SM SAINS SERI PUTERI, KUALA LUMPUR

LINEAR PROGRAMMING
NAME:

CLASS: .

LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Region that satisfies a few linear inequalities

Problem interpretation and the formation of the relevant equations or inequalities

To solve problems on linear programming using graphical method

Linear Programming is used in finding optimum values, whether it involves maximising or minimising 1. Identify and shade the region that satisfies several inequalities (a) A region is said to satisfy a certain inequality if each point in the region satisfies the inequality. (b) When the given inequality is ax + by + c 0 or ax + by + c > 0 the region above the straight line ax + by + c = 0 must be shaded. y 2

(c) A solid line ( _________ ) is used for an inequality which involves the sign or and a dashed line ( _ _ _ _ ) is used for an inequality which involves the sign > or <. (d) When the given inequality is ax + by + c 0 or ax + by + c < 0 the region below the straight line ax + by + c = 0 should be shaded. However, this condition is only true when the coefficient of y on the left hand side is positive.
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-10

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ax + by + c = 0 10 ax + by + c 0

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Example 1 Shade the region which satisfies the inequality 2 x + 3 y 6 . Solution Step 1 Draw the straight line 2 x + 3 y = 6 , determine the .x y 0 2 3 0

x intercept and y intercept.

Step 2 Since the inequality is , a full line must be drawn and the region above the straight line 2 x + 3 y = 6 must be shaded.

2x+3y6
2

-10

-5

10

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2x+3y=6

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Example 2

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Shade the region which satisfies the inequality 5 x + 3 y +15 < 0 . Solution Step 1 Draw the straight line 5 x + 3 y +15 = 0 , determine the .x y 0 -5 -3 0

x intercept and y intercept.

Step 2 Since the inequality is < , a dashed line must be drawn and the region below the straight line 5 x + 3 y +15 = 0 must be shaded. y
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A
-10 -5

-3
-2 -4

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B
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-5

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Example 3 Shade the region which satisfies the inequality 3x 2 y 6 . Solution Step 1 Change the coefficient of y on the left hand side to a positive value.
3x 2 y 6 3 x + 2 y 6
Change the direction of the inequality when the sign is changed

Step 2 Draw the line 3 x 2 y = 6 ,determine the .x y 0 -3 2 0

x intercept and y intercept.

Step 3 Since the inequality is , a full line is drawn and the region above this line is shaded.
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Exercise

1.

Draw and shade the region which satisfies the following inequalities: 5 y 6 x + 30 , 3 y <10 x 3 and 6 y x .

2.

Translating Statements into Mathematical Inequalities

The table below shows the mathematical expressions for the different inequalities used. a b c d e f g h Mathematical Expressions y greater than x y less than x y not more than x y not less than x The sum of x and y is not more than k The minimum value of y is k The maximum value of y is k y is at least k times the value of x Inequality y>x y<x
y x y x
x + y k y k y k y kx

3. Problem Interpretation And The Formation Of The Relevant Equations Or Inequalities Examples 1. Speedy Limited produces two types of cars, Street Racer AND Hot Pursuit. However, Speedy can only store a maximum of 120 units of cars in its warehouse at a time. In addition, speedy has to supply at least 30 units of Hot Pursuit and the quantity of Hot Pursuit must not exceed twice the quantity of Street Racers. By taking x to represent Street Racer and y to represent Hot Pursuit, write three inequalities which satisfy the above conditions.

2. A company called Synergy Private Limited (SPL) manufactures two models of office furniture for export, Model A and Model B. The operation manager provides the following data on the production process. Model A requires 20 meters of solid wood while model B requires 30 meters. Producing a set of model A requires 10 hours of machine operation while model B only requires 8 hours. SPL only have, at most, 360 meters of solid wood and the machine can only run for a maximum of 110 hours per week. By taking x to represent the number of Model A and y to represent the number of Model B produced, write the inequalities which satisfy the above conditions. 3. A transport company plans to buy x number of coaches and y number of minibuses. Each coach cost RM120 000 and can carry 50 passengers. Each minibus costs RM96 000 and can carry 20 passengers. The company must be able 7

to carry at least 300 passengers at the same time. The total sum of money available to buy the vehicle is RM960 000. The company wishes to buy at least 2 minibuses. Write three inequalities which satisfy the above conditions.

Writing Linear Inequalities and Equations Describing a Situation and Shading the Region of Feasible Solutions Example: Shade the region that satisfies the inequalities x < 5, 2 y x + 2, 4x+ 5 y 20
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x=5
2y = x + 2

R
5 10 15

-15

-10

-5

4 x + 5 y = 20
-2

Feasible Solutions: Each and every point within the shaded area is the solution that satisfies all the given inequalities. Each ordered pair of x and y, (x, y) which falls within the shaded area is known as a feasible solution.

