1.

(a) Write equations to show what happens when the following oxides are added to
water and predict approximate values for the pH of the resulting solutions.
(i)

sodium oxide
Equation ...........................................................................................................
pH .....................................................................................................................

(ii)

sulphur dioxide
Equation ...........................................................................................................
pH .....................................................................................................................
(4)

(b)

What is the relationship between bond type in the oxides of the Period 3 elements and the
pH of the solutions which result from addition of the oxides to water?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

2.

(a)

Figure 1 shows the melting points of the elements sodium to argon.

m e ltin g p o in t/K

2000
1500
1000
500
0
N a M g

A l

Si

C l

A r

Figure 1

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By reference to their structure and bonding, explain the melting points of the elements
from sodium to argon.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)

(b)

Figure 2 shows the trends in atomic radius and molar first ionisation energy for
Group 1 elements.

a to m ic
ra d iu s /
nm

0
0
0
0
0
0

.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.0

0
5
0
5
0
5
0

io n is a tio n
e n e rg y /
k J m o l1

Li

N a

R b

C s

6
5
4
3
2
1

00
00
00
00
00
00
0

Li

N a

R b

Cs

Figure 2

Explain why the atomic radius increases and the ionisation energy decreases as the group
is descended.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

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(c)

Write balanced equations to show the reaction of water with:

(i)

sodium;
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

sodium oxide.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

3.

A sketch of the plot of the logarithms of the first seven successive molar ionisation energies of
silicon against the number of electrons removed is shown in below.

lo g
( io n is a tio n e n e rg y /
1
kJ m ol )

(i)

3
5
6
4
n u m b e r o f e le c tro n s re m o v e d

Define the term molar first ionisation energy of an element.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Write an equation to represent the process whose energy change is equal to the molar
second ionisation energy of silicon.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

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(iii)

Explain the gradual increase in values as the second, third and fourth electrons are
removed.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

Explain why the molar fifth ionisation energy is very much greater than the fourth.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

4.

(a) Why are the elements sodium to argon placed in Period 3 of the Periodic Table?
Describe and explain the trends in electronegativity and atomic radius across Period 3
from sodium to sulphur.
(7)

(b)

Describe the trend in pH of the solutions formed when the oxides of the Period 3
elements, sodium to sulphur, are added separately to water. Explain this trend by
reference to the structure and bonding in the oxides and by writing equations for the
reactions with water.
(19)

(c)

Describe and explain any differences in the thermal stabilities of the carbonates of Group
I metals.
(4)
(Total 30 marks)

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5.

(a)

Define the terms Lewis acid and Brnsted Lowry acid

Lewis acid...................................................................................................................
Brnsted-Lowry acid..................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

(i)
Write an equation to show what happens when anhydrous aluminium
chloride is added to an excess of water.
.........................................................................................................................
(ii)

Write an equation to show that the aluminium species formed in part (i) can behave
as a Brnsted-Lowry acid.
.........................................................................................................................

(iii)

Construct an equation to show aluminium chloride acting as a Lewis acid in its

reaction with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
.........................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

Describe what you would see, and give the formulae of the iron-containing or chromiumcontaining products formed, when
(i)

aqueous iron(III) chloride is treated with an excess of solid sodium carbonate:

Observation(s)..................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Formula of iron-containing product.................................................................

(ii)

aqueous chromium(III) sulphate is added to an excess of aqueous sodium

hydroxide.
Observation(s)....................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Formula of chromium-containing product.........................................................
(6)
(Total 11 marks)

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6.

The graph below shows the trend in first ionisation energy from oxygen to magnesium.
2500
N e

2000
F ir s t
io n is a tio n
e n e rg y /
k J m o l 1

1500
O
1000

M g
500
0

N a
6

10

11

12

13

14

A to m ic n u m b e r

(a)

Using crosses, mark on the graph the first ionisation energies of nitrogen and of
aluminium. Label each of your crosses with the symbol for the element
(2)

(b)

Explain why the first ionisation energy of neon is greater than that of sodium.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Of the elements neon, sodium and magnesium, predict which one has the largest second
ionisation energy. Explain your answer.
Prediction.....................................................................................................................
Explanation..................................................................................................................
(3)

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(d)

Published values of electronegativity are available for oxygen, fluorine, sodium and
magnesium but not for neon.
(i)

Explain why a value of electronegativity is not available for neon.

...........................................................................................................................

