BT 07-01

Basic mathematics

Q1. U={a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, k}, A={a, b, c, g}, B={d, e, f, g},

C={a, c, f}&D={f, h, k}.
a. Compute
1) A ∪b = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}.
2) B∪c = {a, c, d, e, f, g}.
3) A∩c = {a, c}.
4) B∩d = {f}.
b. Compute
1) A-b = {a, b, c}.
2) Ā = {d, e, f, h, k }
3) A∪b∪c. = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}.
4) A∩(b∪c). = {A, c, g}

c. Compute
1) (A∩b) c = {a, b, c, f}.
2) (ac∪bc) => ac={d, e, f, h, k}, bc={a, b,c,h,k}, (ac∪bc)={a,b,c,d,e,f,h,k}.
3) Verify that (a∪b)c=ac∩bc .
A ∪b = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}.
(a∪b)c= {h.k}.
ac={d, e,f, h,k}.
bc={a, b,c,h,k}.
(ac∩bc)={h.k}.
Hence, it is verified that (a∪b)c=ac∩bc.

Q2. U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}

A={1,2,4,6,8},

B={2,4,5,9},
C={x|x is a pointing integer and x2 =16}

D={7,8},
a. Compute
1) a∪b ={1,2,4,5,6,8,9}.
a∪c, c={4,-4}. a∪c={1,2,4,-4,6,8}
2) a-b = {1,6,8}.
3) a∩c = {4}.

b. Compute
1) c-d= {-4,4}.
2) (a∪b)c=> (a∪b)={1,2,4,5,6,8,9} (a∪b)c={3,7}.
3) (a∩(b∪c)=b∪c={2,4,-4,5,9}
(a∩(b∪c)={2,4}.
4) (a∪(b∪c)= b∪c={{2,4,-4,5,9}
(a∪(b∪c)={1,2,4,-4,5,6,8,9}.
c. Verify the theorems.
1) (a∩b)c= ac ∪ be

let u={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
a={1,2,4,6,8},
b={2,4,5,9},
then a∩b={2,4},
and so (a∩b)c={1,3,5,6,7,8,9}.
Ac={3,5,7,9},
Be={1,3,6,7,8},
Ac∪be={1,3,5,6,7,8,9}.
Hence it is proved that (a∩b)c=ac∪be.
2) (a∪b)c=ac∩be.

Let u={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9},
A={1,2,4,6,8},
B={2,4,5,9},
Then a∪b={1,2,4,5,6,8,9}
And so (a∪b)c={3,7}.
Ac={3,,5,7,9}
Be={1,3,6,7,8}
Ac∩be={3,7}.
Hence it is prove that (a∪b)c=ac∩bc.
Q3. A) Define negation, conjunction, disjunction of the statement with examples.
Ans.
Negation, conjunction, disjunction are in fact the compound proposition of connectives. Like and
not or if-then, if and only if, these are connectives and there compound preposition is conjuction,
disjunction, and negation.

Negation=
The negation of a proposition is generally form by introducing the word “not” at proper place in
the preposition or by prefixing the preposition with the phrases “it is not the case that”.

Truth table for negation

P -p
T F
F T

Conjunction=
The conjunction of two proposition p and q is the proposition p/\q which is read as p and q.

Truth table for conjunction

P Q P/\q

T T T

F T F

T F F

F F F

Note: the truth value of p/\q is same as truth value q/\p.

Disjunction:
The disjunction of two proposition p and q is the proposition p\/q which is read as p or q. the
proposition p\/q has the truth value f only when p and q have the truth value f; otherwise it is true.
The disjunction is defined by truth table:
Truth table for disjunction.
P Q P\/q
T T T
F T T
T F T
F F F

Note: the truth value of p\/q is the same as that of q\/p.

b) what is truth table? Write the table for the statement p\/ (q /\ r).
truth table =
a truth table presents compactly the truth values of one or more than one preposition for all the
possible combination of the truth values of each primary proposition.
P\/(q/\r)
P Q R (q/\r) P\/(q/\r)

T T T T T
T T F F T
T F T F T
T F F F T
F T T T T
F T F F F
F F T F F
F F F F f

Q4) a. 1) prove that sum of the degrees of the points of a graph is twice the number of the lines.
Ans.
Let a be a (p,q) graph. Every line of g is incident with two points.
Hence every line gives 2 to the sum of the degrees of the points.
Hence ∑deg vi = 2q
Example in the given figure a be a (5,10)
Graph. In which the degree of each point is 4 . there are 5 points.
Hence, ∑deg vi =20
I=1

2) Cubic graph with six points.

b). define
i) Cubic graph.

