A new simple, effective and inexpensive method for lightning protection of medium voltage overhead distribution line is using

long flashover arresters (LFA). A new long flashover arrester model has been developed. It is designated as LFA-M. It offers great number of technical and economical advantages. The important feature of this modular long flashover arrester (LFA-M) is that it can be applied for lightning protection of overhead distribution line against both induced overvoltages and direct lightning strokes. The induced over voltages can be counteracted by installing a single arrester on an overhead line support (pole). For the protection of lines against direct lightning strokes, the arresters are connected between the poles and all of the phase conductors in parallel with the insulators. A long flashover arrester (LFA), which comprises of three flashover modules using the creeping discharge effect, is described in this paper. In this design, the total arrester stressing voltage is applied simultaneously to all of the three modules so that the voltage-time characteristics of the arresters are improved. It assured reliable protection of medium voltage (e.g., 10kv) over head power line against both induced over voltages and direct lightning strokes. A single LFA per support or pole is found to be sufficient to protect an over head line against induced over voltages. An LFA should be arranged in parallel with each insulator in order to protect a line against direct lightning strokes... The recent growth of power circuit capacities has caused fault currents to increase. Since theprotection of power systems from the fault currents is very important, it is needed to develop a fault current limiter. A fault current limiter is required to assure (1) rapid reaction to fault currents, (2) how impedance in normal operation and (3) large impedance during fault conditions. A super conducting fault current limiter (SCFCL) can meet these requirements superconductors, because of their sharp transition from zero resistance at normal current to finite resistance at higher current densities, are tailor-made for use in FCLs. The purpose of this paper was the study of surge current protection using superconductors. The SCFCL offers efficient advantages to power system and opens up a major application for super conducting materials.. This describes the application of two relatively new diagnostic techniques for the determination ofinsulation condition in aged transformers. The techniques are (a) measurements of interfacial polarization spectra by a DC method and (b) measurements of molecular weight and its distribution by gel permeation chromatography.

Several other electrical properties of the cellulose polymer were also investigated. Samples were obtained from a retired power transformer and they were analysed by the developed techniques. Six distribution transformers were also tested with the interfacial polarization spectra measurement technique, and the molecular weight of paper/pressboard samples from these transformers were also measured by the gel permeation chromatography. The variation of the results through different locations in a power transformer is discussed in this paper. The possible correlation between different measured properties was investigated and discussed in this paper. Conventional electrical tests and IPS measurements were applied to insulated conductors and pressboard samples collected from a retired power transformer. The molecular weights of the samples were also studied by GPC analysis. Significant differences in the condition of the insulation have been ob served throughout different locations within the Kareeya transformer. The electrical test results (in particular dissipation factor and the IPS parameters) on the Kareeya transformer insulation specimens were found to be consistent with the GPC results. A good correlation has been observed between the electrical test results and GPC analysis for detecting changes in the properties of the insulation samples. The condition of aged pressboard from the Kareeya transformer has been found to be significantly deteriorated compared to new pressboard. This was also evident from both the electrical and chemical teat results... The low or high resistivity soil layer formed in raining or freezing season affects the safety of grounding system, and leads the changes of grounding resistance of the grounding system, step and touch voltages on the ground surface. This paper systematically discusses the seasonal influence on the safety of grounding system and the different methods to be adopted inorder to nullify the effect of seasonal changes. Inorder to nullify the effect of the seasonal changes we can use long vertical grounding electrodes or by using chemically charged ground electrodes (CCGR) with or without backfill which can effectively attenuate the seasonal influence and improve the safety of the grounding system. .. Electrical load on power system varies and it never be constant. To economically meet the requirement of variable load and to assure continuous supply the number of generator unit connected to the system bus bar are varied suitably.

The synchronization requires fulfillment of various conditions like (1) (2) Same phase sequence Equality of frequency and voltage between incoming machine and bus. The

At present the synchronization is done manually by using conventional analog instruments. microprocessor based system of automatic synchronizer can be used more effectively compared to conventional methods of synchronization such as dark lamp method, bright lamp method and

