ALARM SYSTEM Design Specification

Date of Submission : 6th Sep 2011

Submitted by: Rohit Sharma Roll No: ECE/09/145 Yashik Kathuria Roll No: ECE/09/158

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(Approved by AICTE, Ministry of HRD, Govt of India & DTE, Govt of Haryana and Affiliated to M. D. University, Rohtak)

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Table of Contents
....................................................................................................................1 REVISION HISTORY........................................................................................4 2. APPROVED BY............................................................................................4 3. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................5 3.1 DOCUMENT OUTLINE.........................................................................................................6 4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS..........................................................................6 4.1 ASSUMPTIONS
AND

DEPENDENCIES..........................................................................................6

4.2 GENERAL CONSTRAINTS......................................................................................................7 LIMITED TECHNOLOGY..............................................................................................................7 DEAD BATTERIES...................................................................................................................7 STEAM INTERFERENCE..............................................................................................................7 DUSTY DECEPTION.................................................................................................................7 RESIDUAL SMOKE...................................................................................................................7 4.3 DEVELOPMENT METHODS ...................................................................................................8 5.1 CLASSIFICATION...............................................................................................................8 5.2 DEFINITIONS...................................................................................................................9 5.3 CONSTRAINTS...............................................................................................................10 LIMITED TECHNOLOGY............................................................................................................10 DEAD BATTERIES.................................................................................................................10 STEAM INTERFERENCE............................................................................................................10 DUSTY DECEPTION...............................................................................................................10 RESIDUAL SMOKE.................................................................................................................10 5.4 USES.........................................................................................................................10 5.5 PROCESSING.................................................................................................................11 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................12

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Revision History
Over the years the effects of high winds on road and rail vehicles have become of increasing concern to transportation system operators. Cars, high-sided lorries and trains can be at risk of a wind-induced accident on exposed sites such as embankments or long span bridges. The objective of the proposed Craft "WEATHER" is to develop an innovative wind alarm system for terrestrial transportation, which will enable risk evaluation. The WEATHER system will predict both the wind and the risk for a road transportation vehicle, taking into account the real ground configuration. The aim of the project is to improve the safety of ground vehicles, specifically rail and road vehicles when exposed to strong high winds: WEATHER expected innovative achievements are the following: - To elaborate spatial-time wind models (including prediction models) in compliance with the needs of wind alarm systems

2. Approved by
Approvals should be obtained from faculty/ HOD

Name Ms.Pooja Chauhan

Signature

Department HOD (electronics and communication)

Date 6th sep 2011

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3. Introduction
Security is the degree of protection against danger, damage, loss, and crime. Security as a form of protection are structures and processes that provide or improve security as a condition. The Institute for Security and Open Methodologies (ISECOM) in the OSSTMM 3 defines security as "a form of protection where a separation is created between the assets and the threat". This includes but is not limited to the elimination of either the asset or the threat. Security as a national condition was defined in a United Nations study (1986) so that countries can develop and progress safely. Security has to be compared to related concepts: safety, continuity, reliability. The key difference between security and reliability is that security must take into account the actions of people attempting to cause destruction. Different scenarios also give rise to the context in which security is maintained:

With respect to classified matter, the condition that prevents unauthorized persons from having access to official information that is safeguarded in the interests of national security. Measures taken by a military unit, an activity or installation to protect itself against all acts designed to, or which may, impair its effectiveness. In the corporate world, various aspects of security were historically addressed separately notably by distinct and often non communicating departments for IT security, physical security, and fraud prevention. Today there is a greater recognition of the interconnected nature of security requirements, an approach variously known as holistic security, "all hazards" management, and other terms. Inciting factors in the convergence of security disciplines include the development of digital video surveillance technologies (see Professional video over IP) and the digitization and networking of physical control systems (see SCADA). Greater interdisciplinary cooperation is further evidenced by the February 2005 creation of the Alliance for Enterprise Security Risk Management, a joint venture including leading associations in security (ASIS), information security (ISSA, the Information Systems Security Association), and IT audit (ISACA, the Information Systems Audit and Control Association). In 2007 the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) released ISO 28000 Security Management Systems for the supply chain. Although the title supply chain is included, this Standard specifies the requirements for a security management system, including those aspects critical to security assurance for any organisation or enterprise wishing to management the security of the organisation and its activities. ISO 28000 is the foremost risk based security system and is suitable for managing both public and private regulatory security, customs and industry based security schemes and requirements.