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Example 1: Azman raises turkeys and chickens. His farm can accommodate at most 200 birds. It costs him RM2 to raise a turkey and RM 1 to raise a chicken. He has only RM300 to cover these costs. Write the inequalities that describe the given conditions and hence construct and shade the region of feasible solutions.
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4. The Mathematics and Science Society plans to have a fund-raising. The committee has decided to sell mini carrot cakes and muffins. The cost of making a carrot cake is RM3.00 and the cost of making a muffin is RM2.00. The society only has RM600 to spend on the cost of the cakes. Since carrot cake is more popular among the students, they will be selling carrot cakes at least twice the number of muffins. Write the inequalities that describe the given conditions and hence construct and shade the region of feasible solutions.

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5.

Ahmad is a fishmonger. Today he has bought x kilogram of shrimp and y kilogram of squid to be sold in the market. A kilogram of shrimp costs him RM20 and a kilogram of squid costs him RM10 and he has spent more than RM400 to buy both items. The total weight of both shrimp and squid is less than 50 kilograms. The amount of shrimp is less than or equal to half of the amount of squid. Write the inequalities that describe the given conditions and hence construct and shade the region of feasible solutions.

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Solve Problems Related To Linear Programming

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LINEAR PROGRAMMING

OBJECTIVE FUNCTION The linear function to be maximized or minimised

CONSTRAINTS The linear inequalities that restrict the solution set.

Example: 1. Borhan sells vegetables. He is buying x kg of kangkong and y kg of spinach to be sold at his vegetable stall. The prices of kangkong and spinach are RM2.00 per kg and RM3.00 per kg respectively. He has allocated RM240 to buy the vegetables. The total mass of vegetables that he will buy should not exceed 100 kg. He will then sell the kangkong for RM4.00 per kg and the spinach for RM5.00 per kg. Write the inequalities that describe the constraints and the objective function for the given situation.

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2.

Determine Graphically The Optimum Value Of The Objective Function

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The diagram shows the shaded region defined by y 4, 2 y x and 2 x + y 5. Determine the minimum and maximum values of k = x + 2y.

y 2y = x 6 2x+y = 5 4 2 y=4

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Minimum point = ( The minimum value of x+2y =

Maximum point = ( The maximum value of x + 2y =

3.

A factory manufactures two types of pens: ballpoint pen and fountain pen, using Machines P and Machine Q. Machine P requires 3 minutes to produce a unit of

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ballpoint pen and 6 minutes to produce a unit of fountain pen. Machine Q requires 5 minutes to produce a unit of ballpoint pen and 3 minutes to produce a unit of fountain pen. The factory produces x units of ballpoint pens and y units of fountain pens per day based on the following conditions: I: Machine P can be used for at least 12 hours per day. II: Machine Q can be used to a maximum of 10 hours per day. III: The total number of fountain pen produced should not be more than 3 times the total number of ballpoint pen produced. (a) Write three inequalities, other than x 0 and y 0 which describe the constraints. (b) Construct and shade the region of feasible solutions of x and y. (c) Use the graph obtained to answer the following questions: (i) In any particular day, if the factory produces 60 ballpoint pens, what is the maximum number of fountain pens that can be produced? (ii) Find the maximum profit, if the profits from the sales of a ballpoint pen and a fountain pen are RM4 and RM5 respectively.

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PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

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1.

An institution offers two computer courses, P and Q. The number of participants for course P is x and for course Q is y. The enrolment of the participants is based on the following constraints: I: The total number of participants is not more than 100. II : The number of participants for course Q is not more than 4 times the number of participants for course P. III : The number of participants for course Q must exceed the number of participants for course P by at least 5. (a) Write down three inequalities, other than x 0 and y 0, which satisfy the above constraints. (b) By using a scale of 2 cm to 10 participants on both axes, construct and shade the region R that satisfies all the above constraints. (c) Using your graph from (b), find (i) the range of the number participants for course Q if the number participants for course P is 30. (ii) the maximum total fees per month that can be collected if the fees per month for course P and Q are RM50 and RM60 respectively.

Answer:-(a) x + y 100, y 4x, y x 5 2.

(c) (i) 35 y 70 (ii) Point (20, 80), RM5 800

A food analysts is supplied with two containers of food, Whiskers and Friskies. The comparison of one scoop of food from each of the two containers is shown in the following table. Food 1 scoop Whiskers 1 scoop Friskies Protein 24 gm 8 gm

Fat Carbohydrate Fibre 8 gm 48 gm 10 gm 16 gm 32 gm 10 gm Table 1 The analysts knows that an animal requires at least 96 gm of protein, 80 gm of fat, 288 gm of carbohydrate and not more than 100 gm of fibre each day. (a) If the analysts mixed x scoops of Whiskers with y scoops of Friskies, write down the system of inequalities satisfied by x and y. Hence, by using 2 cm to 2 unit on both axes construct and shade the region R that satisfies all the above constraints. (b) If 1 scoop of Whiskers costs RM2 and 1 scoop of Friskies costs RM3, find the mixture that provides (i) the cheapest food. (ii) the most expensive food. (c) Could the animal be fed on a satisfactory diet using (i) food from Whiskers only, (ii) food from Friskies only. Give your reason.

