Farming has been an essential human activity since prehistory

India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and logging accounted for 16.6% of the GDP in 2007, employed 52% of the total workforce[1] and despite a steady decline of its share in the GDP, is still the largest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall social-economic development of India. Commercial is mainly refer to large scale production at to support big amount of comsumption. It usually have surplus to market to the commuity. the objective of commercial farming is to generate income. Substatial farming is for self-consumption, mainly in small scale,just sufficient for own uses or family. they seldom market it unless they have excess. the objective is for own survival and personal food supply.

he Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. In the two centuries following 1800, the world's average per capita income increased over 10-fold, while the world's population increased over 6-fold.[2] In the words of Nobel Prize winnerRobert E. Lucas, Jr., "For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. ... Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before."[3] Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labour and draft-animalbased economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal.[4] Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roadsand railways.[5]

Changes That Led to the Revolution The most important of the changes that brought about the Industrial Revolution were (1) the invention of machines to do the work of hand tools; (2) the use of steam, and later of other kinds of power, in place of the muscles of human beings and of animals; and (3) the adoption of the factory system.

The Condition of Labor As conditions in industry changed, social and political conditions changed with them. Farm laborers and artisans flocked to the manufacturing centers and became industrial workers. Cities grew rapidly, and the percentage of farmers in the total population declined. The population of England as a whole began to increase rapidly after the middle of the 18th century. Because of progress in medical knowledge and sanitation, fewer people died in infancy or childhood and the average length of life increased. Far-reaching changes were gradually brought about in the life of the industrial workers. For one thing, machines took a great burden of hard work from the muscles of human beings. Some of the other changes, however, were not so welcome. The change from domestic industry to the factory system meant a loss of independence to the worker. The home laborer could work whenever he pleased. Although the need for money often drove him to toil long hours, he could vary the monotony of his task by digging or planting his garden patch. When he became a factory employee, he not only had to work long hours, but he had to leave his little farm. He lived near the factory, often in a crowded slum district. He was forced to work continuously at the pace set by the machine. The long hours and the monotonous toil were an especially great hardship for the women and children. The vast majority of the jobs were held by them by 1816. The change was particularly hard on the weavers and the other skilled workers who sank to the position of factory workers. They had been independent masters, capitalists in a small way, and managers of their own businesses. They had pride in their skill. When they saw themselves being forced into factories to do other men's bidding for the same pay as unskilled workers, it is no wonder that they rioted and broke up looms. Problems of Capital and Labor A person had to have a lot of capital to buy machines and open a factory. Those who were successful made huge profits with which to buy more machines, put up larger buildings, and purchase supplies in greater quantities at enormous savings. Thus capital increased far more rapidly than it ever had before. Much of it was invested in building canals, railroads, and steamships and in developing foreign trade. The men who controlled these enterprises formed a powerful new class in England--the industrial capitalists. The capitalists had a struggle to obtain a voice in the government. They needed a better system of banking, currency, and credit. They had to find and hold markets for their products.

They had many difficulties in organizing their factories to run efficiently. They also had to make a profit on their investments in the face of intense competition. Laissez-faire was the rule in England. This meant that the government had accepted the doctrine that it should keep hands off business. Factory owners could therefore arrange working conditions in whatever way they pleased. Grave problems arose for the workers-problems of working hours, wages, unemployment, accidents, employment of women and children, and housing conditions. Children could tend most of the machines as well as older persons could, and they could be hired for less pay. Great numbers of them were worked form 12 to 14 hours a day under terrible conditions. Many were apprenticed to the factory owners and housed in miserable dormitories. Ill-fed and ill-clothed, they were sometimes driven under the lash of the overseer. The high death rate of these child slaves eventually roused Parliament to pass laws limiting the daily toil for apprentices. Rise of Labor Unions Workers sought to win improved conditions and wages through labor unions. These unions often started as "friendly societies" that collected dues from workers and extended aid during illness or unemployment. Soon, however, they became organizations for winning improvements by collective bargaining and strikes. Industrial workers also sought to benefit themselves by political action. They fought such legislation as the English laws of 1799 and 1800 forbidding labor organizations. They campaigned to secure laws which would help them. The struggle by workers to win the right to vote and to extend their political power was one of the major factors in the spread of democracy during the 19th century

