z.

3Tame adverbs and prepositions

already

. to say that something has happened . to show surprise in questions

yet

before now or

I already know how to do this. I knew the end of the story because I'd already

before the moment you are referring to

heard it.
Have you already finished this? Have you finished already? Have you paid the bill yet? I haven't finished this yet.

to say that something has not happened but it is expected that it will happen

still
to say that a situation or action continues and has not changed or ended any more I any longer with negative verbs to say that something that was true or happened in the past doesn't continue to be true or

He was stillworking when I left. I still don't know what you're talking about. Are you stillwaiting? Jackie doesn'f live here any more. I don't work for that company any longer.
NOT She doesn'f /lve here more,

to happen

note: Remember to use any.

just + present perfect/ present perfect continuous

o in ihic nrttprn itt<f = a qhnrt timp ann . use with only Io emphasize a very short time ago just + past perfect / past perfect continuous in this nattern iu,sf = a short time before just + present continuous / past continuous . to say that someone is in the middle of doing
I've just finished work and now I want to take it easy. I've only just arrived so I don't know what's happening. l'd just been talking about Graham when he phoned me.

Ih

just getting ready, so can you wait for me?

. .

something in this pattern, just = in the process of often used with when

I was just leaving my house when some friends arrived. I don't know why, I just don't like him.

just + present simple / past simple /future tenses

= simply + past perfect hardly . in this pattern, hardly = only a short time before . often used with when
Iately + present peffect/present perfect continuous to talk about a perrod of time beginning not long ago and continuing until now recently + present perfect/present perfect continuous same meaning as lately recently + past simple = at a point in time not long ago so far + present perfect = until now but the situation mighUwill change
in these patterns, lusf

I'd hardly met him when he sfarled asking me persona! quesflons.

l've been working hard lately. Lately I haven't been sleeping well. I haven't seen her recently. Recently, I haven't been sleeping well. I've recently been working rather hard. I spoke to her recently. They recently got married. I've enjoyed my visit so far. So far, they've won all the games they've played I'm currently looking for another job. Currently, l'm working very hard. She's having a lot of problems currently.
There's a lot of technology nowadays to make people's lives easier. Ihese days I don't go to the cinema as offen as

currently

. to talk about something that is happening

now but

. = during this period of time

nowadays lthese days

which may not continue

. to talk about present situations or facts, especially

in comparison with the past both used at the beginning of a sentence and between two clauses in the last I past + period to talk about a oeriod of time before and until now

used

to.

His health has improved in the last few weeks. ln the past week we've visited lots of places.

20 UNIT 2

Complete this letter to a friend by deciding which word or phrase (A, B, G

or D) fits into each gap.

Dear Di,ra,

AE

it's a couple of p,onthr ti^ce you carr.re to /tay with us

here irr

tha UK,

thoulht f'd ;er\d yottt Solvre rrew; about what'r been happe,ri,rl here 1 ................. Carol has 2 ..,............. 1"+ back fror.a a trip to Qen^a,ry but ;he har,r't told n^e r",uch about it 3 ................ . I expect she'll live r"re the full rtory later. Tir.,r i5 4 ................ workinS in a bar to Support hir.,rrelf in hir stvdies - | ruppore yor know gtudexls in the UK often have to have a Sob as well as stndyiry. that 5 (o he stvdies and then he loes to work in the ever,ir..l5 - | 6 ................ do,r't k,row where he qets the erer4y fro^^! Rob ir 7 ...,............ playinl i,r hir band - he's quite
excited \ecaule they'va 8 ................ baa^ booked
Ar,.d r,na?

Well, l've9................

at a very well-known club. had three job interview; but I haven't had aly luck
to
play

. The probleu is that 11 ................ you need raore qualif,catios than you used Io if you want to do what I want to do. 3o l've been, thinfing of doinl another coarle, althoryh I haven't decided which one 12 ................ . HeaEe kaep in touch with u5 ard tell uS your
10................

^ewt.

Georae .J

1 A any longer 2 Asofar 3 A already 4 A currently 5 A recently 6 A hardly 7 Ayet 8 A hardly 9 Ayet
10 A already
11 A nowadays

B still B only just B still B so far B these days B yet B any longer B nowadays B any more B so far B any more B still

C any more C nowadays

C yet

D recently D currently D hardly D recently D lately D already D still

D just

C lately
C just C just

C any more
C these days

C already C only just C so far C already

D so far D any more

D yet D just

12 A yet

UNIT

21

@ tnese sentences are all incorrect. Rewrite them correctly.

1 2

Nothing interesting has happened in past couple of weeks.

Young people don't want that kind of thing more.

3 4
5

| saw Elaine at a PartY latelY.

| knew his name because we'd met already each other

She's lately been having a lot of problems.

6
7

just was writing a letter to him when he rang me.

