21-127: Concepts of Mathematics Homework 2 (due Thursday, September 15)

Directions: Write up carefully argued solutions to the following problems. The rst task is to be complete and correct. The more subtle task is to keep it simple and succinct. Your solution should be clear enough that it should explain to someone who does not already understand the answer why it works. You may use any results proven in lecture without proof. Anything else must be argued rigorously. Unless otherwise specied, all answers are expected to be given in closed form.

2.4 (10 points)

Let A and B be sets of real numbers, let f be a function from R to R, and let P be the set of positive real numbers. For each statement below, write a sentence that expresses its negation without using phrases like it is false that. (a) For all x A, there is a b B such that b > x (b) (x A).(b B).b > x (c) (x, y R).f (x) = f (y) x = y (d) For all b R, there is an x R such that f (x) = b. (e) (x, y R).( P ).( P ).|x y| < |f (x) f (y)| < (f) For all P , there is a P such that, for all x, y R, |x y| < implies |f (x) f (y)| < .

A3 (10 points)
From outside mathematics, give an example of statements A, B, C such that A and B together imply C, but neither A nor B alone implies C. Make sure you explain why each implication does or does not hold.

2.30 (10 points)

Consider two-sided pieces of paper, each with a letter on one side and a natural number on the other. Suppose they are laid out on a table, some with the letter side up and others with the number side up. Describe the types of pieces of paper you would have to turn over to determine whether each of the following statements is true. (a) Whenever the letter side is a vowel, the number side is odd. (b) The letter side is a vowel if and only if the number side is odd.

2.34 (10 points)

For each statement below about natural numbers, decide whether it is true or false, and prove your claim using only properties of natural numbers. 1

(a) If n N and n2 + (n + 1)2 = (n + 2)2 , then n = 3. (b) For all n N, it is false that (n 1)3 + n3 = (n + 1)3 .

A4 (10 points)
Given a real number x:
5 Let A be the statement 1 < x < 2 2

Let B be the statement x Z Let C be the statement x2 = 1 Let D be the statement x = 2 Which of the following statements below are true for all x R? For each statement you claim is true, justify your answer; for each statement you claim is false, provide a counter-example.

(a) A C (b) D (A B C) (c) (A B) (C D) (d) (A C) B

Not Collected (HW 2) (0 points)

The following problems are good practice, and we suggest you try them to make sure you understand the material; however, they are not due and we will never collect them. Logical Language 2.3, 2.9 Notation, Connectives, and Truth 2.14, 2.48, A5