Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chromatin
Telomeres
周金秋
jqzhou@sibs.ac.cn
Istitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology
Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Fall, 2005
I. Chromosome and Chromatin
II. Centromere
III. Telomeres
I. Chromosome and Chromatin
II. Centromere
III. Telomeres
Genome size in different organisms
Genomes and gene number
30,000 25,000
36 40 30,000 10
46
Compacting DNA
into chromosomes is essential
3 x 109 bp
3.4 Å
>10,000 fold
History of chromatin and chromosomes
1673 Van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) Microorganisms
1665 Hooke (England) Cell
Early 1800s Brown (Scottland) Nucleus (little nut)
1866 Mendel (Austria) Mendel’s Law
1869 Miescher (Swiss) Nuclein (C, H, O, N, P)
1857 Perkin (England) aniline purple (mauveine dye)
1879 Flemming (Germany) Chromatin, chromosome, Mitosis (thread 1882)
1887 Van Beneden (Belgium) Chromosome No
1900 De Vries (Neitherland) Re-discovery of Mendel law
Correns (Germany)
Tschermak (Austria)
1902-1903 Sutton (USA) Chromosomes are paired and may be the
Boveri (Germany) carriers of heredity. Mendel's "factors" (genes)
are located on chromosomes
1920s-1930s Morgan (USA) Morgan Law
1938 Mullar (USA) Mutation of chromosome
1928 Griffith (Britain) Transforming principle
1943 Avery (Canada) Genetic material - DNA
A-T rich G band
Centromere
Large rDNA
Chromosome karyotype (human)
Chromosome spread and FISH
Visualize
chromosomes
(FISH)
Chromosome
spread
(FISH)
Visualize gene(s)
(FISH)
Visualize gene(s)
(FISH)
Chromosome
Translocation
(FISH)
Function of chromosome and chromatin
Problem(s)
How to retrieve genetic information from
DNA packaged in chromosomes?
I. Chromosome and Chromatin
II. Centromere
III. Telomeres
Chromatin in different cell-stage
Facultative heterochromatin:
able to return to the euchromatin
inactive X chromosome
Chromatin composition:
Nonhistone:
HMG proteins
residual proteins
phosphoproteins
RNA species
lipid species
Nucleosome
A) 30 nm fibers
B) beads on a string-nucleosome
From interphase nucleus
Nucleosome: unit of chromatin
Histone depleted metaphase
chromosomes
Nucleosomes can be
isolated by digesting
with nucleases that cut
between the nucleosomes
in a region called the linker
Nucleosome-octamer
2 each H2A, H2B, H3, H4
Histones - highly basic proteins
1. Histone H3 methylated
at lysine 9 (H3-mLys9)
2. Hypoacetylation of
lysine residues
3. cytosine methylation,
the most common
form of DNA
modification in
eukaryotes.
Telomere looping
report gene
?
Interphase M phase
“Beads on a string” to 30 nm Chromatin Fiber?
Histone H1 - linker of nucleosomes
Zigzag model
10 nm nucleosome ------ 30 nm fiber
Solenoid Model
six to eight nucleosomes per turn
Linker histones in higher
order chromatin compaction
Further Compaction?
Chromatin in the interphase nucleus is believed to organized
into discrete domains defined by sites of attachment to the
nuclear matrix.
Scaffold attachment regions (SARs)
???
I. Chromosome and Chromatin
II. Centromere
III. Telomeres
Centromere
Centromere
Figure 23-38, p. 1094, Molecular Cell Biology, 3rd ed., Lodish, et al.
Centromere is a region of a eukaryotic
chromosome where the kinetochore is
assembled. It is the site where spindle fibers of
the mitotic spindle attach to the chromosome
during mitosis. It is the site at which a chromatid
and its identical sister attach together during the
process of cell division. It is a chromosomal
locus that ensures delivery of one copy of each
chromosome to each daughter at cell division.
• Chromosome movement
Bjerling and Ekwall. (2002) Braz J Med Biol Res. 35: 499-507
Centromere proteins
Bjerling and Ekwall. (2002) Braz J Med Biol Res. 35: 499-507
Budding yeast kinetochore proteins
and their homologues
SpCENP-A
WT
clr4
rik1
Ekwall et al, (1996) J. Cell.
Sci. 109,2637–2648.
Centromere-associated proteins in yeast
Human
CENP A (green, histone H3-like protein)
CENP E (red, outer kinetochore protein)
Human
CENP A (green, histone H3-like protein)
CENP C (red, inner kinetochore protein)
H2AB (green)
CID (red)
CID (red)
Histone H3 (green)
CID (red)
Histone PH3 (green)
Solenoid model
Looping model
II. Centromere
III. Telomeres
See You Next Time