Are still you working for the same company?

8 Have you finished already your work?

9
10
11
They live still in the same Place.

,EI
;

| contacted them last week but they yet haven't replied.

Have you yet had anything to eat?

'12 l'd solved one problem hardly before another one came up.

13 14

| don't still understand what happened.

| iust fell asleep when a noise outside woke me up.

22

UNIT 2

ffi

Read this letter to a newspaper and fill the gaps using one of the words or phrases below. any

longer

yet past

nowadays already stilt

The Transport SYstem

Dear Sir/Madam
The transport system in this country certainly hasn't improved in the

',;

few years. People have been complaining about the railways for as bad as ever. Nobody has been able to come years and they're 2 ................ up with a solution to that problem 3 ................ . More people than ever are

travelling to work by train 4 ................ but the number of trains has not increased. So trains that were 5 ................ overcrowded are now even worse' people who have to use them every day to get to and from work have decided that and have started going by car. Of course, that they can't stand it 6 ............
makes the situation on Yours

the roads worse. Surely something can be done!

faithfully

-(ar.n Joxei

[l

Complete this article by deciding which word or phrase (A, B, C or D) fits into each gap'

l{eu Music

Venue

A new music venue has 1 ................ opened in the town. It's called The Blue Note and it's 2 ................ proving to be a major success. 3 "'.........'..' , every event held there has sold out, with people queuing down the street to get in. The club's owners 4 ................ announced that they have reached an agreement for The Factors to appear there next month. This group is 5 ................ beginning to achieve nationwide fame, so tickets will probably be hard to come by. They're not on sale 6 .,............... but they will be soon. So, if you feel that you haven't had a great night out 7 ,The Blue Note could be just the place for you. Certainl5 people who like live music can't complain B ................ that there isn't anything to do in
this town.
4
I

A lately
A yet

B so far
R.

1- ranonilrr v ,vvv, j
'r,

D these days u ouvauy

2 3

rononilrr

C hardly C Only just C lately C hardly

C yet

A So far

B Last week
R vu, rrantlrr nr I v',(,J
e
r

D Nowadays D hardly
D yet

A n tgugr rLry + n r^^^^+l\ /

A lately
just

B just

6 A 7
8

B still
R. e

D nowadays D lately
D still

A nowadays
A so far

thoco drrrq
L, vu, v 'vvv

C currently
a\ oilsquy v ^t.^^nu

B any more

UNIT

23

2.5

Periods of time 2

Complete this article by deciding which word or phrase (A, B, C or D) fills each gap'

Snockbite Sondwich Bors

WENDY GRANGER

used to spend her 1 ......."...".. lunch hour looking for something to eot. but there wos nowhere neor her office where she could find onything she Iiked, After o 2 ............."., she reolized
thot there must

il
*l

be o loi of other people like her, So she decided to storf her own sondwich ond tokeFl owoy business lt took her 3 .......'......" to find o suitoble locotion, but eventuolly she found o smoll shop close fo the city centre,lt's not perfect, but Wendy soys thot it will do for the 4 '............... being, she soys,'l've t 'ldon't intend to stoy here 5
!!1

got much bigger plons,In the long 6 '.......',.....' I oim to hove five shops in ihe city, bul ot this 7 .....'.""""' l'm hoppy thot the one thot I hove opened is so successful.'Wendy is looking for new products to introduce oll the I ........'...'... ''Voriety is the importont thing,'she soys,'ln this business, you won't survive for 9 ................ if you keep selling the some old things" She knows thot it might toke 10 .........'...... , but she's determined to become the Sondwich Queen of the citvl

i.

i
!1.

fl

1 Aall 2 A term 3 A ages 4 A while 5 A in good time 6 Arun 7 A term 8 A forever 9 A long
10 A in good time

B whole

C longterm
U UId

D forever D while

B stage

B long B period
B some time B era B stage B ages

C while C time

D short-term D years
D forever D while

C in advance C.period
C while C time C some time C years

D era

D period D longterm
D while

B permanently B long-term

Fill each of the gaps using one

gaps.

of the words below Some of these words do not fit into any of the
run

notice stage time term advance era

The College Film Club

our theme will be 'Cinema during the silent ', and we'll be showing some of the great films of the 1920s' Z .. by contacting the Club secretary' Tickets can be purchased in 3 ........... because they are Make sure that you get your tickets in good 4 ."""""""' Durins the next 1
likely to sell out very quickly. Performance times are shown beiow, but if we have to ticket-holders will be inforrned' change any ofthese at short 5

...........,....