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3.1 Document Outline

People without home alarm systems installed are 3 times as likely to have their homes broken into compared to those that do have security systems. In fact homeowners who do have a system installed are on average less likely to lose around $400 worth of valuables than those without. So from the above, you can see that installing alarm systems is extremely important as not only do they protect your home, they can help to dissuade those would-be intruders. There are many systems on the market today and what you decide upon will depend on what you want to include within your system. Today there are a variety of different components that can be included within a security alarm system and these can include many of the following: 1. Perimeter sensors for all outside doors and windows. 2. Timers which will turn on and off certain interior and exterior lights. 3. Strobe Lights, Alarms or Sirens plus other alert methods which will warn your neighbors of any situations. 4. Security cameras which you can place either inside or outside the property. 5. Motion detectors, which can be placed in key locations around the property. 6. Control unit which interprets and then responds to the signals it receives from the various components mentioned above. 7. Plus if you want to pay the additional cost you can have your system connected to a monitoring service which will then notify local law enforcement agencies of any breach of security at your property. Generally with this type of system, you will be paying an installation fee and a further fee each month for the cost of the service to monitor the system for you. Certainly compared to the alarm systems which were available some 10 or 20 years ago, the ones used today are much more sophisticated and advanced. All the systems that are now available on the market today are designed especially to ensure that your home is secure. However the biggest consideration a person will need to take into account when they are considering installing one of the many home alarm systems in their home is the cost. If you really are working on a tight budget you could always consider installing your own system or as previously mentioned if you have ample funds then it may well be worth your while considering having a monitored system installed instead. But whatever system you do choose, you have made the right choice and a wise investment for your own peace of mind and knowing that your loved ones and possessions are well protected.

4. Design Considerations
After the fire protection goals are established - usually by referencing the minimum levels of protection mandated by the appropriate model building code, insurance agencies, and other authorities - the fire alarm designer undertakes to detail specific components, arrangements, and interfaces necessary to accomplish these goals. Equipment specifically manufactured for these purposes are selected and standardized installation methods are anticipated during the design. In the United States, NFPA 72, The National Fire Alarm Code is an established and widely used installation standard.

4.1 Assumptions and Dependencies

Fire alarm control panel: This component, the hub of the system, monitors inputs and system integrity, controls outputs and relays information. Primary Power supply: Commonly the non-switched 120 or 240 Volt Alternating Current source supplied from a commercial power utility. In non-residential applications, a branch circuit is dedicated to the fire alarm system and its constituents. "Dedicated branch
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circuits" should not be confused with "Individual branch circuits" which supply energy to a single appliance.

Secondary (backup) Power supplies: This component, commonly consisting of sealed leadacid storage batteries or other emergency sources including generators, is used to supply energy in the event of a primary power failure. Initiating Devices: This component acts as an input to the fire alarm control unit and are either manually or automatically actuated. Examples would be devices like pull stations or smoke detectors. Notification appliances: This component uses energy supplied from the fire alarm system or other stored energy source, to inform the proximate persons of the need to take action, usually to evacuate. This is done by means of a flashing light, strobe light, electromechanical horn, speaker, or a combination of these devices. Building Safety Interfaces: This interface allows the fire alarm system to control aspects of the built environment and to prepare the building for fire and to control the spread of smoke fumes and fire by influencing air movement, lighting, process control, human transport and exit.

