Unit 6

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INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS

INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR
COMMUNICATIONS

OB1ECTIVES

General Objective : To understand the basic concept oI cellular communications.

Specific Objectives : At the end oI the unit you will be able to:
explain the evolution oI cellular telephone system.
deIine the term cellular and explain its basic Iunction.
name the basic element oI cellular system.
draw a simpliIied cellular telephone system and explain
the Iunction oI each part.
explain the services oI analog and digital cellular system.
name the types oI antenna used Ior cellular
communications.
.

UNIT 6
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6.0 Introduction
Millions oI people around the world use cellular phones. There are such great
Iacilities with a cell phone; you can talk to anyone on the planet Irom just about
anywhere else.
These days, cell phones provide an incredible oI Iunctions, and new ones are
being added at a breakneck pace. Depending on the cell-phone model, you can:
O store contact inIormation
O make task or to-do lists
O keep track oI appointments and set reminders
O use the built-in calculator Ior simple math
O send or receive e-mail
O get inIormation (news, entertainment, stock quotes) Irom the Internet
O play simple games
O integrate other devices such as PDAs, MP3 Players and GPS receiver.
Cellular phone systems can be analog or digital. Older systems are analog and
newer systems are digital. Cellular phones oIIers Iull-duplex transmission.

IAPU1
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6.1 Evolution of Mobile Communications
Early Stages: 1G to 3G
Electromagnetic waves were Iirst discovered as a communications medium at the
end oI the 19th century. The Iirst systems oIIering mobile telephone service (car
phone) were introduced in the late 1940s in the United States and in the early
1950s in Europe. Those early single cell systems were severely constrained by
restricted mobility, low capacity, limited service, and poor speech quality. The
equipment was heavy, bulky, expensive, and susceptible to interIerence. Because
oI those limitations, less than one million subscribers were registered worldwide
by the early 1980s.
First Generation (1G): Analog Cellular
The introduction oI cellular systems in the late 1970s and early 1980s represented
a quantum leap in mobile communication (especially in capacity and mobility).
Semiconductor technology and microprocessors are made smaller, lighter in
weight, and more sophisticated. As a result mobile systems are practical reality
Ior many more users. These 1G cellular systems still transmit only analog voice
inIormation. The most prominent 1G systems are Advanced Mobile Phone
System (AMPS), Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), and Total Access
Communication System (TACS). With the 1G introduction, the mobile market
showed annual growth rates oI 30 to 50 percent, rising to nearly 20 million
subscribers by 1990.
Second Generation (2G): Multiple Digital Systems
The development oI 2G cellular systems was driven by the need to improve
transmission quality, system capacity, and coverage. Further advances in
semiconductor technology and microwave devices brought digital transmission to
mobile communications. Speech transmission still dominates the airways, but the
demands Ior Iax, short message, and data transmissions are growing rapidly.
Supplementary services such as Iraud prevention and encrypting oI user data
have become standard Ieatures that are comparable to those in Iixed networks. 2G
cellular systems include GSM, Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), code division multiple
access (CDMA), and Personal Digital Communication (PDC). Today, multiple
1G and 2G standards are used in worldwide mobile communications. DiIIerent
standards serve diIIerent applications with diIIerent levels oI mobility, capability,
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and service area (paging systems, cordless telephone, wireless local loop, private
mobile radio, cellular systems, and mobile satellite systems). Many standards are
used only in one country or region, and most are incompatible. GSM is the most
successIul Iamily oI cellular standards (GSM900, GSMrailway |GSMR|,
GSM1800, GSM1900, and GSM400), supporting some 250 million oI the
world`s 450 million cellular subscribers with international roaming in
approximately 140 countries and 400 networks.
2G to 3G: GSM Evolution
Phase 1 oI the standardization oI GSM900 was completed by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in 1990 and included all
necessary deIinitions Ior the GSM network operations. Several tele-services and
bearer services have been deIined (including data transmission up to 9.6 kbps),
but only some very basic supplementary services were oIIered. As a result, GSM
standards were enhanced in Phase 2 (1995) to incorporate a large variety oI
supplementary services that were comparable to digital Iixed network integrated
services digital network (ISDN) standards. In 1996, ETSI decided to Iurther
enhance GSM in annual Phase 2 releases that incorporate 3G capabilities. GSM
Phase 2 releases have introduced important 3G Ieatures such as intelligent
network (IN) services with customized application Ior mobile enhanced logic
(CAMEL), enhanced speech compression/decompression (CODEC), enhanced
Iull rate (EFR), and adaptive multirate (AMR), highdata rate services and new
transmission principles with high-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD), general
packet radio service (GPRS), and enhanced data rates Ior GSM evolution
(EDGE).