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Answer:-(a) 3 x + y 12 , x + 2y 10 , 3x + 2y 18 , x + y

10 (b) (i) RM 17 (ii) RM 29

3.

An air craft company is going to purchase planes of type Wing and X far . They will purchase x units of X far and y units of Wing planes. The company has set the condition below:I: II : III: X far plane consume 100 liters of fuel for a single month. Wing planes consume 70 liters of fuel. Total fuel consumption for one month is at most 3500 liters. X far planes can take in 200 passengers while Wing planes can take in 100 passengers. Total passengers the planes must take at any time must be at least 3000. Total number of planes purchased must at least 20 units.

(a) (b) (c)

State the inequality that defines the condition above other than x 0 and y 0 . Construct the graphs and mark the region R that represents the conditions above. Use a scale of 2 cm for 5 Wing planes and 2 cm for 5 X far planes. The company makes a profit of RM220 for X far and RM165 for Wing planes from its sales. Identify the minimum amount of profit that the company will obtain. Answer:-(a) 10 x + 7y 35, 2x + y 30, x + y 20 (c) RM3870

4.

A furniture workshop produces tables and chairs. The production of tables and chairs involve two processes , making and shellacking. Table 3 shows the time taken to make and to shellack a table and a chair. Time taken (minutes) Making Shellacking Table 60 20 Chair 40 10 Table 3 The workshop produces x tables and y chairs per day. The production of tables and chairs per day is subject to the following constraints. I: II: III: The minimum total time for making tables and chairs is 600 minutes. The total time for shellacking tables and chairs is at most 240 minutes. The ratio of the number of tables to the number of chairs is at least 1 : 2. Product

(a)

Write three inequalities that satisfy all of the above constraints other than x 0 and y 0 . 20

(b) (c)

By using a scale of 2 cm for 2 units of furniture on both axes , construct and shade the region R which satisfies all of the above constraints. By using your graph from (b), find, (i) the maximum number of chairs made if 8 tables are made. (ii) the maximum total profit per day if the profit from one table is RM30 and from one chair is RM20. Answer:-(a)
3 x + 2y 30, 2x + y 24, y 2 x

(c)(i) 8

(ii)RM420

5.

A gardener wish to plant orchids and roses on a piece of land of area 300 m2. He has an allocation of RM 4 00 as the cost of buying the small plants. An orchid plant costs RM8, needs a space of 0.2 m2 of land to plant. A rose plant costs RM2, needs a space of 0.3 m2 of land to plant. The number of rose plants that has to planted must exceeds the number orchid plants by at least 200. The gardener plants x orchid plants and y rose plants. (a) Write three inequalities, other than x 0 and y 0, which satisfy the above conditions. (b) By using a scale of 2 cm to 100 plants on the x-axis and 2 cm to 200 plants on the y-axis, draw and shades the region which satisfies the inequalities in (a). (c) Based on your graph, answer the following questions: (i) (ii) If the cost of buying the small plants is maximum, find the land area needed to plant the minimum number of the plants. In a certain period, an orchid and a rose plant yields a profit of RM3.50 and RM2.40 respectively. Find the maximum profit gained by the gardener. 4x + y 2 00, 0.2x + 0.3y 300, y x 200 (c)(i) 240 (ii) RM

Answer:-(a) 2970

SPM PAST YEAR SPM QUESTION

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SPM 2005 Paper 2

Question 14

An institution offers two computer courses, P and Q. The number of participants for course P is x and for course Q is y . The enrolment of the participants is based on the following constraints: I : The total number of participants is not more than 100. II : The number of participants for course Q is not more than 4 times the number of participants for course P. III : The number of participants for course Q must exceed the number of participants for course P by at least 5. (a) Write down three inequalities, other than x 0 and y 0 , that satisfy all of the above [ 3marks] constraints. (b) By using a scale of 2 cm to 10 participants on both axes, construct and shade the [ 4marks ] region R that satisfies all the above constraints. (c) By using your graph from (b), find (i) the range of the number of participants for course Q if the number of participants for course P is 30.

(ii) the maximum total fees that can be collected if the fees per month for courses P and Q are RM50 and RM60 respectively. [ 4marks] Answer : (a) (c)

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(b)

16.6 Assesment Test 16.6 Assesment

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