(ii)

Of the elements oxygen, fluorine, sodium and magnesium, predict which one has
the smallest electronegativity value.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(e)

Explain, with reference to the bonding in sodium oxide, why this compound reacts with
water to form a solution with a pH of 14.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(f)

What general type of oxide forms acidic solutions in water? Give the formula of one such
oxide.
General type................................................................................................................
Formula.......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

7.

(a) The values of ionic radius for the Period 3 elements in the table below are taken
from a chemistry data book. One of the elements does not actually form ions. The values
given for the other elements are for the most stable ion.
Symbol of element

Na

Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ionic radius/pm

95

65

50

41

212

184

181

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(i)

State the number of protons and electrons in a sodium ion.

Number of protons ......................

Number of electrons ......................

(1)

(ii)

Suggest why there is a large increase in ionic radius from silicon to phosphorus.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Apart from argon, the Period 3 elements all form oxides.

(i)

Write an equation to represent the reaction of aluminium with oxygen.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

The reaction in (b)(i) occurs very readily. Suggest why aluminium saucepans can
be safely heated on a gas cooker.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Complete the following table to show information about Period 3 oxides.

S o d iu m
o x id e

S ilic o n
d io x id e

P h o sp h o ru s(V )
o x id e

S u lp h u r
d io x id e

P h y s ic a l sta te a t
ro o m te m p e ra tu r e
T y p e o f b o n d in g
p re se n t
(4)

(iv)

Write an equation for the reaction of sodium oxide with water.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

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(v)

Write an equation for the reaction of sulphur dioxide with water.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(vi)

Samples of silicon dioxide and phosphorus(V) oxide are added to separate samples
of pure water and each mixture is stirred. State the approximate pH value of each
sample after the stirring.
pH value with silicon dioxide ...........................................................................
pH value with phosphorus(V) oxide .................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

8.

Write equations for the reactions of phosphorus(V) oxide and sulphur dioxide with water. In
each case predict the approximate pH of a 1M aqueous solution of the product.
Phosphorus(V) oxide.............................................................................................................
Approximate pH.....................................................................................................................
Sulphur dioxide......................................................................................................................
Approximate pH ....................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)

9.

(a)

(i)

Write an equation for the reaction of sodium with cold water.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Write an equation for the reaction of chlorine with cold water.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

By referring to the bonding and structure of silicon, suggest why silicon does not
react with cold water.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

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(b)

The oxides of elements of Period 3 react to form salts with aqueous sodium hydroxide or
with aqueous sulphuric acid or with both of these reagents. Give the formula of an oxide
of an element of Period 3 that reacts with:
(i)

aqueous sodium hydroxide only;

Formula of oxide...............................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

aqueous sulphuric acid only;

Formula of oxide...............................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous sulphuric acid.

Formula of oxide...............................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

10.

(a)

Explain why magnesium chloride has a high melting point (987 K).

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Explain why the temperature at which aluminium chloride vaporises is relatively low
(450 K).
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Write an equation for the preparation of aluminium chloride from its elements.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

Write an equation for the reaction of aluminium chloride with water and predict an
approximate value for the pH of the resulting solution.
Equation. ..................................................................................................................
pH. ............................................................................................................................
(2)

(e)

Explain why silicon tetrachloride has a low melting point (203 K).

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10

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)

(f)

Write an equation for the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with water and predict an
approximate value for the pH of the resulting solution.
Equation. ...................................................................................................................
pH. .............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

11.

(a)

P and Q are oxides of Period 3 elements.

Oxide P is a solid with a high melting point. It does not conduct electricity when solid but
does conduct when molten or when dissolved in water. Oxide P reacts with water
forming a solution with a high pH.
Oxide Q is a colourless gas at room temperature. It dissolves in water to give a solution
with a low pH.

(i)

Identify P. State the type of bonding present in P and explain its electrical
conductivity. Write an equation for the reaction of P with water.

(ii)

Identify Q. State the type of bonding present in Q and explain why it is a gas at
room temperature. Write an equation for the reaction of Q with water.
(9)

(b)

R is a hydroxide of a Period 3 element. It is insoluble in water but dissolves in both

aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous sulphuric acid.
(i)

Give the name used to describe this behaviour of the hydroxide.

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11

(ii)

Write equations for the reactions occurring.

(iii)

Suggest why R is insoluble in water.

(6)
(Total 15 marks)

12.

Consider the following oxides.

Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P4O10, SO3
(a)

Identify one of the oxides from the above which

(i)

can form a solution with a pH less than 3 ........................................................

(ii)

can form a solution with a pH greater than 12 .................................................