synchronization using synchronoscope this because of the fact that the conventional, method calls for of the operator and accuracy is less and it depends on the sense of correct judgment of the operator. Moreover the microprocessor based alternator synchronizer is user friendly and requires less maintenance. It also exploits the advantage of superior performance of the microprocessor like accuracy speed and reliability.. .. This is a new technique for the protection oftransmission systems by using the global positioning system (GPS) and fault generated transients. In this scheme the relay contains a fault transient detection system together with a communication unit, which is connected to the power line through the high voltage coupling capacitors of the CVT. Relays are installed at each bus bar in a transmission network. These detect the fault generated high frequency voltage transient signals and record the time instant corresponding to when the initial traveling wave generated by the fault arrives at the busbar. The decision to trip is based on the components as they propagate through the system. extensive simulation studies of the technique were carried out to examine the response to different power system and fault condition. The communication unit is used to transmit and receive coded digital signals of the local information to and from the associated relays in the system. At each substation , the relay determine the location of the fault by comparing the GPS time stay measured locally with those received from the adjacent substations, extensive simulation studies presented here demonstrate feasibility of the scheme. Power System Restoration (PSR) has been a subject of study for many years. In recent years many techniques were proposed to solve the limitations of predetermined restoration guidelines and procedures used by a majority of system operators to restore a system following the occurrence of a wide area disturbance. This paper discusses limitations encountered in some currently used PSR techniques and a proposed improvement based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This proposed scheme has been tested on a 162bus transmission system and compared with a breadth search transmission system.

The results indicate that, this is a feasible option that should be considered for real time applications. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are computational techniques that try to obtain a performance similar to that of humans performance when solving problems. The building block of ANN is Artificial Neuron, which has got structural & functional similarities with biological neurons. ANN is also an efficient alternative for problem solutions where it is possible to obtain data describing the problem behavior, but a mathematical description of the process is impossible. The proposed restoration scheme is composed of several Island Restoration Schemes (IRS). Each IRS is responsible for the development of an Island Restoration Plan when the power system is recovering from a wide area disturbance.. accurate current transducer is a key componentof any power system instrumentation. To measure currents, power stations and substations conventionally employ inductive type current transformers. With short circuit capabilities of power system getting larger and the voltage level going higher the conventional current transducers becomes more bulky and costly. It appears that newly emerged MOCT technology provides a solution for many of the problems by the conventional current transformers. MOCT measures the rotation angle of the plane polarized lights caused by the magnetic field and convert it into a signal of few volts proportional to the magnetic field. Main advantage of an MOCT is that there is no need to break the conductor to enclose the optical path in the current carrying circuit and there is no electromagnetic interference... FACTS is a concept introduced by Electric PowerResearch Institute (EPRI), U.S.A.It is actually a group of advanced transmission technologies that rely on high speed, solid-state electronics, rather than electromechanical devices. By this concept, the apparent impedance of a transmission line is controlled according to certain algorithm. Thus the power system operation is made more reliable, controllable and efficient. The FACTS system is a promising method, which can be implemented into the system for enhancing system stability by damping out system oscillations. But in practical applications certain difficulties are encountered while implementing FACTS. This is mainly due to the impact of FACTS on interconnected networks, where for interconnections to serve their purpose, available transmission links must be powerful enough to safely transmit the amounts of power intended. Also cost structure is another difficulty. It depends on factors like power rating, type of device, system voltage, and system requirements, environmental conditions, regulation requirements etc. In addition to this, the variety of options available for optimum design renders it impossible to give a cost figure for FACTS installation.

FACT system is a promising method, which can be implemented into the system for enhancing system stability by damping out system oscillations. At the heart of FACT are thyristors, which permit control and switching of megawatt levels of power within milliseconds.. Inverter is simply an electronic device thatconverts low voltage DC battery power 230 volts AC (Alternating Current) electrical power. They are used in applications ranging from microwaves laptops to satellite systems X-Ray machines etc. Most industrial applications require high frequency high voltage power supply. These increased power requirements have lead to significant development in inverted technology.

Significant improvements have been made to the traditional pulse width modulations (PWM) Inverters to make power distribution system more efficient and more suitable to reactive power (var) compensation and harmonic filtering. This includes using multilevel inverters, zero current switching and other power switching devises. Space application involves high power (hundreds of kilowatts to megawatts) systems. Large power conditioning mass reductions are required to enable this megawatt power system. Therefore inverter design for space applications represents the state - of - the- art in power conditioning technology. Different features such as design parameters, output a characteristics, switching components etc of these inverters used in space application are discussed in the II part of the paper. . Power frequency magnetic fields as high as15,000,000 milligauss are commonly found internally in equipment such as power transformers, motors and generators .Although these fields are almost contained within the equipment ,some leakage will occur. This paper concentrates on magnetic fields in the range of zero to several hundred milligauss. This level of magnetic field may be experienced by the general public as a result of operation of electrical equipment, current carrying lines, house wiring, electrical appliances, lighting equipment or any other device energized by power frequency sources. For those public living close to a line, time spent in these fields may be long or almost all the time, resulting in large exposure. People with higher occupational exposure to magnetic fields were about three times as likely to develop alzheimers as those with low mechanism. This paper also contain interaction mechanism , sources of power frequency magnetic fields such as transmission system and distribution system ,magnetic fields at home, management of magnetic field by several techniques (shielding the under ground cables ,shielding applied to specific region, electromagnetic shielding and active shielding).