A regular graph of degrees 3 is called a cubic graph.

2) complete graph->
a graph in which any two distinct points are adjacent is called complete graph.

3) Regular graph.
For any graph g we define б(g)=min{deg v/v(g)Єv(g)} and (g)=max{deg v/v∈v(g)}
If all the points of g have the same degree r then δ(a)=(g)=r and in this case g is called a regular
graph of degree r.
V1 v6

V3 v5

V2 v4
05. a. prove that,
1) in any graph “g” the number of points of odd degree is even.
Ie=∑deg vi =2q
Proof-
Let g be a (p,q) graph. Every line of g is incident with two points.
hence line gives 2 to the sum of degrees g the points.

Hence ∑deg vi =2q

In the fig a be a (5,10)graph. In which the degree of each point is 4. there are 5 points hence 5.
V1 ∑ deg vi =20
I=1.
v2 V5

v3 v4

2) Every cubic graph has an even no of points.

Proof#
Let g be a cubic graph with p points then, ∑deg.v=3(no of points in g)=3p
We know that ∑deg v is always even by theorem, hence 3p is even
Then p must be even.
Hence the number of points in a cubic graph is even.

Q5) b. let (A*) be a group. Show that (A*) is an abelian group. If and only if (a*b)2 = a2+b2 for
any a,b in A.
Ans. Taking binary operation (a+b)2 = a2 +b2 of adds.
a2 + b2 +2ab=a2 + b2
2ab=0
ab=0
(b*a)2 = b2*a2
ba=0
therefore, ab=ba.
Hence, it is an abilian group. Proved.
Q6. How many different members committees can be formed each containing 4
female members from available set of 20 females and 5 male from available set of
30 males?

Ans.
Here order does not matter in the individual choices. Females can be performed in
20
c4 = !20/!4!(20-4)=!20/!4!16
20*19*18*17/4*3*2*1=4845
male can be performed in:
30
c5=!30/!5!(30-5)=142506
by the fundamental theorem there are
(4845)(142506)= 690441570 way a members committee can be formed.
50
c9 = !5/!9!(50-9)=50*49*48*47*46*44*43*42/9*8*7*6*5*4*3*2*1=2505433700.ans
from20c4*30c5/50c5.

b. How many ‘words’ can be formed from the alphabet {a, b, c, d, f).

Ans. The number is

5
p4=! 5/! (5-4)=! 5/1=120ans.
 BT O7-02
Basic mathematics

Q. 1)
a. A survey of 500 hundred T. V. watchers produced the following information
285 watch the football games
115 watch basketball games
45 watch basketball and football games
70 watch football and hockey games
50 watch hockey and basketball games
50 do not watch any of three games

i) How many people in this survey watch all the games?

ii) How many people watch exactly one of the three games?

b. A = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }, B = { 5, 6, 7 }, C = { 3, 4 }

Compute
i) A X B, ii) B X A, iii) C X A, iv) B X C

c. A = { a, b, c, d, e }, B = { 1, 2, 3 }, C = { 4, 5, 3 }
Verify that
i) A X B ≠ B X A, ii) BC ≠ C – B , iii) A ∩ B = B ∩ A
Ans. Let assume that
a=for football.
B=hockey.
C=basket.
Therefore, p(a)=285.
B=195
C=115.
a∩c=45.
a∩b=70.
b∩c=50.
a∪b∪c=500-50.
P(a∪b)=p(a)+p(b)-p(a∩b)
(a∪b∪c)=p(a)+p(b)+p(c)-p(a∩c)+p(a∩b∩c)
450=285+195+115-45-70-45+(a∩b∩c)
15=a∩b∩c
450-[45+70+45+15]
450-[175]=275 ans.
 B.
i) A X B = {(1,5), (1,6), (1,7), (2,5), (2,6), (2,7), (3,5), (3,6), (3,7), (4,5), (4,6), (4,7) }

ii) B X A = {(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4),

(7,1), (7,2), (7,3), (7,4)}
iii) C X A ={(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3),(4,3), (4,4)}
iv) B X C = {(5,3), (5,4), (6,3), (6,4), (7,3), (7,4)}
c.
i) verify A X B ≠ B X A
L.H.S. A X B = { (1,5), (1,6), (1,7), (2,5), (2,6), (2,7), (3,5), (3,6), (3,7), (4,5), (4,6), (4,7) }
R.H.S. B X A ={ (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (7,1), (7,2), (7,3), (7,4) }
Hence we verify that the given statement A X B ≠ B X A is true.
ii) BC ≠ C – B
{1,2,3,4,5} ≠ {4,5}
iii) A∩ B=B∩A
L.H.S. A ∩ B = {Φ}
R.H.S. B ∩ B = {Φ}
Hence A ∩ B = B ∩ A

