Structure and Properties of Materials

Instructor: Dr. Jiyu Fang Office: Room115, Eng. 1

E-mail: jfang@mail.ucf.edu

Main Objectives
Types of materials (metals, ceramics, polymers,
and composite materials). Structures of materials in different length scales (atomic, molecular, and microscopic). Properties of materials (mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical) Role of chemistry and physics in studying materials Relation among processing, structures, properties, and performance of materials.

Text Book: Materials Science and Engineering An introduction.

by William D. Callister, Jr.; John Wiley & Sons Inc. 8th Edition

Grading
Home works (5): 20% Mid-term exams (2): 40% Final exam: 40% Notes: Make-up exams will only be allowed if the prior permission is obtained. Later home works will not be accepted.

My Office Hours
Each M/W: 10:00 AM ~ 11:00AM
Activities: Discuss issues of lectures Discuss issues of tests

Graduate Teaching Assistant

Teaching assistant will: Have office hours to help you with course
materials Grade homeworks and tests

Chapter 1: Introduction
What is material? Engineered structures with specific properties Why we study materials? Virtually every segment of our everyday lives is affected to one degree or another by materials

Materials Science and Engineering (MSE)

Structure
Represents the arrangement of internal components of a material

Length Scales

Distance of Inter-atoms? ~ a few Diameter of a human hair? ~ 50 m

Things natural made

Cat (~ 0.3m)

Things man made

Bee (~ 15mm) Microelectronics

Red cell (~2 m)

Quantum dot

DNA (2nm)

Property

Processing and Performance

Processing a method that used to synthesize materials
Performance - a function of properties

Processing- structure-properties-performance
Linear relationship

Types of Materials
Materials can be classified based on chemical makeup and atomic structures Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms and
spread in an electron sea that gules the ions together

Semiconductors: the bonding of atoms is covalent (electrons are shared by atoms). Electrical properties: are between conductor and insulator are sensitive to impurity atoms

Ceramics: atoms behave like either positive or negative ions and bond by Coulomb forces.

Polymers: are large organic molecules based on carbon, hydrogen, other nonmetallic elements Plastics and rubber materials Soft, flexible, light

How do you decide on a specific material for your application?

Future of Materials Science

Nanomaterials

Bioinspired materials

Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology refers to a field of applied science and technology whose unifying theme is the control of matter on a scale 1 to 100 nanometers, and the fabrication of devices within that size range. Approaches are used in nanotechnology. 1. "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which can assemble themselves by principles of molecule recognition. 2. "top-down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control.

A new generation of analytical tools in Nanotechnology Atomic force microscope (AFM) Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) Electron beam lithography Allow the deliberate manipulation of nanostructures, and led to the observation of novel phenomena.

Dip Pen Nanolithography

Position of atoms with STM

Position of atoms with STM

48 iron atoms are positioned into a circular ring -"quantum" states of the circular structure.

Chapter 2: Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding Atomic Structure

Electrons, protons, neutrons, quantum mechanics of atoms, electron configuration, and periodic table.

Atomic bonding in solids

Bonding forces and energies
Primary bonds (ionic, covalent, and metallic) Secondary bonding (van der Waals)

Atomic Structure
Atom: nucleus (protons and neutrons) + electrons Charge:
Electron negative charge, magnitude:1.6 10-19 Coulombs Proton positive charge, magnitude:1.6 10-19 Coulombs Neutron - electrically neutral

Mass:

Proton and neutron have the same mass, 1.67 10-27 kg. Electron has a small mass, 9.11 10-31 kg.

Atomic mass (A)

A = mass of protons + mass of neutrons

Electrons in Atoms Atomic models

orbital electrons:
Protons neutrons

Outer orbital

1 n=3 2

Inner orbital

Nucleus

Bohr model describes electrons in atoms in terms of both position (electron orbital) and energy (quantized energy level).

Wave-mechanical model Electrons move not in circular orbits, but in fuzzy orbits (shells). We can not tell how they moves, only can say what is the probability of finding them at some distance from nucleus.

Charge cloud

Electrons occupy various shells and subshells within the shells, based on the certain occupation rules

Bohr model

Wave-mechanical model

Quantum numbers in wave mechanics

Describe the size, shape, and spatial orientation of an electron probability density. Principal quantum number (n) defines the size of shells. n = 1, 2, 3, which are denoted by K, L, M, N, Second quantum number (l) defines the shape of subshells, l = 0, 1, 2,, which are denoted by s, p, d, f The number of subshells is restricted by the magnitude of n. Third quantum number (ml) defines the number of energy states for each subshells. Fourth quantum number (ms) defines the spin moment of electron.

Maximum possible number of electrons in subshells

The number of electrons in a given subshell is fixed by 2(2l +1)

Energy state - value of energy that are permitted for electrons discrete energy states

n=3

n=2

Electron configuration represents the manner in which these energy states are occupied by electrons

(Hydrogen) (Helium) (Lithium) (Beryllium) (Boron) (Carbon) (Nitrogen) (Neon) (Sodium)

Valence electrons electron occupy the outmost shell

Electron configuration 1s 1 1s 2 1s 22s 1 1s 22s 2 1s 22s 22p 1 1s 22s 22p 2 ... (stable)

Valence electrons participate in 2s 22p 6 between atoms 1s 2 bonding (stable)

1s 22s 22p 63s 1 Stable electron configurations... 1s 22s 22p 63s 2 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 1 have complete s and p subshells ...

tend to be unreactive. 63s 23p 6 1s 22s 22p Most elements: Electron configuration 2 6stable. 2 not 2 2 6 10
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d ...

(stable) 4s 4 6 (stable)

Periodic Table
All elements are classified based on electron configuration in periodic table
Elements in the same column (elemental group) share similar properties. Group number indicates the number of electrons available for bonding).
Missing one electron in outermost p subshell-want to gain electron -chem. active

Metals have one electron in outermost s subshell-eager to give up-chem. active

Gasses has filled subshells. Chem. inactive