TECHNICAL PRESENTATION 1 POWER SYSTEMS

INTORDUCTION:
A Power System consists of generation, transmission and distribution system. The components of power systems are generators, transformers, transmission lines, distribution lines, loads and compensating devices like shunt, series, and static VAR compensators. In order to maintain power system, the bulk power has to be transmitted through Transmission and distribution lines to consumers safely and economically. In monitoring power system analysis, we are mainly dealing with power or load flow analysis, short circuit analysis and stability analysis. The functions of power system analysis are: To monitor the voltage at various buses, real and reactive power flow between buses. To design the circuit breakers. To plan future expansion of existing system. To analyze the system under different fault conditions. To study the ability of the system for large disturbances and small disturbances. The power system has following three main components, Generation Transmission Distribution

GENERATION:
The Electricity is the only form of energy which is easy to produce, easy to transport, easy to use and easy to control. So, it is mostly the terminal form of energy for transmission and distribution. Electricity consumption per capita is the index of the living standard of people of a place or country. Electricity in bulk quantities is produced in power plants, which can be of the following types: Thermal Nuclear Hydraulic Gas Turbine Geothermal Thermal power plants generate more than 80% of the total electricity produced in the world. Fossil fuels, via coal. Fuel oil and natural gas are the energy source, and steam is the working fluid. Steam is also required in many industries for process heat. To meet dual need of power and process heat, cogeneration plants are often installed. In India maximum generated voltage level is 11kV and in other countries are 33kV.

TRANSMISSION:
The Transmission system supplies only large blocks of power to bulk power station or very big consumers. It interconnects the neighboring generating stations into a power pool. That is interconnection of two or more generating stations. The transmission of electrical power can be take place through the transformers. It is a static electrical device which is used to step up or step down the voltage levels or current or power. The transmission system can be divided into primary transmission and secondary transmission. PRIMARY TRANSMISSION: If the generated voltage is transmitted through transmission line without stepping up the generated voltage, the line current and power loss would be very high. So, the generated voltage is stepped up to a higher value by using step up transformer located in substations known as sending end substations near the generating stations. The high voltage transmission lines transmit power from the sending end substation to receiving end substation. Primary transmission voltages are 110kV,132kV, or 220kV or 400kV or 765kV. It uses 3,3 wire system. SECONDARY TRANSMISSION: At the receiving end substation, the voltage is stepped down to a value of 66 or 33 or 22kV using step down transformers. The secondary transmission forms the link between the receiving end substation and the secondary substation. It uses 3, 3 wire system and the conductors used are called as feeders.

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:
The component of an electrical power system connecting all the consumers is an area to the bulk power sources or transmission lines is called a distribution system. A distribution station distributes the power to domestic, commercial and relatively small consumers. Distribution transformers are normally installed on poles or plinth mounted or near the consumers. It can be divided into primary and secondary distribution system. PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION: At the secondary substations, the voltage is stepped down to 11kV or 66kV using step down transformers. The primary distributor forms the link between secondary substation and distribution substation and the power is fed into the primary distribution system. It uses 3, 3 wire system.

SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION: At the distribution substation, the voltage is stepped down to 400V (for 3) or 230V (for 1) step down transformers. The distribution lines are drawn along the roads and service connections to the consumers are tapped off from the distributors. It uses 3, 4 wire system. Single phase loads are connected between one phase wire and one neutral wire.

CONCLUSION:
In the power system during the transmission and distribution we have more losses. In order to reduce losses we have to invent new devices using with engineering techniques and modeling. Nowadays demand power is increases daily so we need to generate more amount power with reduction of cost and by using engineering facts , so that we and our future generation uses it wisely.