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6.2 Cellular Telephone
A cellular telephone is basically a two-way walkie-talkie that acts like a
telephone. With a walkie-talkie, you either talk or you listen; with a cell phone,
you can talk and listen at the same time. You can dial a number to place a call.
You can receive calls. You can do Iancy things like three-way calls, conIerence
calls, call hold, and voice mail.
6.2.1 Basic Cellular Telephone Concepts
Provisioning Ior each region is planned according to an engineering plan
that includes cells, clusters, Irequency reuse, and handovers.
Cells
A cell is the basic geographic unit oI a cellular system. The term cellular
comes Irom the honeycomb shape oI the areas into which a coverage
region is divided. Cells are base stations transmitting over small
geographic areas that are represented as hexagons. Each cell size varies
depending on the landscape. Because oI constraints imposed by natural
terrain and man-made structures, the true shape oI cells is not a perIect
hexagon.
Clusters
A cluster is a group oI cells. No channels are reused within a cluster.
ure 6.1 illustrates a seven-cell cluster.
Frequency Reuse
Because only a small number oI radio channel Irequencies were available
Ior mobile systems, engineers had to Iind a way to reuse radio channels to
carry more than one conversation at a time. The solution the industry
adopted was called Irequency planning or Irequency reuse. Frequency
reuse was implemented by restructuring the mobile telephone system
architecture into the cellular concept.

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Figure 6.1 A Seven-Cell Cluster

The concept oI Irequency reuse is based on assigning to each cell a group
oI radio channels used within a small geographic area. Cells are assigned
a group oI channels that is completely diIIerent Irom neighboring cells.
The coverage area oI cells is called the Iootprint. This Iootprint is limited
by a boundary so that the same group oI channels can be used in diIIerent
cells that are Iar enough away Irom each other so that their Irequencies do
not interIere (see ure6.2).
Cells with the same number have the same set oI Irequencies. Here,
because the number oI available Irequencies is 7, the Irequency reuse
Iactor is 1/7. That is, each cell is using 1/7 oI available cellular channels.

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Figure 6.2 Frequency Reuse
Cell Splitting
UnIortunately, economic considerations made the concept oI creating Iull
systems with many small areas impractical. To overcome this diIIiculty,
system operators developed the idea oI cell splitting. As a service area
becomes Iull oI users, this approach is used to split a single area into
smaller ones. In this way, urban centers can be split into as many areas as
necessary to provide acceptable service levels in heavy-traIIic regions,
while larger, less expensive cells can be used to cover remote rural
regions (see ure 6.3).

Figure 6.3 Cell Splitting
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Handoff / Handover
The Iinal obstacle in the development oI the cellular network involved the
problem created when a mobile subscriber traveled Irom one cell to
another during a call. As adjacent areas do not use the same radio
channels, a call must either be dropped or transIerred Irom one radio
channel to another when a user crosses the line between adjacent cells.
Because dropping the call is unacceptable, the process oI handoII was
created. HandoII occurs when the mobile telephone network
automatically transIers a call Irom radio channel to radio channel as
mobile crosses adjacent cells (see ure 6.4).