4.2 General Constraints

Smoke alarms often mean the difference between life and death in cases of a building fire. FireSafety.gov reports that about two-thirds of fatal home fires involve absent or non-working smoke detectors. But as important as the devices are to the safety of families, they also have some shortcomings. Limited Technology

The two main types of smoke detectors -- ionization and photoelectric -- contain technologies that work well under some circumstances and not so well in others. Ionization detectors respond more promptly to fires involving high flames, and photoelectric detectors alert home owners more quickly to slower-burning, smoldering fires.

Dead Batteries

Smoke detectors not hardwired into a home's electrical system rely exclusively on battery power, requiring regular checking and replacement. A smoke detector with a dead battery saves no lives.

Steam Interference

Smoke detectors installed too close to bathrooms or steam rooms trigger false alarms when steam interrupts the light beams or electrical currents inside smoke detectors.

Dusty Deception

High dust areas -- including workshops, wood shops or near chalkboards -- can trip the sensors inside smoke detectors, sounding false alarms.

Residual Smoke

Installing smoke detectors near stoves, toasters or toaster ovens is a quick recipe for false alarms. Unfortunately, these areas are among those most in need of careful monitoring for fire hazards. Heat detectors, which sound alarms based on sharp temperature change, are worthy substitutes in such areas.

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4.3 Development Methods

An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both. Automatic fire alarm systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, report the event to an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke.

5. Detailed System Design

An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both. Automatic fire alarm systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, report the event to an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke. Timer IC NE555 (IC1) is wired as an astable multivibrator oscillating in audio frequency band. Switching transistors T1 and T2 drive multivibrator NE555 (IC1). The output of IC1 is connected to npn transistor T3, which drives the loudspeaker (LS1) to generate sound. The frequency of IC1 depends on the values of resistors R5 and R6 and capacitor C2. To prevent the thermistor from melting, wrap it up in mica tape.The home fire alarm system works off a 6V-12V regulated power supply.

5.1 Classification
The componenets used in the circuit are: Regulated power supply Resistances Capacitors Diodes LEDs
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Thermistor Integrated chips Transistors

5.2 Definitions
Regulated Power supply
A regulated power supply is an embedded circuit, or stand alone unit, the function of which is to supply a stable voltage (or less often current), to a circuit or device that must be operated within certain power supply limits. The output from the regulated power supply may be alternating or unidirectional, but is nearly always DC (Direct Current). The type of stabilization used may be restricted to ensuring that the output remains within certain limits under various load conditions, or it may also include compensation for variations in its own supply source. The latter is much more common today.

Resistances
The electrical resistance of an electrical element measures its opposition to the passage of anelectric current; the inverse quantity is electrical conductance, measuring how easily electricity flows along a certain path. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the mechanical notion of friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (), while electrical conductance is measured in siemens (S).

Capacitor
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical componentused to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film.

Diode
In electronics, a diode is a type of two-terminal electronic component with a nonlinear current voltage characteristic. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical terminals.[1] A vacuum tube diode (now rarely used except in some high-power technologies) is a vacuum tube with two electrodes: a plate and a cathode.

LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source.[1] LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

Thermistor
A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies significantly with temperature, more so than in standard resistors. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are widely used as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors, self-resetting overcurrent protectors, and self-regulating heating elements.

Integrated Chips
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as IC, chip, or microchip) is an electronic circuit manufactured by the patterned diffusion of trace elements into the surface of
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a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Additional materials are deposited and patterned to form interconnections between semiconductor devices. Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, cell phones, and other digital appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low cost of production of integrated circuits.

Transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its release in the early 1950s the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things.

5.3 Constraints
Smoke alarms often mean the difference between life and death in cases of a building fire. FireSafety.gov reports that about two-thirds of fatal home fires involve absent or non-working smoke detectors. But as important as the devices are to the safety of families, they also have some shortcomings. Limited Technology

The two main types of smoke detectors -- ionization and photoelectric -- contain technologies that work well under some circumstances and not so well in others. Ionization detectors respond more promptly to fires involving high flames, and photoelectric detectors alert home owners more quickly to slower-burning, smoldering fires.