'

Decide whether these sentences are correct or not. Correct those which are incorrect'

1 | arrived not long time before the game started. 2 The rescuers got there in the time to save them. 3 Please try to get here in some time for dinner. 4 The new job will make her happier in the short term.
UNIT

25

2.4 Periods of time

2.
journey will take five hours. It will take five hours for us to get there. It will take us five hours to oet there.
The

take to talk about the amount of time an action requires

subject+take+period it + take + period + for + object + infinitive with fo it + take + object + period + infinitive with fo
Iast
to talk about how long an event continues from the beginning to the end

Sn
wEl
lunc no\^

ony
A football match lasts (for) 90 minutes.
thoJ
JI IU

subject + /asf (+ for) + period spend

to talk about the amount of time someone uses for

owc
suii<

a particular activity

spend + period + -ing waste

to talk about the amount of time someone uses doing something unnecessary or useless

She spenf an hour doing her homework.

shotr

Wer

'l d(
We've wasted an hour talking about this silly subject.

waste + period + -ing

pass period + pass

to talk about a period of time being completed Three weeks passed before I heard from her again.
/ passed a pleasant hour looking out
/

pass + period lthe time a -ing

to talk about doing something for a period of time because you have nothing else to do or because you . are waiting for

of the

window.

something

passed the time reading magazines while I was waiting for my appointment.

[l

Comptete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first, using the word given.

After only five minutes the interview was over and I left. (lasted)
The interview

................

and then I left.

2
3 4

In fact, it was three years before I had saved enough money. (took) In fact, it

................. ..................

save enough money.

Yesterday I cleaned the flat for three hours and then I went out. (spent) Yesterday |

the flat and then I went out.

They didn't reply to my letter for two months. (passed) Two

............ because .................

.... they replied to my letten

5 I'm angry with myself because all I've done this afternoon is watch silly TV programmes. (wasted)
l'm angry with myself programmes.

watching silly TV

The doctors say that she will recover from the illness in about three weeks. (take) The doctors say that it from the illness. three weeks to recover

| took the train and, during the journey, I chatted with the person sitting next I took the train

to me. (passed)
the person sittino next to me.

EI

and

8 How long will it be before you've finished that work? (take)

How

long

to finish that work?

24 UNIT 2

2.6 Word focus

Phrasal verbs: bring & talce -' : ., A Fill the gaps with the correct form of bring or take and decide which word or phrase,
:

A or B, could

replace the phrasal verb.

He A

..........
B

...

removed

opened

offhis coat and hung it on the door. '

2 I .............
A

to him immediately and we've been friends ever since.

noticed

B liked

3IntermsofIooks,shecertainly'...l
A tries to

copy

B is similar to

,
5 6 7
B

A stop

]i:::::l_t' B produce making

fills
B improves

-."llljl^^

.'...... out a number of new products next year.

The bed .,,,............................ up almost the whole of the room. A

The new law was

A

............

. in two years ago.

introduced raised

B consideredl

I was born and

A B changed

Bigger companies
A take control

;;"" ..........
B compete

... over smaller ones.

of

with

They are trying to find out what ....................!...,.!:..... about the disaster. A resulted
10 Lots of

from
B

B caused

people
doing
think

up a hobby as

way of relaxing.

A start

about

'

Word formation: noun suffixes

-tion -ety -ment -ity

-dom -ence -ition

-er

Reality TV shows
A new kind of television i ....,..........................,. has become a talking point in millions of houses - reality TV shows. These came into 2 a few years ago and have achieved enormous 3 ...,.......,.. . These programmes show the 4 ......... .... of ordinary members of the public in a 5 ......... .... of different situations - doing their jobs, trying to win talent 6 ................................. , being faced with chailengerso thaitfreir 7 ................. can be observed and spending a period of time living in a house with B . Some of these programmes attract a great deal of I ................. in newspapers and r-gujn., and some of tile people who appear in them achieve a kind of 10 ......... .... for a time.
ENTERTAIN
EXIST

POPULAR BEHAVE

ji,t
'i.t:l:

r.

'

VARIOUS
COMPETE REACT STRANGE PUBLIC
STAR

h.r+
i.*ll

,l
,ri

iils',
fii, o,:,

$'i,, _--,,r
,t,,
,

ilo
26
UNIT 2

.fl*

,'

',

i,,,. ''

i'Collocations
ii,,

below C Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first, using one of the verbs
and the noun given.
td

, do have make take

.

lose

I
l

I can't understand his behaviour.

sense

His behaviour
t-

..................
,',

"""""""""

me'

She's

finding it difficult to get all her work done on time.

problems She's rgferencg

He ................
|..:r_"

'........:......"" ':

all her work doue on time'

3 He didn't say anlthir ng about his new job when I last spote to him'

. ::,;rt,. .',.

4 if you don't look after your belongings, you'll lose them.

care If vou

dont

...........