Figure 6.4 HandoII between Adjacent Cells

During a call, two parties are on one voice channel. When the mobile unit
moves out oI the coverage area oI a given cell site, the reception becomes
weak. At this point, the cell site in use requests a handoII. The system
switches the call to a stronger-Irequency channel in a new site without
interrupting the call or alerting the user. The call continues as long as the
user is talking, and the user does not notice the handoII at all.
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6.2.2 Basic Elements of Cellular system
The cellular system oIIers mobile and portable telephone stations the
same service provided to Iixed stations over conventional wired loops. It
has the capacity to serve tens oI thousands oI subscribers in a major
metropolitan area. The cellular communications system consists oI the
Iollowing Iour major components that work together to provide mobile
service to subscribers.
O
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or Integrated Services
Digital Network (ISDN)
O
Mobile Telephone Switching OIIice (MTSO)
O
Cell Site With Antenna System
O
Mobile Subscriber Unit (MSU)
!ublic Switched Telephone Network (!STN)
The PSTN is made up oI local networks, the exchange area networks, and
the long-haul network that interconnect telephones and other
communication devices on a worldwide basis.
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a proposed network
designed by the major telephone companies in conjunction with the
Consultative Committee Ior International Telephony and Telegraphy
(CCITT) with the intent oI providing worldwide telecommunications
support oI voice, data, video, and Iacsimile inIormation within the same
network.
Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)
The MTSO is the central oIIice Ior mobile switching. It houses the mobile
switching center (MSC), Iield monitoring, and relay stations Ior switching
calls Irom cell sites to wire line central oIIices (PSTN). It is a
sophisticated computer that monitors all cellular calls, tracks the location
oI all cellular-equipped vehicles traveling in the system, arranges
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handoIIs, keeps track oI billing inIormation, etc. In analog cellular
networks, the MSC controls the system operation. The MSC controls
calls, tracks billing inIormation, and locates cellular subscribers.
The Cell Site/Radio Base Station (RBS)
The term cell s9e is used to reIer to the physical location oI radio
equipment that provides coverage within a cell. At the cell site, a base
station is equipped to transmit, receive, and switch calls to and Irom any
mobile unit within the cell to the MTSO. A list oI hardware located at a
cell site includes power sources, interIace equipment, radio Irequency
transmitters and receivers, and antenna systems.
Mobile Subscriber Units (MSUs)
The mobile subscriber unit consists oI a control unit and a transceiver that
transmits and receives radio transmissions to and Irom a cell site. The
Iollowing three types oI MSUs are available:
O
the mobile telephone (typical transmit power is 4.0 watts)
O
the portable (typical transmit power is 0.6 watts)
O
the transportable (typical transmit power is 1.6 watts)
The mobile telephone is installed in the trunk oI a car, and the handset is
installed in a convenient location to the driver. Portable and transportable
telephones are hand-held and can be used anywhere. The use oI portable
and transportable telephones is limited to the charge liIe oI the internal
battery.

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Figure 6.5 Cellular network between PSTN, MTSO and RBS

6.3 Call !rocessing
Within a cellular system, call can take place between a wireline party and a
mobile telephone or between two mobiles telephones.

Wireline-to-mobile calls
The cellular system`s switching center receives a call Irom a wireline party
through a dedicated interconnect line Irom the public switched telephone
network. The switch translates the received dialing digits and determines whether
the mobile unit to which the call is destined is on or oII hook (busy). II the
mobile unit is available, the switch pages the mobile subscriber. Following a page
response Irom the mobile unit, the switch assigns an idle channel and instructs
the mobile unit to tune in to that channel. The mobile unit sends a veriIication oI
channel tuning via the controller in the cell site and then sends an audible
ISDN
Mobile unit or pocket
cellular telephone
Cell site
Cell site antenna
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cal/progress tone to the subscriber`s mobile telephone, causing it to ring. The
switch terminates the call progress tones when it receives positive indi cation that
the subscriber has answered the phone and the conversation between the two
parties has begun.

