1.0 Introduction: 1.

1Objective: The objective of the experiment is to measure the volumetric flow rate of water passing through different types of flow measuring devices and facing restrictions in the path. 1.2Significance to chemical engineering: Chemical Engineers design, implement, optimize and supervise industrial process where matter under goes change. It is very important for a chemical engineer to know the mechanics of fluid in order to provide the society with cost effective products. Fluid mechanics: Study of the effects of forces and energy on liquids and gases. One branch of the field, hydrostatics, deals with fluids at rest; the other, fluid dynamics, deals with fluids in motion and with the motion of bodies through fluids. Liquids and gases are both treated as fluids because they often have the same equations of motion and exhibit the same flow phenomena. The subject has numerous applications in fields varying from aeronautics and marine engineering to the study of blood flow and the dynamics of swimming. BRITANICA

Question 1: IDEAL VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE (Q)= A* 2*g*h VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE (Q)=C A* 2*g*h C = calibration coefficient A= cross sectional area of venture throat: 84.6 mm2 or 0.846 cm2 h = manometer readings g= gravity (980 cm/s2)
Experiment 1 Q ideal = 147.4566108 cm3 Q measured = 49.27184 cm3/s %error = 0.665855 = 66.585%

Experiment 2 Q ideal = 170.4054857 cm3 Q measured = 153.8826 cm3/s %error = 0.096962 = 9.69%

Experiment 3 Q ideal = 262.9794 cm3 Q measured = 256.5789 cm3/s %error = 0.024339 = 2.433%

Experiment 4 Q ideal = 318.9094 cm3 Q measured = 322.9167 cm3/s %error = -0.01257 = -1.257%

From the percentage errors one can clearly see as the volumetric flow rate of water increase the percentage error decrease.

Question 2:

Calibration coefficient: C C= Q measured/Q ideal Experiment 1 0.334145 Experiment 2 0.903038 Experiment 3 0.975661 Experiment 4 1.012565 Question 3:

C vs LogRe
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 C vs LogRe

The graph shows that as the C values increase so does the Re number values.

Question 4: Sources of error Parallax error in reading the manometer Human reaction time error for the stopwatch Parallax error in reading the thermometer Calculation error Friction neglected due to water flow Error in measuring the diameter of venturi Recommendation: Use a digital stop watch Use a computer connected stopwatch Use more precise instruments to measure the diameter Account the friction in calculations.

TABLE CONTAINING ALL THE VALUES: Q measured m3/s 0.00004927184 0.00015388257 0.00025657895 0.00032291666 Q ideal m3 0.000147457 0.000170405 0.000262373 0.000318909 Calibration coefficient 0.3341 0.903 0.9757 1.0126 Reynolds number 23467 73291 122203 153798