Lecture 12 Handover

1. Introduction
To support mobile operation, the backbone network has to add several new functionalities
Mobility and location management Radio resource and power management Security

Mobility Management
Mobility issues
Location and route
Refer to the activities a wireless network should perform in order to keep track of where the MS is.

Handoff
A mechanism by which an ongoing connection between a MS and a correspondent terminal is transferred from one point of access to the fixed network to another.

Soft Handover
Definition
Between adjacent cells with same carrier Between sectors of same site Active sets

Soft Handoff Procedure

Measurements Filtering of measurements Reporting of measurements Handover Algorithm Execution

Handoff Mechanism

Handoff Control
Network Controlled Mobile Assisted Mobile Controlled

Handoff Decision Time Algorithm

In order to avoid to the Ping Pong effect, additional parameter are employed by the algorithm such as hysteresis margin. Decision Metrics:
SIR BER BLER SER Signal Strength

Handoff Criterion
Traditional handoff algorithms are all based on the received signal strength (RSS) or received power P.
RSS ( Choose BS Bnew if Pnew> Pold RSS plus Threshold (if Pnew> Pold and Pold < T) RSS plus Hysteresis (Pnew> Pold + H) RSS, Hysteresis, and Threshold Pnew> Pold + H and Pold < T Algorithm plus dwell timer

RSS, Threshold, and Hysteresis

Soft Handover for WCDMA

A mobile station is connected to more than one base station simultaneously. A mobile station enters the soft handover state when the signal strength of neighboring cell exceeds a certain threshold but is still below the current base station's signal strength.

the signal structure of CDMA is well suited for the implementation of soft handover

Soft Handoff Algorithm

T
Measurement Quantity CPICH 1

As_Th + As_Th_Hyst

AS_Th AS_Th_Hyst

As_Rep_Hyst

CPICH 2

CPICH 3

Time Event 1A Add Cell 2 Event 1C Replace Cell 1 with Cell 3 Event 1B Remove Cell 3

Cell 1 Connected

Algorithm of IS-95

Inter-frequency Handovers
Two methods are considered for interfrequency measurements in WCDMA: 1.Dual receiver 2.Slotted mode

The advantage of the dual receiver approach is that there

is no break in the current frequency connection. Inter-frequency handovers will be needed also for handovers to second-generation systems, like GSM or IS95.

Slotted mode structure

The idle period is resulted from downlink compressed mode

Inter-system Handover
The handover between the WCDMA system and the GSM system . The relative timing between a GSM and WCDMA carriers is maintained similar to the timing between two asynchronous GSM carriers.

Issue on Soft Handover

Observation: Soft Handover gain diminishes as the adjacent cell sizes are different.