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Julio de 2008
GUIA No. 3
Present Perfect
Examples:
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now.
The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time
expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in
Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific
expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet,
etc.
Examples:
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to
associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
USE 2: Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the
experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain
experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
USE 4: Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You
cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened.
Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in
the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more
actions are possible.
Examples:
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our
lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with
expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now,
etc.
Examples:
NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year
before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year"
means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present
Perfect.
Examples:
• I went to Mexico last year.
I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
• I have been to Mexico in the last year.
I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present
Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five
minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the
Present Perfect.
Examples:
Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and
non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are
sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never,
ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
Examples:
You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks."
Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words
"lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.
Examples:
IMPORTANT
Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you
use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it
can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been
smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question
suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult
someone by using this tense incorrectly.
Examples:
• Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct
• Sam has had his car for two years. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never,
ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
Exercises
I. Complete the conversation with the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect
Continuous.
Robin: I think the waiter (forget) has forgot us. We (wait) have been waiting here for over half
an hour and nobody have toked (take) our order yet.
Michele: I think you're right. He (walk) has been walking by us at least twenty times. He
probably thinks we (order, already)have already order .
Robin: Look at that couple over there, they (be, only) here for five or ten minutes and they
already have their food.
Michele: He must realize we (order, not) yet! We (sit) here for over half an hour staring at him.
Robin: I don't know if he (notice, even) us. He (run) from table to table taking orders and
serving food.
II. Complete the sentences with the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect
Continuous.
2. I (have) the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking about buying a new one.
3. I (love) chocolate since I was a child. You might even call me a "chocoholic."
4. Matt and Sarah (have) some difficulties in their relationship lately, so they (go) to a marriage
counselor. I hope they work everything out.
5. John (work) for the government since he graduated from Harvard University. Until recently, he
(enjoy) his work, but now he is talking about retiring.
6. Lately, I (think) about changing my career because I (become) dissatisfied with the conditions
at my company.
7. I (see) Judy for more than five years and during that time I have (see) many changes in her
personality.
QUANTIFIERS
Expressing Quantity
Much / Many
'Much' and 'Many' are used in negative sentences and questions. 'Much' is used with
uncountable nouns such as 'rice':
Examples
How much money have you got?
There isn't much rice left.
Examples
How many people came to the party?
There aren't many apples on the table.
A Lot Of / Lots Of
'A lot of' and 'lots of' can be used with both count and uncountable nouns. 'A lot of' and 'lots of'
are used in positive sentences:
Examples
'A little' and 'a few' indicate a quantity or number. Use 'a little' with uncountable nouns:
Examples
There is a little wine in that bottle. There is a little sugar in my coffee.
Examples
He has a few friends in New York.
We bought a few sandwiches on our way to the park.
'Little' and 'few' indicate a limited quantity. Use 'little' with uncountable nouns:
Examples
I have little money to spend.
She found little time for work.
Examples
Use 'few' with countable nouns:
Examples
He has few students in his class. Jack finds few reasons to stay.
Examples:
How much money have you got?
How many dollars have you got?
Examples:
He has a little money left.
He has a few dollars left.
EXERCISES
The capital town of this island is very small and does not have important buildings. The
islanders do not have money, and they have contact with the outside world. There is
not chance of the place attracting tourists. The roads aren't very good. There are a lot of
bicycles but not cars. There are shops, and there is cultural life.
many
much
a lot of
much
many
some
Q: There are _____ people who would like to come to the party.
a lots of
lot of
lots of
a little
few
little
a little
a few
any
Q: She says there are _____ students who study Russian.
lot of
much
a lot of
much
a little
a few
a few
a little
few
many
much
little
many
a little
few
a lot
lot of
a lot of
a lot
lots of
a lots of
much
some
any
some
any
much
Q: Are there _____ students who would like to come with me?
a little
a few
lot of
many
a few
much
a few
a little
much
a little
little
few
much
any
many
any
much
some
III. Complete the sentences with: much / many / few / little / enough
GOOD JOB !