Dead Batteries

Smoke detectors not hardwired into a home's electrical system rely exclusively on battery power, requiring regular checking and replacement. A smoke detector with a dead battery saves no lives.

Steam Interference

Smoke detectors installed too close to bathrooms or steam rooms trigger false alarms when steam interrupts the light beams or electrical currents inside smoke detectors.

Dusty Deception

High dust areas -- including workshops, wood shops or near chalkboards -- can trip the sensors inside smoke detectors, sounding false alarms.

Residual Smoke

Installing smoke detectors near stoves, toasters or toaster ovens is a quick recipe for false alarms. Unfortunately, these areas are among those most in need of careful monitoring for fire hazards. Heat detectors, which sound alarms based on sharp temperature change, are worthy substitutes in such areas.

5.4 Uses

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Nowadays, house alarms or home security systems are preferably needed to ensure the house security from burglars and criminals. Installing a home security system can improve the safety of your family and property. Another efficient device that is in demand nowadays is the burglar alarm system. These safety alarms arte featured as electronic devices that have sensors. They are connected to a main control panel through either a low voltage narrowband RF signal or hardwire. When a connection is made between the unit and the signal, it can create an announcing alarm leading for an elicit response. The most common burglar alarm sensors can indicate the opening of a window or door. The new designed systems are predominantly hardwired for economic purposes. While the retrofit wireless systems can also be more economical and are quicker to set up. As for burglar alarm systems, you can find systems that are dedicated to a particular purpose only. Others also handle intrusion, handle fire, and are for safety alarms simultaneously. Designs and features may range from small to built-in noisemakers. There are also those complicated hi-tech designs with multi-zoned computer based systems and monitoring outputs. Many of these conceptualized designs may apply to portable alarms for protecting your house and vehicles. Efficiency of burglar alarms depends on the zone triggered, number of zones, time of the day and other aspects installed within the monitoring system. These systems can initiate various actions or can be instructed to call the police department, fire department and ambulances immediately. Others can also call the property supervisor to try to determine if the alarm is true and genuine. Other functions may also include calling a list of telephone numbers provided by the owner to contact listed persons to go and check the secured premises. Some zones can make calls to the local oil heating company to go to inspect the system or to contact the owner with specific details of which area are getting flooded. You may also find burglar alarm systems that are attached to a video surveillance system so that monitoring can be instantly played on a remote monitor. The desired result you seek from a burglar alarm system is to cause a specific alarm output and response quickly when the sensors identify a valid condition that may have triggered the alarm. The ability of the unit to communicate back to the monitoring system is one crucial aspect to the monitoring efficiency of the alarm made. Some insurance companies and local government agencies may require alarm systems be installed with codes. They should also acquire certification from a third party organization that inspects the efficiency and quality of these alarm systems. Those with independent certifications should ensure that their system meets the level of qualifications beyond what the dealer promotes and offers. This will only ensure that you have an alarm system that is reliable, efficient and made of high quality.

5.5 Processing
An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both. Automatic fire alarm systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, report the event to an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke. Timer IC NE555 (IC1) is wired as an astable multivibrator oscillating in audio frequency band. Switching transistors T1 and T2 drive multivibrator NE555 (IC1). The output of IC1 is connected to npn transistor T3, which drives the loudspeaker (LS1) to generate sound. The frequency of IC1 depends on the values of resistors R5 and R6 and capacitor C2. To prevent the thermistor from melting, wrap it up in mica tape.The home fire alarm system works off a 6V-12V regulated power

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supply.

The componenets used in the circuit are: Regulated power supply Resistances Capacitors Diodes LEDs Thermistor Integrated chips Transistors

Put the exact unedited source code.

6. Bibliography
http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/30721/home_security/benefits_of_burglar_alarm_sy stems.html http://www.ehow.com/about_4616665_advantages-home-security-systems.html http://www.servicemagic.com/article.show.Home-Security-Alarms-For-Safety-andResale.15413.html www.wikipedia.com http://wirelesssecurityhomesystems.com/2010/07/home-alarm-systems/

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