Geography Glossary Development and Globalisation:

Development Economic, demographic, social, political and cultural changes associated with development, the development continuum. Economic development Wealth Demographic development DTM (population over time) Social development Daily life Cultural development Differences in lifestyles Political development - People having a say/voting/government. // Development is an improvement or advancement in the characteristics of a population, leading to a better quality of life. Divide between the rich and poor. A gradual progression in development, allowing for tiny improvements and differences in development between countries. A modern idea, needed now that every country is at a different stage of development, patchwork of development. Factors and dimensions, flows of capital, labour, products and services; global marketing; patterns of production, distribution and consumption. Cultural Westernisation through Media (TV) Sport and Leisure. Economic TNCs. Political Trade Blocs, Influence of the West through attitudes and War. How the wealth is distributed across the world. Piece of info which is important in itself or demonstrates larger-scale changes or trends. (i.e. GDP) The total value of all finished goods and services produced by a country in a year, usually expressed in an amount per head (capita) of the population and expressed as US dollars ($) $ = Total of all finished goods and services in one year

Development gap/continuum

Globalisation

Global income distribution Indicator GDP per capita (gross domestic product)

GNP per capita (gross national product)

The total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year plus all net income earned by that country and its population from overseas sources. This total is divided by the population (per capita) and calculated in US dollars ($) = Total value of all goods and services in one year + net income by population and overseas population / population = $ Number of babies born in a country per 1000 of the total population in one year. /1000 per year. The number of people who die in a country each year per 1000 of the total population. /1000 per year. The increase or decrease in a population per year, found by calculating birth rate minus the death rate, usually expressed as a percentage. Birth rate Death rate = % The number of children who die before they are 1, measured per 1000 babies born per year. /1000 per year. The average age that someone living in that country will live to. The total population / doctors in the country. The percentage of people over 15 who can read and write. The amount of food (in calories) eaten by a single person in the country on average on one day. The average number of people living in each room of a house. Total number of rooms / number of people living in house. The percentage of people who have access to clean water. A measure of life expectancy, literacy rate, enrolment at different levels of education, and GDP per capita (based on the purchasing power of peoples incomes PPP) Highest score is 1 and the lowest score is 0. Theory that exchange rate adjusts so that an identical good in two different countries has the same price when expressed in the same currency. Development of ICT and the internet which leads to cheap, reliable and instant flows of capital. Container (sea ship container, metal boxes) revolution allows for products to move around the world easier, quicker and cheaper. Manufactured industry transferring from developed country to lower wage economies. Allowing countries in developing worlds to increase productivity without raising wages, widens the development gap. Marketing on a worldwide scale, reconciling or taking commercialised advantage of global operational differences, similarities and opportunities in order to meet global objectives.

Birth rate Death rate Natural increase

Infant mortality rate Life expectancy People per doctor Adult literacy Food intake Numbers of persons per room Access to clean water HDI (human development index) Purchasing power parity Flows of Capital (money) Flows of products Global shift Transfer of Technologies Global Marketing

First world Second World Third World Brandts North-South divide Modern 7-fold classification

Millennium Development Goals Single variable indicators Combined variable indicators UNDP Labour Market Free Market

Developed world, i.e. Western Europe, Australia or Japan. State controlled communist countries i.e. former USSR. Developing world with all other countries (Africa, Asia, Latin America) 1980 German Chancellor Willy Brandts theory of a line, developed countries above in north and developing below line in south. Australia is included on north of line. Crosses world at 30 degrees north. Developed countries Most highly developed countries, whose populations enjoy high living standards. Developing countries Countries at lower stage of development. Least developed countries countries with very low living standard such as low life expectancy and literacy rate. Many of these countries are in Sub-Saharan Africa. Newly industrialising countries Countries that have begun to develop in the last 40 years mainly due to industrialisation. Recently industrialising countries Countries that have just started to develop through industrialisation. Centrally planned economies Communist countries where the state controls all industry. Oil rich countries Countries who have high GDP due to exploitation of oil reserves, wealth is concentrated in hands of a few people. Without oil, countries considered developing Example is Saudi Arabia. Eight international development goals, tested against indicators. Introduced September 2000, deadline of 2015. Measures one figure, i.e. life expectancy. An indicator that combines variables into one, such as the HDI. United Nations Development Programme. The market in which workers compete for jobs and employers compete for workers An economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses and companies abolish tariffs and quotas on trade. Examples are North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Member countries operate tariff on imports from outside the group, i.e. The South American Regional Trade Agreement, aka Mercosur. Similar to customs unions but allow free movement of labour and capital. Example is former European Union. Members must do 3 above, plus adopt common policies in areas inc agriculture, transport, pollution, insurance, and regional development. An example of this is the modern day European union.

