Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Network types Range Bandwidth (Mbps) Latency (ms) LAN 12 kms 101000 110 WAN worldwide 0.010600 100500 MAN 250 kms 1150 10 Wireless LAN 0.151.5 km 211 520 Wireless WAN worldwide 0.0102 100-500 Internet worldwide 0.0102 100500
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
Figure 3.2
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
Figure 3.3
Network header
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
Figure 3.4
Protocol layers in the ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol model
Message sent Layers Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Sender Communication medium Recipient Message received
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
Figure 3.5
Layer Application
Examples HTTP, FTP, SMTP, CORBA IIOP Secure Sockets (SSL),CORBA Data Rep.
Presentation
Session Transport
TCP, UDP
Network
IP, ATM virtual circuits Ethernet MAC, ATM cell transfer, PPP Ethernet baseband signalling, ISDN
5
Data link
Physical
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
Figure 3.6
Internetwork layers
Message Layers Application Internetwork protocols
Transport Internetwork Internetwork packets Network interface Network-specific packets Underlying network
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
Figure 3.7
1 Links 6 E 4
B 2 C 5 Routers
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
Figure 3.8
Routing tables for the network in Figure 3.7 Routings from A To A B C D E Link local 1 1 3 1 Cost 0 1 2 1 2 Routings from B To A B C D E Link 1 local 2 1 4 Cost 1 0 1 2 1 Routings from C To A B C D E Link 2 2 local 5 5 Cost 2 1 0 2 1
Routings from D
To
Routings from E
To
A B C D E
Link 3 3 6 local 6
Cost 1 2 2 0 1
Link 4 4 5 6 local
Cost 2 1 1 1 0
A B C D E
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
Figure 3.9
Pseudo-code for RIP routing algorithm Send: Each t seconds or when Tl changes, send Tl on each non-faulty outgoing link. Receive: Whenever a routing table Tr is received on link n: for all rows Rr in Tr { if (Rr.link n) { Rr.cost = Rr.cost + 1; Rr.link = n; if (Rr.destination is not in Tl) add Rr to Tl; // add new destination to Tl else for all rows Rl in Tl { if (Rr.destination = Rl.destination and (Rr.cost < Rl.cost or Rl.link = n)) Rl = Rr; // Rr.cost < Rl.cost : remote node has better route // Rl.link = n : remote node is more authoritative } } }
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
Figure 3.10
router/ firewall
hammer
Student subnet
138.37.88.251 138.37.94.251 138.37.94
compute server
bruno 138.37.88.249
Eswitch
Eswitch
dialup server
henry 138.37.88.230
printers
file server
hotpoint 138.37.88.162
other servers
web server
copper 138.37.88.248 138.37.94.247
hub
138.37.88.247
hub
sickle 138.37.95.249
router/ firewall
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
138.37.95.232/29 subnet
Figure 3.11
Encapsulators
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
11
Figure 3.12
TCP/IP layers
Layers Application Messages (UDP) or Streams (TCP) Transport UDP or TCP packets Internet IP datagrams Network interface Network-specific frames Underlying network Message
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
12
Figure 3.13
Ethernet frame
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
13
Figure 3.14
Application TCP IP
Application UDP
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
14
Figure 3.15
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
15
Figure 3.16
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
16
Figure 3.17
IP packet layout
header IP address of source IP address of destination up to 64 kilobytes data
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
17
Figure 3.18
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
18
Figure 3.19
Mobile host MH
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
19
Figure 3.20
Firewall configurations
a) Filtering router Router/ filter Internet web/ftp server b) Filtering router and bastion Protected intranet
R/filter Bastion
Figure 3.21
IEEE 802 network standards IEEE No. 802.3 802.4 802.5 802.6 802.11 Title CSMA/CD Networks (Ethernet) Token Bus Networks Token Ring Networks Metropolitan Area Networks Wireless Local Area Networks Reference [IEEE 1985a] [IEEE 1985b] [IEEE 1985c] [IEEE 1994] [IEEE 1999]
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
21
Figure 3.22
LAN
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
22
Figure 3.23
Higher-layer protocols ATM adaption layer ATM cells ATM layer ATM virtual channels Physical
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
23
Figure 3.24
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
24
Figure 3.25
Host VPI = 2
VPI = 3
VP/VC switch
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
25