Combinational Sequential Logic Binary Systems & Logic Gates Combinational Sequential Logic An example would be the traffic

ic lights... The binary system has two states - ON = 1 and OFF = 0... The diagram below shows a transistor, which is simply a computer chip...

The diagram below shows two circuits, both with a switch, one switched on and one switched off...

Logic Gates (AND)... Look at the diagram below, it shows an AND gate

If you have an AND gate with A and B as input, you can say that the number of possibilities is equal to 22 = 2x2 = 4 If you have an AND gate with three inputs A, B and C you can say that the number of possibilities is equal to 23 = 2x2x2 = 8....

Because we are using Binary we know that it is a number system that uses base 2... When you have base 2, you can look at the number of inputs (i.e. A.B.C = 3) and if it is 3 then you say that the number of possibilities is 2 to the power of 3 or 23 = 2x2x2 = 8 and so on... If you have 3 inputs (A, B and C) your AND logic gate will look like the one shown in the diagram below

Logic Gates (NOT / Inverter Gates)... NOT Gates are simply inverter gates and they invert the input to the opposite (i.e. 0 to 1...) The diagram below shows an Inverter Gate and its Truth Table

Logic Gates (OR)... The diagram below shows an OR gate and its truth table -

The following diagrams are notes taken in class They demonstrate the use of AND, OR and Inverter (NOT) Gates...

The diagram below shows how a complex circuit diagram can be simplified

The circuit above shows the use of AND gates in a circuit, if you change the AND gate just before O/P3 to an OR gate, you can change the circuits output... Currently in the diagram above (AB) + (AC) + (ABC) = (A AND B) + (A AND C) + (A AND B AND C)... If the final AND gate was changed to an OR gate it would be (AB) + (AC) + (ABC) = (A AND B) + (A AND C) + (A OR B OR C)... The diagram on the next page shows the circuit with two AND Gates and an OR Gate...

(AB) + (AC) + (ABC) = (A AND B) + (A AND C) + (A OR B OR C)... Shown above along with a truth table... The diagram below shows how to determine whether an input is x or x...

Where there is a 0 you put a line over the letter (i.e. A, this basically means NOT A) Where there is a 1, you leave the letter as it is (i.e. A, this basically means A)

Logic Gates (NAND)... A NAND Gate is basically an AND gate inverted... So you could work out the results on a truth table for an AND gate and then simply invert the values to get the values for the NAND gate... The diagram below shows a NAND gate and the truth table for it...

You can see the values have been inverted...

AB + AB + AB

Circuit Miniaturization The diagram below shows how an 8 gate circuit can be miniaturised to use only 1 gate...

Logic Gates (NOR)... A NOR Gate is basically a NOR gate inverted... If you dont have a NOR Gate you can use an OR Gate with a NOT Gate (Inverter)... The diagram below shows a NOR Gate...

A NOR Gate does the same thing as two NOT (Inverter) gates and an OR gate...