Q. 2
a. Define a tautology. Prove that a statement
(p ٨ q) → (p ٧ q) is also a tautology.
b. Write the negation of statement
i) p ٨ (q → r) , ii) [ ( p ٨ q ) ٨ ~ ( q ٧ r )]

Ans. a.
TATULOGY: A compound proposition which is always truth values of its
components is called a tautology.
We have to prove that the statement given ( p ٨ q ) → (p ٧ q ) is a tautology.

P q (p ٨ q) (p ٧ q) (p ٨ q)→ (p ٧ q)
T T T T T
T F F T T
F T F T T
F F F F T

Hence the result of the given statement is all true that shows a
Tautology.
 b.
i) the negation of this statement p ٨ (q → r) is given below:

p q r (q → r) P ٨ (q → r) ~[p ٨ (q →r)]
T T T T T F
T T F F F T
T F T T T F
T F F T T F
F T T T F T
F T F F F T
F F T T F T
F F F T F T

ii) the negation of the following statement [ ( p ٨ q) ٧ ~(p ٧ r) ] is given below

P Q R p٨r q٧r ~(q ٧ r) (p ٨q) ٧ ~ (q ٧r) ~[(p ٨q)٧~(q ٧r)
]
T T T T T F T F
T T F T T F T F
T F T F T F F T
T F F F F T T F
F T T F T F F T
F T F F T F F T
F F T F T F F T
F F F F F T T F
Q3.
a. There are two restaurants next to each other. One has a sign that says “good food is not
cheap” and the other has a sign that says, “cheap food is not good”. Are the signs saying the
same thing?
b. Construct a switching circuit for p ٨ (q ٧ p) and write the flow table. If possible write
an equivalent simple circuit?

Ans. a. Let g: food is good

c: food is cheap.
The sign of first restaurant can be written as g→~c, and the sign of second be written as c→~g.
g c ~g ~c g→~c c→~g
T T F F F F
 T F F T T T
F T T F T T
F F T T T T

The above truth table shows that the two signs say the same thing.
b. we have to construct a switching circuit for p ٨ (q ٧p).
the truth table for the statement p ٨ (q ٧ p) is given below
p Q p q٨p p ٨(q ٧p
)
1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0

q
p

Q. 4) A. Show that following are binary operation by giving examples

i) A={set of integers} a x b = a + b for all a, b, Є A.
ii) A={set of integers} a x b = max {a.b} for all a, b, Є A
iii) A={set of integers} a x b = a + b + 5 for all a, b , Є A
iv) A={set of integers} a x b = a x b for all a, b, Є A

b. Show that following are semi group by giving examples

i) A = {set of all integers}
(A, + ) is a semi group where + is an ordinary addition
ii) A= {set of + integers}
(A, . ) is a semi group where . is ordinary multiplication
iii)_A = {set of all integers}

Δ = {a, b} where for all a, b, Є A

(A, Δ) is a semi group
c. A = {set of integers with zero} and + is a ordinary addition then show (A, + ) is a monoid.
Ans a.
i) Consider two elements i.e.3, 2 , that belongs to a (3,2 є a).
Then 3 x 2 = 3 + 2 = 5.
We can observe that 5 is also є a.
Hence ‘x’ is a binary operation on a.

2) Consider two elements 1,2 that belongs to a (1,2 є a).

then 1 x 2 = max.{1,2}
= 2 (max of two taken)
 2є a
hence ‘x’ is a binary operation on a.

3) Consider two elements 2, 4 that belongs to a (2, 4 є a).

