Cuestiones para pensar

2-IX-2011
312 min 85 marks

1.

Two satellites of equal mass, S and S , orbit the Earth. S is orbiting at a distance r from the
1 2 1

Earths centre at speed v. S orbits at a distance 2r from the Earths centre at speed
2

. The

ratio of the centripetal force on S to the centripetal force on S is

1 2

A.

B. C. D.

1 4.
4. 8.
(1)

2.

A particle P is moving in a circle with uniform speed. Which one of the following diagrams correctly shows the direction of the acceleration a and velocity v of the particle at one instant of time?C A . a v B . a

v C . D .

(1)

3.

A point mass is moving in a horizontal circle with a velocity of constant magnitude v. At one particular time, the mass is at P. A short time later, the mass is at Q, as shown below.A

Which vector diagram correctly shows the change in velocity v of the mass during this time? A . v v B . v v

. v v v

D v

. v v
(1)

4.

This question is about circular motion. A linear spring of negligible mass requires a force of 18.0 N to cause its length to increase by 1.0 cm. A sphere of mass 75.0 g is attached to one end of the spring. The distance between the centre of the sp here M and the other end P of the unstretched spring is 25.0 cm, as shown below. P M

. 0

c m

The sphere is rotated at constant speed in a horizontal circle with centre P. The distance PM increases to 26.5 cm. (a) Explain why the spring increases in length when the sphere is moving in a circle. El muelle se deforma porque acta una fuerza sobre l. F=ma, y en este caso la aceleracin sera la aceleracin cestrpeta que se ejerce sobre el muelle y la masa la esfera atada a su estremo.

(b)

Determine the speed of the sphere.

(4) (Total 6 marks)

5.

A brick is placed on the surface of a flat horizontal disc as shown in the diagram below. The disc is rotating at constant speed about a vertical axis through its centre. The brick does not move relative to the disc.

Which of the diagrams below correctly represents the horizontal force or forces acting on the brick?D

(1)

6.

For an object to be in translational equilibrium A. B. C. D. it must be at rest. it must be moving with a constant acceleration. no external force must be acting on it. the net force acting on it must be zero.
(1)

7.

This question is about equilibrium. Explain whether each of the following is in equilibrium. (a) A satellite in orbit at constant speed round the Earth. No est en equilibrio, porque sobre l acta la faceleracin centrpeta que genera una fuerza, consiguiendo un movimiento circular uniforme en crculo. F=acm
(2)

(b)

A small weight suspended on a string and blown to one side by a wind so that the string makes a constant angle with the vertical, as shown below.

i n

Estar en equilibrio mientras la fuerza del viento se mantenga constante para hacer que su suma con la componente de la tensin sea nula.
(2) (Total 4 marks)

8.

A bird of weight W lands at the midpoint of a horizontal wire stretched between two poles. The magnitude of the force exerted by each pole on the wire is F. F F

The bird will be in equilibrium if A. B. C. D. 2F > W. 2F = W. 2F < W. F = W.

(1)

9.

A weight is suspended from a spring. The variation with weight of the length of the spring is shown below. 10. l e n g 1 6 t h / c m

6 w

8 e i g h

What is the value of the spring constant (force constant) of the spring? A. B. C. D. 0.4 N cm1 0.5 N cm1 2.0 N cm1 2.5 N cm1
(1)

10.

A mass is suspended from the roof of a lift (elevator) by means of a spring balance, as illustrated below.

l i f t

( e l e v

a t o

r )

a s s

The lift (elevator) is moving upwards and the readings of the spring balance are noted as follows. Accelerating: R
a

Constant speed: Slowing down:

R R

Which one of the following is a correct relationship between the readings? A. B. C. D. R >R
a c

R =R
a

R =R
c

R <R
c

(1)

11.

A friction force f is acting on a block of weight w sliding down an incline at a constant speed. The force N is the normal reaction of the incline on the block. Which of the following free-body diagrams best represents the forces acting on the block? C A . N f B . N f

w w

. N

(1)

12.

Three forces F, T and W act at a point P as shown below. T

W Which of the following gives the condition for point P to be in equilibrium? A. B. C. D. W = F tan W = F cos F = W tan F = W cos
(1)

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13.