Mobile-to-wireline calls
A mobile subscriber who desires to call a wireline party Iirst enters the called
number into the unit`s memory using Touch-Tone buttons or a dial on the
telephone unit. The subscriber then presses a send key, which transmits the called
number as well as the mobile subscriber`s identiIication number to the switch. II
the identiIication number is valid, the switch routes the call over a leased wireline
interconnection to the public telephone network, which completes the connection
to the wireline party. Using the cell-site controller, the switch assigns the mobile
unit a nonbusy user channel and instructs the mobile unit to tune into that
channel. AIter the switch receives veriIication that the mobile unit is tuned to the
assigned channel, the mobile subscriber receives an audible call progress tone
Irom the switch. AIter the called party picks up the phone, the switch terminates
the call progress tones and the conversation can begin.

Mobile-to-mobile calls
Calls between two mobile units are also possible in the cellular radio system. To
originate a call to another mobile unit, the calling party enters the called number
into the unit`s memory via the touchpad on the telephone set and then presses the
send key. The switch receives the caller`s identiIication number and the called
number
and then determines iI the called unit is Iree to receive a call. The switch sends a
page command to all cell-site controllers, and the called party (who may be
anywhere in the service area) receives a page. Following a positive page Irom the
called party, the switch assigns each party an idle user channel and instructs each
party to tune into their respective user channel. Then the called party`s phone
rings. When the system receives notice that the called party has answered the
phone, the switch terminates the call progress tone, and the conversation may
begin between the two mobile units.
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II a mobile subscriber wishes to initiate a call and all user channels are busy, the
switch sends a directed retry command, instructing the subscriber to reatternpt the
call through a neighboring cell. II the system cannot allocate a user channel
through the neigh boring cell, the switch transmits an intercept message to the
calling mobile unit over the control channel. Whenever the called party is oII
hook, the calling party receives a busy signal. Also, iI the called number is
invalid, the system either sends a reorder message via the control channel or
provides an announcement that the call cannot be processed.

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Example 6.1
What is a cellular telephone?

Solution to Example 6.1
A cellular telephone is basically a two-way walkie-talkie that acts like a
telephone. With a walkie-talkie, you either talk or you listen; with a cell phone,
you can talk and listen at the same time.

Example 6.2
The cellular communications system consists oI FOUR major components that
work together to provide mobile service to subscribers. What are those?
The FOUR major components are:
Public switched telephone network (PSTN) or ISDN, mobile telephone
switching oIIice (MTSO), cell site with antenna system, and mobile subscriber
unit (MSU).

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Activity 6A

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE
NEXT IN!UT.!

6.1 List FOUR items that include in an engineering plan to Iorm a cellular
telephone system.
6.2 What is PSTN?
6.3 Explain what a handoII is.
6.4 DeIine RBS.

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Feedback to Activity 6A

6.1 Provisioning Ior each region is planned according to an engineering plan
that includes cells, clusters, Irequency reuse, and handovers.
6.2 The PSTN is made up oI local networks, the exchange area networks, and
the long-haul network that interconnect telephones and other
communication devices on a worldwide basis.
6.3 When the MTSO assigns a new channel to an active cellular telephone
that enters a new cell.
6.4 The term cell s9e is used to reIer to the physical location oI radio
equipment that provides coverage within a cell. At the cell site, a base
station is equipped to transmit, receive, and switch calls to and Irom any
mobile unit within the cell to the MTSO.

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6.4 Analog Cellular Telephone
The cellular telephone concept was an intriguing idea that added a depth or
spatial dimension to the conventional wireline trunking model used by the public
telephone network at the time. The predominant cellular system operating in the
US is the Advanced Mobile Phone System, AMPS. There are two minor
variations oI AMPS: EAMPS and NAMPS. They are all basically the same and
were the basis Ior the European analog cellular system.