Now 2 x 4 = (2 + 4) + 5
= 11
11 є a
Hence ‘x’ is a binary operation on a.
4) Consider two elements 1, 2 that belongs to a (1,2 є a).
now 1 x 2 = 1x2
=2
2є a
hence ‘x’ is a binary operation on a.

b)
i) A= {set of integers}(a,+) is a semi group where + is a ordinary addition
Rule 1: closed property:
for any a, b Є A;
then a * b Є A;
Consider two elements 1, 2
Now 1 * 2 = 1 + 2
=3
3 Є A , Hence it holds the closed property.
Rule 2: associative property:
For a, b, c, є A;
Then (a * b) * c = a* (b * c)
Consider three elements 1, 2, 3
Now (1 * 2) * 3 = 1* ( 2 * 3)
(3) * 3 = 1 * (5)
6 = 6
hence it holds the associative property.

ii) A = {set of integer }(a,.)is a semi group where . is a ordinary multiplication.

rule1: closed property:
for any a, b Є A;
Then (a* b) Є A;
Consider two elements 3, 5
Now 3. 5 = 15
15 Є A, hence it holds the closed property.

Rule2: associative property:

For any a, b, c, Є A;
Then a* (b * c ) = ( a * b ) * c
Consider three elements 1, 2, 3 Є A
1 * (2 * 3 ) = ( 1 * 2 ) * 3
1 * (2. 3) = (1.2) * 3
1 * (6) = (2) * 3
1.6= 2.3
 6 = 6 hence it holds the associative property.

c)
A ={ set of integers with zero} and + is an ordinary addition then show (a,+)is monid.
rule 1 : closed property:
for any a, b Є A
then a * b Є A ;
e.g. consider two elements 1, 2 Є A
now 1 * 2 = 1 + 2 Є A;
=3
3 Є A;
Hence it holds the closed property.

Rule2: associative property:

For a, b, c Є A then ( a * b ) * c = a * ( b * c)
e.g. consider three elements 1, 2, 3 Є A
now ( 1 * 2) * 3 = 1 * (2 * 3 );
(1 + 2 ) * 3 = 1 * ( 2 + 3);
3 * 3 = 1 * 5;
3 + 3 = 1 + 5;
6 = 6;
hence it holds the associative property.

Rule 3: identity property;

For any a Є A ;
a + 0 = 0 + a;
there fore 0 is an identity element in A.
hence (A, + ) is a MONOD.

Q. 5) a. i) find the mean of the following

Marks 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40
No. of students 5 8 8 4

ii) calculate the mean, median, mode of the following data:

Weight (in gm.) 0–10 10–20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

No. of articles 14 17 22 26 23 18

Ans. a. i)
Marks Midpoint no. student fi xi
0-10 5 5 25
10-20 15 8 120
 20-30 25 8 200
30-40 35 4 140
∑fi = 25 ∑fi xi = 485

mean = ∑ fi xi = 485 / 25 = 19.4

ii)
Weight no. of articles cumulative frequency mid pt. ∑fixi
0-1 14 14 5 70
10-20 17 31 15 255
20-30 22 53 25 550
30-40 26 79 35 910
40-50 23 102 45 1035
50-60 18 120 55 990

N=120 3810

MEAN: ∑ fixi
∑ fi
= 3810 / 120 = 31.75

MEDIAN:
Here N = 120
Therefore n / 2 = 120 / 2 = 60
Hence the median class will be 30 – 40
Here
L = 30 h = 10 C = 53 f = 26
Therefore median = L + ( h / f ) ( ( N / 2 ) – C )
= 30 + (10 / 26 ) (60 – 53 )
= 32.6922
here maximum frequency will be 26
and the model class will be 30 – 40
L = 30 fo= 26
h = 10 f-1 = 22
f1 = 23

MODE:
h ( fo – f –1 )

Mode = L +

2 fo - f–1 - f1

10 (26 – 22)
= 30 +
 2. 26 – 22 – 23

= 33.07

Q. 6)
a. An urn contains 10 black and 10 white balls. Find the probability of drawing two
balls of the same color?
b. A problem in statistics is given to three students A, B and C whose chances of solving
it are ½ , ¾ and ¼ respectively. What is the probability that the problem will be
solved?

Ans.
a. There are 10 black balls and 10 white balls
Total balls will be 20
Out of 20 , we draw 2 balls

Sample space = 20 C 2
If the balls are black, therefore the events will be
E1 = 10 C 2
If the balls are white, therefore the events will be
E2 = 10 C 2
10
Total Probability will be C2 + 10 C2
20
C2
= 10 . 9. 8! / 8 ! × 2

20. 19. 18 ! / 18!

= 10. 9. 2
= 9 / 19
20. 19

b. chances of solving a problem by A = ½

chances of solving a problem by B = ¾
chances of solving a problem by C = ¼

Therefore the probability that the problem will be solved

=½+¾+¼
=3/2
=1.5 Ans.