...,.'....."."";""""""""":"""' , you'll lose them'

Last year, the

industry was damaged by problems in the world economy.

economy

damage

I Problems in the world

b
Jlm suddenly Decan 1e

.................;:...........:....:...-l:.:.,..', ''"''"""""'""""':"""""""" "' last year'

:

angry and started shouting' and startecl snoutlng'

:

temper
Jim

............... annoYed.

7 There is a reason why I'm

l

reason

I B

......

.. .. . .. . .

She

ignored the warnings from her friends.

notice

She

'..'............""""""';""' the warnings from her friends'

;, Prepositional pkrrases: preposition + noun

D Fill the gap in each sentence using in or on'

I
3

I was

iooking forward to the film but .,................i..............

iu* it was rather disappointing'

2 All sorts of interesting things were ................................. sale at the market.

I've

just been ..........

4.,,,,.............thewhole,I'mquitepleasedwiththewaythingsareatthemoment'
5 If you help me, I'll do something for 6 My room is ................
B I've had arguments with him
a

you

return'

terrible state, I must clean it up'

7 If you have a complaint, put it ......"..

anlthing l0 The building was ............

g
Is

there

particular you'd like to do tonight?

.

fire and firemen were rushing to it.

UNIT

27

ECCE Practice 2
Grammar

Vocabulary
and I thought it was

| visited

Alaska

beautiful.

9 Please
the house.

off your shoes when you come

in

a b c d

just currently recenfly

latety

d put

a bring b take c remove _

sare In January. sale in Jan

iil
ii:'

_ known Jim for three months, when he moved abroad. a often b always c then d hardly
|

10

$,',

His new CD willI be uri

.h).

a in

d to
11 she _

c on
no notice of his behavior towards her.

b of

fl,i
$i"
$.,,'l

$,0.

3 'l _

play sport when I was younger.' ,Why did you stop?' a would b never c seldom d used to

a took b paid c made d save

ih i t,

fitl'

i'

fffir

$i
*|i.
t*

12

'Have you seen Legally Blonde 2?' 'No, not ever b still yet d since
d

lt took her looking

I'm going on Friday'

_ to find the buitding she was for. a time b money c white d ages-

ffiM

-' : ^,
$i.br,

13

il;
i
*:;

$,".

'Bobby is getting married.' ,Really! The I heard from him he was single., last first previous right

time

Thanks for hetping me. t,il do the same for uou in $il

a b c d

sometime. a grateful b return c favor d appreciate

tt

i.

l|rol
5ltmit $l

^^

14
didn't

'-

'Have you tried pesto?' 'Once, but | like it.' only only just

a b c just d always

a Take b Make c Have d Keep

care of that necklace

- it's very valuabr".'

$.,

,$i
$,,,

fi',
$'..

15

tril

My father thinks the late sixties and seventies was the greatest for

'l

a hurt - b 've hurt c 'd hurt d 'm hurting

my leg. Can you help me?'

music, a term b stage c run dera

16
dt

earlv

poputar

:'
&,i,

.fii
$1,,..

*.

i _
he,s

B Last year we went to New york and we _

the Plaza Hotel for two weeks. used to stay

| thought he was small but in

tall, isn't

a b were staying c 've stayed d stayed

he? a actual b deed c fact d particular

rather i
i
$i,
f,i

{i
il,l

$r
&r:

$i'

28
t}l

'$l'

ECCE PRACTICE 2

.f;

il'
lr,

i,

FCE Practice 2
Questions 1-12, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. only one word in each gap.

..
,
:.

THE YOUNGEST ROUND.THE.WORLD SAILOR

a hero's welcome in Australia yesterday after becoming the youngest

An 1B-year-old returned to
,,,Rerson

to sail round the world non-stop. David Dawson sailed into Freemantle, Western Australia, to enjoy a cold beer

',,anxious

(1)

..... warm shower for the first time in nine months.

r'lcould do it another four times,' he joked as he stepped ashore to (2)

lfamily in front
:

..

greeted by his

(3)

15,000 spectators crowding the quayside. His 14-metre boat, Sea ftight,

had to be

towed into the port because of strong winds and obstruction from the 300 boats that

,(4) . . .. . ...... gathered to escort him in. Sailing club officials said that he passed (5) ...............
finishing line five kilometres out to sea late on Friday.

Mr Dawson

had covered (6)

....

than 50,000 kilometres since leaving Freemantle, but it was

anything but

(7)

easy trip. His radio flooded, his boat lost her mast and the generator forced to

:brokedown, threatening to end the voyage prematurely. At one point, he (8)

.... accept a bolt from the British Royal Navy to repair his damaged mast and (9) could not claim to (10) .... rade the journey'unassisted'.
(11)

...... a result he

.,

his 264 days at sea, the teenager became the youngest person to sail single-

handedly around Cape Horn,

missed his

(12)

..

he did in winter, with a damaged sail. He said he had

girlfriend, real food, beer and surfing.

FCE PRACTICE

2 29