(2)

(b)

Write an equation for the reaction between

(i)

MgO and HNO3

...........................................................................................................................

(ii)

SiO2 and NaOH

...........................................................................................................................

(iii)

Na2O and H3PO4

...........................................................................................................................
(3)

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12

(c)

Explain, in terms of their type of structure and bonding, why P4O10 can be vaporised by
gentle heat but SiO2 cannot.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

13.

In the questions below, each of the three elements X, Y and Z is one of the Period 3 elements
Na, Mg, Al, Si or P.
(a)

Both the chloride and the oxide of element X have high melting points. The oxide reacts
readily with water. The chloride dissolves in water to form a neutral solution.
(i)

Deduce the type of bonding present in the chloride of element X.

............

(ii)

Identify element X.
............

(iii)

Write an equation for the reaction between water and the oxide of element X.
............
(3)

(b)

Element Y has a chloride and an oxide which react vigorously with water to form
solutions containing strong acids.
(i)

Deduce the type of bonding present in the oxide of element Y.

............

(ii)

Identify element Y.
............

(iii)

Identify an acid which is formed when both the oxide and the chloride of element
Y react separately with water.
............
(3)

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13

(c)

The oxide of element Z is a crystalline solid with a very high melting point. This oxide is
classified as an acidic oxide but it is not soluble in water.
(i)

Deduce the type of crystal shown by the oxide of element Z.

............

(ii)

Identify element Z.
............

(iii)

Write an equation for a reaction which illustrates the acidic nature of the oxide
of element Z.
............
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

14.

The following two-stage method was used to analyse a mixture containing the solids
magnesium, magnesium oxide and sodium chloride.
Stage 1
A weighed sample of the mixture was treated with an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid.
The sodium chloride dissolved in the acid. The magnesium oxide reacted to form a solution of
magnesium chloride. The magnesium also reacted to form hydrogen gas and a solution of
magnesium chloride. The hydrogen produced was collected.
(a)

Write equations for the two reactions involving hydrochloric acid.

(b)

State how you would collect the hydrogen. State the measurements that you would make
in order to calculate the number of moles of hydrogen produced. Explain how your
results could be used to determine the number of moles of magnesium metal in the
sample.
(8)

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14

Stage 2
Sodium hydroxide solution was added to the solution formed in Stage 1 until no further
precipitation of magnesium hydroxide occurred. This precipitate was filtered off, collected,
dried and heated strongly until it had decomposed completely into magnesium oxide. The oxide
was weighed.
(c)

Write equations for the formation of magnesium hydroxide and for its decomposition into
magnesium oxide.

(d)

When a 2.65 g sample of the mixture of the three solids was analysed as described above,
the following results were obtained.
Hydrogen obtained in Stage 1

0.0528 mol

Mass of magnesium oxide obtained in Stage 2

6.41 g

Use these results to calculate the number of moles of original magnesium oxide in 100 g
of the mixture.
(7)
(Total 15 marks)

15.

(a) The Period 3 elements, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P and S, all form oxides when the elements
are burned in an excess of oxygen.
(i)

Give the formula of an oxide of one of these elements in which the element is not
in its highest oxidation state. Give the oxidation state of the element in this oxide.
Formula of oxide ..............................................................................................
Oxidation state of element ................................................................................

(ii)

Write an equation for the reaction in which phosphorus(V) oxide is formed from
phosphorus and oxygen.
.......................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)

The melting points of some of the oxides formed by Period 3 elements are given in a
random order below.
Oxide

Tm/C

2852

73

1610

1275

300

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15

(i)

Using the letters A to E, give two oxides which have simple molecular structures.
Explain your answer.
Oxide 1 ..............................................................................................................
Oxide 2 ..............................................................................................................
Explanation .......................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................

(ii)

Give a simple chemical test which could be used to show which of the oxides in
the table is sodium oxide. State the observation you would make.
Chemical test .................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
Observation .......................................................................................................
(6)

(c)

The pH curve for the titration of the weak diprotic acid H 2SO3 with aqueous
sodium hydroxide is shown below.
p

H1

0
8
6
4
2
0
V

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l u

a O

a d

e d

c m

16

(i)

Identify the sodium salt formed from H 2SO3 when x cm of NaOH have been
added.
....................................................................................................................

(ii)

Write an equation for the reaction that occurs between the two end-points
(equivalence points).
....................................................................................................................

(iii)

Name an indicator which could be used to determine the second end-point

(equivalence point).
....................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

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17