AM!S - Advanced Mobile !hone System
Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murry Hill, New Jersey, proposed the cellular
telephone concept as the Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMPS). The
radio transceivers used with AMPS cellular telephones use narrowband Irequency
modulation (NBFM) with an audio-Irequency band 300Hz to 3 kHz and a
maximum Irequency deviation oI 12 kHz Ior 100 modulation. The Original
system had 666 channels (42 control, 624 voice).

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E-AM!S - Extended AM!S
The current system has 832 channels (42 control, 790 voice) and has replaced
AMPS as the US standard.

N-AM!S - Narrowband AM!S
The new system has three times as many voice channels as EAMPS with no loss
oI signal quality. Motorola developed a narrowband AMPS (N-AMPS) to
increase the capacity oI the AMPS in large cellular market. With N-AMPS, the
maximum Irequency deviation is reduced, which lowers the signal to interIerence
ratio, somewhat degrading the audio quality.

TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
Also reIerred to as DAMPS, Digital AMPS, or US Digital. This system uses time
slots within each channel to increase capacity over analog cellular systems. All
phones synchronize to the time slots to prevent transmission collision.

ETACS - European Total Access Communication System
ETACS is virtually identical to AMPS except ETACS is limited to a 25kHz
bandwidth. ETACS also uses a diIIerent method oI Iormatting subscriber
telephone numbers (called the mobile identiIication number or MIN) because oI
the need to accommodate diIIerent country codes throughout Europe and area
codes in the United States.

6.5 Digital Cellular Telephone
Most newer cellular telephones are digital. Some oI the new cellular systems are
expected to use the microwave bands. These telephones oIIer the beneIits oI less
sensitivity to noise, more telephone calls per channel, and easier computer
control. The FCC has set aside the 1.7 - 1.9 GHz Ior the digital cellular
telephone and other wireless services. There are popular digital cellular
telephones systems : the GSM (Global System Ior Mobile Communications) used
in Europe and the Personal Communication Systems (PCS) used in the United
states. Each oI these systems is describe below. ure 6.6 shows the
components oI a typical digital cellular system.

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Figure 6.6 Digital Cellular System

6.5.1 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
Global System is a second generation cellular system standard that was
developed to solve the Iragmentation problems. GSM was the world`s
Iirst totally digital cellular telephone system designed to use the services
oI ISDN to provide a wide range oI network services. GSM services
Iollow ISDN guidelines and are classiIied as either teleservices or data
services (computer-to-computer communication and packet-switched
traIIic). It uses the 1.71 to 1.785 GHz band Ior uplink signals (signals
Irom the cell user to the cell site) and 1.805 to 1.88 GHz band Ior
downlink signals (Irom cell site to user). GSM uses time-division
multiplexing to allow eight simultaneous telephone calls to use each
channel. This system is known as time-division multiple access (TDMA).
The type oI modulation used is called Gaussian minimum shiIt keying
(GMSK), a narrow-band Iorm oI FSK.

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The system architecture Ior GSM as shown in Figure 6.8 consist three
primary subsystem oI GSM which are Base Station Subsystem (BSS),
Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS), and the operational Support
Subsystem (OSS).

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
O known as the radio subsystem
O it provides and manages radio-Irequency transmission paths
between mobile units and the mobile switching center (MSC)
O it also manages the radio interIace between mobile stations and all
other GSM subsystem.
O each BSS consists oI many base station controllers (BSC) which
are used to connect the mobile subscriber (MS) to the NSS
through one or more MSCs.

Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
O the NSS manages switching Iunctions Ior the system and allows
the MSCs to communicate with other telephone networks such as
the public switched telephone service and ISDN.

Figure 6.7 GSM system architecture
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Operational Support Subsystem (OSS)
O the OSS supports operation and maintenance oI the system and
allows engineers to monitor, diagnose, and troubleshoot every
aspect oI the GSM network.