Customs unions Common Market Economic unions

Deregulation of world financial markets Protectionist Policy Command Capitalism 3-D jobs Bonsai Industries Second Generation NICs Asian Financial Crisis

Banks no longer bound to national boundaries, able to scour the world for best deals for banks. Entrepreneurs and firms replace imports. Government intervention to encourage and help the development of export manufacturing. Dirty, Dangerous, and difficult jobs Sewing, leather processing, plastics, dyeing. Industries that require obsessive attention but never grow. NICs that are more developed than the average NIC. Due to most of Asian Tigers economy based around manufacturing and NICs moving to second generation NICs (Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines) economies in Asian Tigers collapsed in 1997. This led to introduction of high-tech industries such as TVs and tertiary industries such as finance to diversify the economy. Government helped domestic companies by putting Tariffs on TNCs, making imports more expensive and making it easier for domestic companies to compete. TNCs located in the Asian Tigers for profit (multitude of reasons) TNCs exporting goods to Western Market raised money for Asian Tigers, export-led economic growth. Falling commodity rates and rising interest rates mean poorer countries cannot repay international loans. Established in 1947 and sought to gradually lower the barriers to international trade with a goal of free trade. Helps to run the Worlds economy by overseeing the global financial system. It is also the international lender of last resort. Deals with internal investment projects and has a stated aim of reducing poverty. Provides interest-free loans with long repayment periods to countries with very low per capita incomes. Bank has claimed to promote sustainable development since 1990s and most funding goes to small-scale projects. However, some conditions attached to loans do not reduce poverty and dependency. Places where foreign countries were encouraged to set up manufacturing plants in exchange for preferable tax rates. Cities that offer incentives for foreign companies to invest. It-enabled services, i.e Call centres. Programme developed that provided debt relief and low-interest loans to reduce external debt repayments to sustainable levels as long as countries met a range of economic, management and performance targets. 2005 the G8 countries proposed scheme to cancel the entire debt of eligible HIPCs, eligible debt relief if satisfactory

Import substitution Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Export-led Third World Debt General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) International Monetary Bank (IMF) World Bank International Development Association (IDA) Special economic zones (SEZs) Open Cities Back office functions Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Multilateral Debt Relief

Initiative (MDRI) Resource Extraction Service Operations External economies of scale (agglomeration economies)

economic performance, satisfactory progress in implementing poverty reduction strategy, and introduction of public expenditure management system that meets minimum standards. Using natural resources mining, oil, gas. Banking/insurance, advertising, freight transport, hotels, etc. Advantages from outside the company, broken into: Localisation economies: Occur when firms linked by the purchase of material and finished good locate near one another. This leads to reduced transport costs between supplies and customers which means faster delivery times, better communication and offers personal contact. Urbanisation economies: Cost savings result from an urban location, which allows links to form between manufacturing and services. Saves money as it is cheaper for manuf. Plants to contract work to specialist companies and economic and social infra. Of the area exists before new companies come in. An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent. For example, if a corporation builds a factory, it will employ construction workers and their suppliers as well as those who work in the factory. Indirectly, the new factory will stimulate employment in laundries, restaurants, and service industries in the factorys vicinity. A set of free-market policies adopted by Thatcher and Reagan in the 1980s. Aid given directly from one government to another. Aid given to international organisations by governments to help assist in programmes in poorer countries, such as the World Bank. Distribute aid in a variety of ways, most are charities i.e. Oxfam. Raise money for development projects, ensure aid directed at the people who require it most. Responsible body directs the operation from the top, such as building dams to provide irrigation water and provide hydro-electric power. Grassroots initiatives. Work closely with local communities and use local ideas and knowledge to bring change. Recipient has to agree to spend money on goods and services from donor country. Important for each proposed scheme to assess impacts. Measure of comparison. Suggests sustainability has multiple dimensions and distinct challenges for developed vs. Developing countries.

Multiplier effects (Cumulative causation)

Neoliberalism Bilateral Aid Multilateral Aid Non-governmental organisation Top-down Aid Bottom-up Schemes Tied Aid Environmental impact assessment (EIA) Environmental sustainability index (ESI)

China

India

Qatar

Norway Canada

Under-Developed
North Korea Ecuador

Development Continuum
Kuwait Cuba Afghanistan Malaysia Taiwan

Developed

Australia Singapore

Guinea-Bissau Botswana Sierra Leone

Low Income

Poor Health

CYCLE OF POVERTY
Simba - Singapore Scar South Korea
Lack of Education

Hakuna Matata Hong Kong Timone - Taiwan

Geography Glossary Tectonics:

Continental Drift Paleomagnetism Seismicity Vulcanity Alfred Wegner Sea-floor spreading Theory of Plate Tectonics Pangaea Panthalassa Ocean Laurasia Gondwanaland Divergent (constructive) boundaries. Convergent (destructive) boundaries. Transform (conservative) boundaries. Subduction Zone All the continents were originally joined as one landmass, but separated and slowly drifted to their current locations. The branch of geophysics concerned with the magnetism in rocks that was induced by the earth's magnetic field at the time of their formation Causes and main characteristics of earthquakes. Variations in the type and frequency of volcanic activity in relation to types of plate margin and types of lava. German meteorologist, proposed the theory of Continental drift. Crust along mid-ocean ridges was the driving force, not merely continents floating on the ocean floor. The crust of the earth is not continuous but broken into large plates that are in constant motion. Super continent when all continents were one. Ocean surrounding Pangaea. Europe, Asia, and North America continent when Pangaea split. Africa, Australia, South America and Antarctica continent when Pangaea split. Plates move apart. Plates collide. Plates slide horizontally past one another. Oceanic plate underneath continental plate. Deep trench forms at bottom of the ocean e.g. Nazca and South American plate, forms the Peru-Chile trench. Earthquakes, volcanoes here, e.g. Andes mountains. Oceanic plate underneath oceanic plate. Oceanic trench forms, earthquakes and volcanoes. However, due to lack of landmass, volcanoes form string of volcanic islands called Island Arc. Continental plate colliding with continental plate. Plates buckle upwards to form fold islands no plate underneath the other and no subduction.

Island Arc Fold Mountains Transform Boundaries Differentiation Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mesosphere Sedimentary rocks Igneous rocks Mesosaurus Glossopteris Striations Polar Wandering Mohorovijic (Moho) discontinuity Guyots Basaltic (basic) Lavas Andesitic (intermediate) Lavas Rhyolitic (acid) Lavas Extrusive Rock Intrusive Rock Fissure Eruptions Calderas P-waves (Primary) S-waves (Secondary) Surface Waves

Formed when two oceanic plates meet due to lack of landmass. E.g Caribbean Islands and the Aleutian Islands near Alaska. Formed when two continental plates collide or at an oceanic/continental boundary, e.g. Himalayas. Plates simply slide past each other, no volcanoes or fold mountains earthquakes occur. Heavy elements sink to centre, lighter elements concentrate at the surface. Rigid outer layer of the earth. Upper mantle of the earth. Mantle of the earth. Rock formed from consolidated clay segments. Rocks formed by the solidification of solid magma. Fossil found in both South America and West Africa A small fern found in both south America and West Africa Scars in the rock Striations in Brazil match those in West Africa. North and South poles move considerably during geological time even reversing. Layer that separates the crust from the mantle. Islands eroded by waves, form flat-topped sea mounts. Originate largely from the upward movement of mantle material. Common along spreading ridges but are also found at hot spots and within more developed rift systems. Typically found at destructive plate margins where crust is being destroyed. Found at destructive and collision margins. Igneous rock formed by the crystallisation of magma above the surface of the Earth. Igneous rock formed by the crystallisation of magma below the surface of the earth. Occur when an elongated crack in the crust allows lava to spill out over a large area, where tension pulls the crust apart. Example is Heimaey, Iceland, in 1973 when the Eurasian and North American Plate pulled apart. Form when gases that have built up beneath a blocked volcanic vent results in a catastrophic eruption that destroys the volcanos summit and leaves a crater. An example of this is crater lake in America where the caldera has filled with water. Fastest waves that shake the earth backwards and forwards. These waves can travel through both liquids and solids. Slower waves with sideways motions. Shake earth at right angles to direction of travel. Cannot move through liquids and cause more damage than P-waves. Travel near to surface. Slowest waves, but most destructive.

Long (L) Waves Raleigh Waves Aftershocks Magnitude Richter Scale Intensity Mercalli Scale Frequency Epicentre Focus Return period/recurrence Tsunamis Liquefaction Landslides and Avalanches Human Impact

Waves included in surface waves that move sideways. Waves included in surface waves that move up and down. Earthquakes that follow on from the main event and may last for months. Generated by earth settling back down after earthquake displacement. Amount of energy released during event and measured by the Richter scale Measured by Mercalli scale, how bad the earthquake is. A subjective scale that measures the effects of an earthquake. Varies between seismically active regions e.g. Sunda Trench in Southwest Indonesia and seismic zones with shield areas of ancient crust, e.g. Greenland. Point of the earths surface directly above the focus.

Layers Defined by Composition CRUST MANTLE

Layers Defined by physical properties

Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mesophere

CORE

Outer Core

Inner core

Crust is separated from mantle by the Mohorovijic (Moho) discontinuity.

Crust:
Outermost, thinnest layer of the planet.. Two types of crust: continental and oceanic. Has the coolest, least dense rock. Tectonic plates compose this layer. Rocks here are rich in silicon, oxygen, aluminium, potassium and sodium.

Lithosphere:
This is the crust and top layer of the mantle.

Asthenosphere:
Some material here is fluid. Rock is soft and plastic, slow convection currents.

Mantle:
Thickest layer in earths structure surrounds core, composed of silicate rocks, rich in iron and magnesium. Upper mantle is rigid, most is semi-molton with temperatures near the core reaching 5000c. These temperatures generate convection currents.

Mesosphere:
Stronger and more rigid than Asthenosphere

Outer core:
Molten iron (liquid layer)

Core:

Inner Core: