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Rule 1: Rule 2:
If y = c, where c is constant then If y = cx, where c is constant then
dy dy
=0 =c
dx dx
Example Example
dy dy
y = 4 then =0 y = 4x then =4
dx dx
dy dy
y =-5 then =0 y =-5x then = -5
dx dx
3 4
Rule 3: Rule 4:
dy 1 du
If y = xn, where n is real number then If y = ln u then =
dy dx u dx
= nx n - 1 ,n ≠1
dx
Example Example
dy dy 1 d 1 1
y = x2 then = 2x 2 - 1 = 2x y = ln 2x then = . 2x = .2 =
dx dx 2x dx 2x x
dy dy 1 d 1 3
y = 2x3 then = 3.2x 3 - 1 = 6x 2 y = ln 2x3 then = . 2x3 = 3 .6x2 =
dx dx 2x3 dx 2x x
5 6
1
Rules of Differentiation Rules of Differentiation
Rule 5: Rule 6:
dy du dy
If y = eu then = eu . If y = f(x) + g(x) then = f' (x) + g' (x)
dx dx dx
Example Example
dy d dy d d
y = ex then = ex . x = e x .1 = e x y = 2x + 1 then = 2x + 1 =2
dx dx dx dx dx
3 dy d dy d d
= e 2x . 2x 3 = e 2x . 6x 2 x + 3x 3 = 1 + 9x 2
3 3
y = e2x then y = x + 3x3 then =
dx dx dx dx dx
7 8
Rule 7: Rule 8:
dy
If y = f(x) - g(x) then = f' (x) - g' (x) If y = f(x).g(x) then
dx dy
= f(x). g' (x) + g(x).f' (x)
dx
Example Example
dy d d
y = 2x + 1 then = 2x - 1 =2 y = 2x(x2 + 1) then
dx dx dx dy d d
= 2x. (x 2 + 1) + (x 2 + 1). 2x
dy d dx dx dx
y = x + 3x3 then d
= x- 3x 3 = 1 - 9x 2 = 2x(2x) + (x 2 + 1)(2)
dx dx dx
9 = 4x 2 + 2x 2 + 2 = 6x 2 + 2 10
2
Second Order Differentiation Second Order Differentiation
Partial Differentiation
Solution
d d d d
f(x,y)= (x2 -1)(y +2 ) f(x,y)= (x2 -1)(y +2 )
dx dx dy dy
d d d d
=(x2 -1) (y+2 )+(y+2 ) (x2 -1 ) =(x2 -1) (y+2 ) +(y+2 ) (x2 -1 )
dx dx dy dy
= (x2 -1).0 + (y+2 )(2x) = (x2 -1).1 + (y+2 ) .0
= 2xy+4x = x2 -1 17