6.5.2 !CS-1900 - !ersonal Communication System
A cellular telephone system using Code Division Multiple
Accessing
(CDMA) is commonly reIerred to as a personal communications system
(PCS). The CDMA system was recently standardized by U.S.
Telecommunications Industry Association as Interim Standard 95 (IS-95).
CDMA allows users to diIIerentiate Irom one another by a unique code
rather than a Irequency or time assignment, increased capacity and
improved perIormance and reliability. Personal Communications Service
(PCSs) or Personal Communications network (PCNs) is an all-digital
service that operates in the 1,900MHz-Irequency range and is available in
metropolitan areas. Digital cellular shares the 800MHz-Irequency band
with analog and is usually available where analog service is oIIered.
IS-54 and IS-95 are designed to use the same Irequency range now used
by the AMPS system. The IS-54 system uses TDMA with three calls per
30 KHz channel. The modulation scheme is reIerred to DQPSK
(/11eren9al qua/ra9ure phase sh19 keyn) with improved
synchronization Ieatures and narrower bandwidth.
The IS-95 system uses CDMA or spread spectrum. Recall that spread
spectrum is both a modulation scheme and a multiplexing method. It uses
20 channels spaced at 1.25 MHz intervals. The modulation is QPSK.

6.6 !ERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE SYSTEM (!CSS)
Mobile Satellite Systems (MSS) provide the vehicle Ior a new generation oI
wireless telephone services called personal communications satellite systems
(PCSS). Personal communications satellite services , however, use low earth-
E3125/6/22

orbit (LEO) and medium earth-orbit (MEO) satellites that communicate directly
with small, low-power mobile telephone units. PCSS telephones will be able to
make or receive calls at anytime, anywhere in the world.
One oI the top providers in the PCSS is Iridium. Ir/um is a satellite-based
wireless personal communications network designed to permit a wide range oI
mobile telephone services including voice , data , networking, Iacsimile, and
paging. The system is called Ir/um because Iridium`s original design called Ior
77 satellites. The Iinal design, however, requires only 66 satellites. The 66-
vehicle low earth-orbit (LEO) interlinked satellite constellation can track the
location oI a subscriber`s telephone handset, determine the best routing through a
network oI a ground-based gateways and intersatellite links, establish the best
path Ior telephone call, initiate all the necessary connections, and terminate the
call upon completion. Figure 6.8 shows an overview oI Iridium system.

Figure 6.8 Overview oI Iridium PCSS mobile telephone systems

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6.7 Types of Antennas

Omnidirectional

O It transmitting equally in all directions..
O Usually used in rural areas.
O Used only one element.
O It covered a circular shape area, with the
base station placed in the middle.(reIers to Iigure 6.9)

Figure 6.9 coverage areas Ior 4mn/rec94nal an9enna.

Directional(Microwave dish)
O Transmitting signal at certain direction.
O Three antennas needed in 120
0
arrangement
(reIers to Iigure 6.10) and
close to each other.
O Used in urban areas which support a lot oI
subscriber.

Coverage area
RBS

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6.9 Roaming
All cellular systems provide a service called r4amn.
This allows subscribers to operate in service areas other than
the one Irom which service is subscribed. When a mobile
enters a city or geographic area that is diIIerent Irom its home
service area, it is registered as a roamer in the new service
area. This is accomplished over the FCC (Federal Communications
Commission), since each roamer is camped on to an FCC at all times. Once
registered, roaming mobiles are allowed to receive and place calls Irom that area,
and billing is routed automatically to the subscriber`s home service provider
(ReIer Figure 6.11).
Sel
antenna
Figure 6.10 rec94nal An9enna.
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Figure 6.11 Block diagram oI a cellular radio network includes roaming
concept

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Example 6.3
What are the two minor variations oI the Advanced Mobile Phone System
(AMPS).

The two minor variations oI the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) are
EAMPS and NAMPS.

Example 6.4
List two types oI digital cellular telephone services.

