nitrite : NO2 ; hydroxide : OH perchlorate : ClO4 ; chlorate : ClO3 chlorite : ClO2 ; hypochlorite : ClO ; thiocyanate: SCN permanganate : MnO4 ; hydrogen sulte : HSO3 2 carbonate : CO32 ; oxalate : C2O42 sulfate : SO42 ; sulte : SO32 chromate : CrO42 ; dichromate : Cr2O72 3 phosphate : PO43 ; phosphite : PO33 1+ ammonium : NH4+ ; hydronium : H3O+ Acids HCl hydrochloric acid

acidsnames and formula

HBr hydrobromic acid etc.

HOCl hypochlorous acid HOCl2 chlorous acid HOCl3 choric acid HOCl4 perchloric acid HNO3 nitric acid H2SO4 sulfuric acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid HNO2 nitrous acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid H3PO3 phosphorous acid HCH3CO2 or CH3COOH or HC2H3O2 etc. acetic acid (ethanoic acid) HCN cyanic acid & H2C2O4 oxalic acid Strong Acids HCl, HBr, HI, HOCl4, HNO3, H2SO4, Strong Bases NaOH KOH RbOH Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 Weak Bases (not to forget): NH3 NH2CH3 Na2CO3 NaHCO3

6 strong acids & bases know diatomic elements: gen or ine H2, O2, F2, Br2, I2, N2, Cl2 other polyatomic elementsS8 & P4 solubility rules

Solubility Rulesapply in this order 1.Nitrates & Chlorates, are soluble and usually Acetates & nitrites 2.Alkali Metals and Ammonia are soluble 3.Lead (II), Pb2+, Mercury (I), Hg22+; Silver, Ag+ (HAPpy) do not dissolve 4.Halogens do dissolve (except with above 3 ions & F can be insoluble) 5.calcium, barium, and strontium (CBS or chicken breast sandwich) do not dissolve (unless anion above). 6.Sulfates dissolve (so Ca, Ba, Sr & Hg, Ag, Pb are not soluble) 7.Anions that dont dissolve & are insoluble: carbonates, chromates, oxalate, phosphates, sulfide, hydroxide, & oxide (Carb COPS of OHiO).

colors: precipitates soluble ions gases indicators ame tests

Common Precipitates: CuCO3=pale green; Cu(OH)2=pale blue, AgI & PbI2 = yellow; AgCl & PbCl2=white ; BaCO3 & CaCO3=white ; BaSO4 = white ; CuO=black; sulfides are often black, while sulfur is yellow Colored Solutions: Cu2= blue ; CrO42 yellow ; Cr2O72 orange MnO4 purple/magenta ; Ni2+ green ; Fe2+ yellow ; Fe3+ yellow to orng complex ions Cu(NH3)2+ bright blue Co(H2O)62+ pink 2+ blood red complex ions FeSCN CoCl42 blue Iodine and water = yellowish while iodine and hexane = magenta Colored Gases: F2 = pale yellow ; Cl2 = pale green ; Br2 = orange/brown ; Iodine = purple ; NO2 = brown ; most gases clear and colorless Indicators: phenolphthalein: acid = clear & base = magenta/pink/purple litmus: acid = red & base = blue ; methyl red: acid = yellow & base = blue (phenyl red is the same) ; bromothymol blue: acid = yellow base = blue; Universal: acid = red & base = blue/purple Flame test colors: Li+, Sr2+, Ca2+ = red; Cu2+ blue-green; Na+= yellow K+= violet (cobalt glass absorbs yellow Na+ and lets K+ violet pass through) Ba2+ = greenish

common oxidizers common reducers

Oxidizersprovide oxygen and/or will gain electrons in a redox reaction: MnO4 or MnO2 -> Mn2+ ; MnO4 in base -> MnO2 2 or CrO 2 -> Cr3+ ; Cr2O7 Na2O2 -> NaOH and H2O2 -> HOH 4 Hot H2SO4 -> SO2 & conc. HNO3 -> NO2 but dilt HNO3 -> NO HClO4 -> Cl and F2, Cl2, Br2 -> F, Cl, Br, Reducersgain oxygens and/or will lose electrons in a redox reaction: F, Cl, Br -> F2, Cl2, Br2 ; H2O2 -> O2 SO32 -> SO42 ; NO2 -> NO3

redox and electrochemical terms Know how to use: G = nFE

(n = mol of electrons; F = 96,500 coulombs/mol e; E = Reduction Potential)

Leo goes Ger : Losing electrons is Oxidation & Gaining elec. is Reduction The oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized (a travel agent promotes travel for others not themselves; an oxidizing agent promotes oxidation for others not itself) Red Cat: reduction takes place at the cathode Ox carried Ann: oxidation is carried out at the anode Battery: Electrolytic Cell

And Nerst Equation Concentration Effect: E = Ecell RT/nF ln Q

For conc. is not 1M, Q = [Prod Ion]/[React. Ion]

anode: oxidation metal to cation

Zn Zn2+

salt bridge

G < 0 spontaneous = E > 0 wet cell (battery) G > nonspontaneous = E < 0 electrolysis required (add energy to get rxn to occur)

Ger!!

Cu Cu2+

cathode: reduction cation to metal

organic naming know Factors affecting rate of rxn: concentration, heat, catalyst, Factors increasing solubility of a solid

alcohol (ROH), ketone(R2C=O), carboxylic acid (RCO2H), ethers (RaORb), esters (RaCO2Rb) , amine (RaRbNRc) R length: meth=1; eth=2; prop=3; but=4; pent=5, hex=6, hept=7 (just like polygons) single bonds use ane (methane, methanol); double bond use ene (ethene, ethenol) triple bond use yne (propyne, propynaltriple bond &aldyde)

(usually)make solid more liquid-like: agitation, heat, surface area Factors increasing solubility of a gas make gas more liquid-like: more pressure, less heat, less agitation

Gas Equations PV = nRT R = 0.08206 atm L/molK

R = 8.314 kPa L/molK

More Equations to know how to use: = Products Reactants G = H TS & G = Gprod. Greactant G = RTlnKeq (R=8.314 J/molK) K = rate forward/rate reverse = kF[A][B] for A+B C + D kr[C][D] K = ratio [prod]/[react] exclude pure solids and liquids KP = Kc(RT)n K = e G/RT or lnK = -G/RT When at equilibrium G = 0 so H = TS Use for phase change equilibrium and dead battery lnk = -Ea/R (1/T) + lnA
(k=rate constant; Ea=activation Engy; A=frequency factor)

1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 mmHg Ptotal = PA + PB + ... X = mole fraction; PA = PTotal XA n = P = d d=density V RT M M=molar mass r1 = v1 = M2 ratio of velocity r2 v2 M1 & molar mass
root-mean square speed (speed of gas particle):

urms=3RT/M non-ideal formula

a=factor for attractive forces in real gases b= factor for volume in real gases

use y-axis=lnk and x-axis 1/T to nd -Ea/R & then nd Ea

Molecular Shapes Geometry {Electron domain geometry is the geometry in the rst column.}

Ex. CO2 BeBr2 N3

Ex. BF3 &NO2 NO3, SO2 , O3

Ex. CH4 & NH3 & H2O CCl4 , PCl3, H2S, SO42

Ex. PCl5 & SCl4 & ICl3 & XeI2

Ex.

SCl6

ICl5

XeCl4

XeF3

XeCl22

valence electrons: 1 2 charge : 1+ 2+

3 4 5 6 7 8 3+ 4 3 2 1 no rxn

Periodic table with Quantum numbers: n = row number = energy level l = orbital type: s=0,p=1,d=2, f=3 ml = l...0...+ l {e.g; p block -1,0,1} ms = +1/2 (1/2 of block), 1/2 . ml: 0

1 0 +1 1 0

+1

ms:

phase diagrams.
Verticle Line: Starts at (218K,1atm) Gas At line C condense (218K,5.2atm): 2 phases Then liquid to line B (218K,8atm) : liquid At line B freezes (218,8atm) : 2 phases again Thereafter solid E: Critical point only gas but still compressed called a supercritical uid. Start at (197K,20atm) Solid Hit line B: melt (220K,20atm) 2 phases Then Liquid to C(240K,20atm) Liquid At line C: boil (240K, 20 atm) 2 phases Thereafter: Gas Start at (197K,2.5atm) Solid At line A (205K,2.5atm) sublime Thereafter : Gas D: Triple point all 3 phases of states of matter Starts as gas then solid then liquid. Since pressure favors liquid at Ts below triple point, D, the substance (water) is more dense as a liquid. This is atypical behavior.

Change in Temp: q=mTcP (Joules) Change in State: q=mHvap (kJ & q=mHvap mols sometimes)

Exothermic catalyst has lower energy pathway b/c new mechanism is possible.

watch units

Hrxn
Pr Rct

Ea

Rel

ated

Rxn coordinate is time or geometry changes of bond breaking and bond making

weak base Relative # of molecules Ea, activation energy, means that all particles past this speed have sufcient energy to react. So Increasing temp. increases the # of molecules with sufcient energy since inc. T. inc. average speed.

weak acid strong base

eq. pt.
pKa = pH 1/2 eq. pt.

mol H+ = mol OH acid is neutralized

strong A/B Speed of each molecule titration stoichiometry Liter B mol B molHA L HA = Liter HA L B mol B mol HA pKa = pH + -log [A]/[HA] Used to nd a ratio of conj. base to acid
http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/gifs/c10expt5.jpg

A superior review has been done by Rhonda Alexander. Look Online for other sources. http://www.scribd.com/doc/47878850/AP-Quick-Review