A trade union (British English) or labour union (American English) is an organization of workers that have banded together to achieve common goals such as better working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file[1] members) and negotiates labour contracts (collective bargaining) with employers. This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies. The agreements negotiated by the union leaders are binding on the rank and file members and the employer and in some cases on other nonmember workers. Originating in Europe, trade unions became popular in many countries during the Industrial Revolution, when the lack of skill necessary to perform most jobs shifted employment bargaining power almost completely to the employers' side, causing many workers to be mistreated and underpaid. Trade union organizations may be composed of individual workers, professionals, past workers, or the unemployed. The most common, but by no means only, purpose of these organizations is "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment".[2]

Over the last three hundred years, many trade unions have developed into a number of forms, influenced by differing political objectives. Activities of trade unions vary, but may include:

Provision of benefits to members: Early trade unions, like Friendly Societies, often provided a range of benefits to insuremembers against unemployment, ill health, old age and funeral expenses. In many developed countries, these functions have been assumed by the state; however, the provision of professional training, legal advice and representation for members is still an important benefit of trade union membership.

Collective bargaining: Where trade unions are able to operate openly and are recognized by employers, they may negotiate with employers over wages and working conditions.

Industrial action: Trade unions may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts in furtherance of particular goals. Political activity: Trade unions may promote legislation favourable to the interests of their members or workers as a whole. To this end they may pursue campaigns, undertake lobbying, or financially support individual candidates or parties (such as the Labour Party in Britain) for public office.

1 2 3

Laws related to Industrial Relations The Trade Unions Act, 1926 The Trade Unions (Amendments) Act, 2001 The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946
The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Rules, 1946

The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947

Laws related to Wages The Payment of Wages Act, 1936

The Payment of Wages Rules, 1937

2 3 4

The Payment of Wages (AMENDMENT) Act, 2005 The Minimum Wages Act, 1948
The Minimum Wages (Central) Rules, 1950

The Working Journalist (Fixation of Rates of Wages) Act, 1958

Working Journalist (Conditions of service) and Miscellaneous Provisions Rules, 1957

The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965

The Payment of Bonus Rules, 1975

1 2

Laws related to Working Hours, Conditions of Services and Employment The Factories Act, 1948 The Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1948

3 4 5

The Plantation Labour Act, 1951 The Mines Act, 1952 The Working Journalists and other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service and Misc. Provisions) Act, 1955
The Working Journalists and other Newspaper Employees (Conditions Service and Misc. Provisions) Rules, 1957 of

6 7 8 9

The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 The Motor Transport Workers Act, 1961 The Beedi & Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966 The Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act,
The Contract Labour Regulation Rules

1970

10 The Sales Promotion Employees (Conditions of Service) Act, 1976

The Sales Promotion Employees (Conditions of Service) Rules, 1976

11 The Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 12 The Shops and Establishments Act 13 The Cinema Workers and Cinema Theatre Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1981
The Cinema Workers and Cinema Theatre Workers (Regulation of Employment) Rules, 1984 The Cine Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1981.

14 15 16

The Dock Workers (Safety, Health & Welfare) Act, 1986 The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment & Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 The Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) (inapplicability to Major Ports) Act, 1997

1 2

Laws related to Equality and Empowerment of Women The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976

1 2 3

Laws related to Deprived and Disadvantaged Sections of the Society The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976 The Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act, 1986 The Children (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933

1 2 3 4

Laws related to Social Security The Workmens Compensation Act, 1923 The Workmen's Compensation (Amendments) Act, 2000 The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 The Employees Provident Fund & Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
The Employees Provident Fund & Miscellaneous Provisions (Amendment) Act, 1996

The

Payment

of

Gratuity

Act,

1972

The Payment of Gratuity Rules

The Unorganised Woekers' Social Security Act 2008 The Unorganised Workers' Social Security Rules 200