The Digital Cellular Telephone services are GSM and PCS.

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E3125/6/27

Activity 6B

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE
NEXT IN!UT.!

6.5 BrieIly explain AMPS and its TWO minor variations.
6.6 What is TDMA?
6.7 DeIine ETACS
6.8 DiIIerentiate between Omnidirectional and Directional (Microwave dish)
antenna Ior cellular telephone system.

E3125/6/28

Feedback to Activity 6B

6.5 AM!S - Advanced Mobile !hone System
Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murry Hill, New Jersey, proposed the
cellular telephone concept as the Advanced Mobile Telephone System
(AMPS). The radio transceivers used with AMPS cellular telephones use
narrowband Irequency modulation (NBFM) with an audio-Irequency band
300Hz to 3 kHz and a maximum Irequency deviation oI 12 kHz Ior
100 modulation. The Original system that had 666 channels (42 control,
624 voice).
E-AM!S - Extended AM!S
Current system that has 832 channels (42 control, 790 voice) and has
replaced AMPS as the US standard
N-AM!S - Narrowband AM!S
New system that has three times as many voice channels as EAMPS with
no loss oI signal quality. Motorola developed a narrowband AMPS (N-
AMPS) to increase the capacity oI the AMPS in large cellular market.
With N-AMPS, the maximum Irequency deviation is reduced, which
lowers the signal to interIerence ratio, somewhat degrading the audio
quality.

6.6 TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

Also reIerred to as DAMPS, Digital AMPS, or US Digital. This system
uses time slots within each channel to increase capacity over analog
cellular systems. All phones synchronize to the time slots to prevent
transmission collision.

E3125/6/29

6.7 ETACS - European Total Access Communication System
ETACS is virtually identical to AMPS except ETACS is limited to a
25kHz bandwidth. ETACS also uses a diIIerent method oI Iormatting
subscriber telephone numbers (called the mobile identiIication number or
MIN) because oI the need to accommodate diIIerent country codes
throughout Europe and area codes in the United States.
6.8 Omnidirectional
O It transmitting equally in all directions..
O Usually used in rural areas.
O Used only one element.
O It covered a circular shape area, with the
base station placed in the middle.(reIers to Iigure 6.9)
Directional (Microwave dish)
O Transmitting signal at certain direction.
O Three antennas needed in 120
0
arrangement (reIers to Iigure
6.10) and
close to each other.
O Used in urban areas which support a lot oI subscriber.

E3125/6/30

KEY FACTS

CELLULAR TELE!HONE : A telephone technology employing
low-power mobile radio transmission rather than a subscriber loop connection
to the central oIIice.
MOBILE TELE!HONE SWITCHING OFFICE (MTSO) :
Coordinates all mobile calls between cell sites and the central oIIice.
HANDOFF : When the MTSO assigns a new channel to an
active cellular telephone that enters a new cell.
ROAMING : When a cellular telephone operates outside a
registered metropolitan area.
CELL - SITE (RADIO BASE STATION) : The cell-site
controller manages each oI the radio channels at each site, supervises calls,
turns the radio transmitter and receiver on and oII, injects data onto the control
and user channels, and perIorms diagnostic test on the cell-site equipment.
!ERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES : A digital wireless
telecommunications technology.

E3125/6/31

SELF-ASSESSMENT

You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this selI-assessment
section and check your answers with those given in the Feedback on SelI-
Assessment given on the next page. II you Iace any problems, discuss it with
your lecturer. Good luck.

Question 6-1
a. Explain the basic concept oI Irequency reuse.
b. What is the primary purpose oI cell splitting.

Question 6-2
a. Name the basic element oI cellular system.
b. BrieIly describe the Iunction oI a mobile telephone switching oIIice
(MTSO).

Question 6-3
a. What is meant by the term PCS?
b. Where are GSM system used?
c. List and brieIly describe the THREE primary subsystem oI GSM.

Question 6-4
a. Explain the diIIerence between iridium system and roaming system.