This question is about circular motion. A stone is attached to an inextensible string. The stone is made to rotate at constant speed v in a horizontal circle. Diagram 1 below shows the stone in two positions A and B. D i a g r a m 1 v D i a g r a m 2

Diagram 2 above shows the velocity vector of the stone at point A. (a) On diagram 2, draw vectors to show the change in velocity v of the stone from point A to point B.
(3)

(b)

Use your completed diagram 2 to explain why a force, directed towards the centre of the circle, is necessary to cause circular motion. Es necesaria porque sino no se generara la aceleracin centrpeta que cambia el movimiento rectilineo, tirando del cuerpo hacia el centro y generalndo el movimiento circular.
(2) (Total 5 marks)

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14.

The graph below shows the variation with load of the length of a spring.

For a load W the length of the spring is L. The spring constant of the spring is given by A. the gradient of the graph.

B.

1 gradient of the graph . W L . L W .

(1)

C.

D.

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15.

This question is about modelling the thermal processes involved when a person is running. When running, a person generates thermal energy but maintains approximately constant temperature. (a) Explain what thermal energy and temperature mean. Distinguish between the two concepts. El calor es una energa en trnsito, sin embargo la temperatura mide la energa cintica de las partculas.
(4)

The following simple model may be used to estimate the rise in temperature of a runner assuming no thermal energy is lost. A closed container holds 70 kg of water, representing the mass of the runner. The water is heated at a rate of 1200 W for 30 minutes. This represents the energy generation in the runner. (b) (i) Show that the thermal energy generated by the heater is 2.2 106 J. P=E/t; 1200W= E/ 1800 s; E =2.2 106 J.
(2)

(ii)

Calculate the temperature rise of the water, assuming no energy losses from the water. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg1 K1.
(3)

Ec= CeAtm; 2.2 106 J.=4200 J kg1 K1. 70 kgAt; At= 7.5 (c) The temperature rise calculated in (b) would be dangerous for the runner. Outline three mechanisms, other than evaporation, by which the container in the model would transfer energy to its surroundings.

(ci) Transpiracin (cii) (ciii) Prdida de calor por conduccin de este con el ambiente

6)

A further process by which energy is lost from the runner is the evaporation of sweat.) Describe, in terms of molecular behaviour, why evaporation causes cooling.
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La evaporacin del sudor causa enfriamiento porque transmite al embiente gran parte de la enega calorifica que contiene el cuerpo, al evaporarse hay menos energa cintica en las partculas porque en el cambio de estado se ha paerdido.
(3)

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(ii)

Percentage of generated energy lost by sweating: 50% Specific latent heat of vaporization of sweat: 2.26 106 J kg1

Using the information above, and your answer to (b) (i), estimate the mass of sweat evaporated from the runner. Ec=Cl m; m= 0.97kg

(3)

(iii)

State and explain two factors that affect the rate of evaporation of sweat from the skin of the runner. La temperatura ambiente, cuanto ms calor haga ms fcil que las partculas alcancen la energa suficiente para que sus partculas aumenten su agitacin.

La cantidad de sudor que genere el corredor. Cuanto ms sudor genere, menor ser la tasa.
(4) (Total 25 marks)

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17.

This question is about an experiment designed to investigate Newtons second law. In order to investigate Newtons second law, David arranged for a heavy trolley to be accelerated by small weights, as shown below. The acceleration of the trolley was recorded electronically. David recorded the acceleration for different weights up to a maximum of 3.0 N. He plotted a graph of his results. h e a v y t r o l l e y a c c e l e r a t i o n p u l l e y

e i g

(a)

Describe the graph that would be expected if two quantities are proportional to one another.

La grfica estonces no podra realizarse porq se generara un movimiento uniforme, sin aceleracin ninguna.

(2)

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(b)

Davids data are shown below, with uncertainty limits included for the value of the weights. Draw the best-fit line for these data.

1 . 4 0 a c c e l e r a t i o / m 2 s 1 . 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 . 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

. 0 0 0 . 0

. 5

. 0

. 5

. 0 w

. 5 h

0 t
(2)

e i g

(c) Use the graph toexplain what is meant by a systematic error. El error sistemtico es aquel que se produce en todas la s medidas por falta de precisin del aparato usado.
E(2)

(ii)

estimate the value of the frictional force that is acting on the trolley.
c(1)

17

(iii)

estimate the mass of the trolley.

(2) (Total 9 marks)

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