E3125/6/32

Feedback To Self-Assessment

Have you tried the questions????? II 'YES, check our answers now.

Answer 6-1
a. Frequency reuse was implemented by restructuring the mobile telephone
system architecture into the cellular concept. The concept oI Irequency
reuse is based on assigning to each cell a group oI radio channels used
within a small geographic area. Cells with the same number have the
same set oI Irequencies. Because only a small number oI radio channel
Irequencies were available Ior mobile systems, engineers had to Iind a
way to reuse radio channels to carry more than one conversation at a time.

b. To overcome the concept oI creating Iull systems with many small areas
impractical system operators the idea oI cell splitting was developed. As a
service area becomes Iull oI users, this approach is used to split a single
area into smaller ones. In this way, urban centers can be split into as many
areas as necessary to provide acceptable service levels in heavy-traIIic
regions, while larger, less expensive cells can be used to cover remote
rural regions.

Answer 6-2

a. The cellular communications system consists oI the Iollowing Iour major
components that work together to provide mobile service to subscribers.
O
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or Integrated Services
Digital Network (ISDN)
O
Mobile Telephone Switching OIIice (MTSO)

E3125/6/33

O
Cell Site With Antenna System
O
Mobile Subscriber Unit (MSU)
d. The MTSO is the central oIIice Ior mobile switching. It houses the mobile
switching center (MSC), Iield monitoring, and relay stations Ior switching
calls Irom cell sites to wire line central oIIices (PSTN). It is a
sophisticated computer that monitors all cellular calls, tracks the location
oI all cellular-equipped vehicles traveling in the system, arranges
handoIIs, keeps track oI billing inIormation, etc. In analog cellular
networks, the MSC controls the system operation. The MSC controls
calls, tracks billing inIormation, and locates cellular subscribers.

Answer 6-3
a. A cellular telephone system using Code Division Multiple Accessing
(CDMA) is commonly reIerred to as a personal communications system
(PCS). The CDMA system was recently standardized by U.S.
Telecommunications Industry Association as Interim Standard 95 (IS-95).
CDMA allows users to diIIerentiate Irom one another by a unique code
rather than a Irequency or time assignment, increased capacity and
improved perIormance and reliability. Personal Communications Service
(PCSs) or Personal Communications network (PCNs) is an all-digital
service that operates in the 1,900MHz-Irequency range and is available in
metropolitan areas. Digital cellular shares the 800MHz-Irequency band
with analog and is usually available where analog service is oIIered.
b. Digital cellular telephones systems.
c. Three primary subsystem oI GSM are Base Station Subsystem (BSS),
Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS), and the operational Support
Subsystem (OSS).
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
O known as the radio subsystem
O it provides and manages radio-Irequency transmission paths
between mobile units and the mobile switching center (MSC)
E3125/6/34

O it also manages the radio interIace between mobile stations and all
other GSM subsystem.
O each BSS consists oI many base station controllers (BSC) which
are used to connect the mobile subscriber (MS) to the NSS
through one or more MSCs.
Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
O the NSS manages switching Iunctions Ior the system and allows
the MSCs to communicate with other telephone networks such as
the public switched telephone service and ISDN.
Operational Support Subsystem (OSS)
O the OSS supports operation and maintenance oI the system and
allows engineers to monitor, diagnose, and troubleshoot every
aspect oI the GSM network.
Answer 6-4
a. Ir/um is a satellite-based wireless personal communications
network designed to permit a wide range oI mobile telephone
services including voice , data , networking, Iacsimile, and paging.
All cellular systems provide a service called r4amn. This allows
subscribers to operate in service areas other than the one room
which service is subscribed. Once registered, roaming mobiles are
allow to
receive and place calls Irom that area, and billing is routed
automatically to the subscriber`s home service provider.

Unit 6

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E3125/6/1

INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS

Inc .cvv .,.cn vii:c.

6.6 TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

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