Hydropower Plants & its Classification University Prescribed Syllabus Introduction : sources and forms of energy, types of power plants, and elements of hydropower scheme, hydropower development in India. Power house structures-substructure and superstructure layout and dimensions, deign considerations. Hydropower plants classification: surface and underground power stations, low medium-high head plants- layout and components, pumped storage plants, tidal power plants, micro tidal units. 5S Introduction © Water is considered as a gift of god to human being and animals it is importance since ancient time. All civilizations that took place are near the source of water, near valleys, rivers, oceans etc, e Water is not only important for human being but it is equally important for animal and plants. Water not only helps the survival but also makes the life comfortable in all ways like using the energy of water to generate electricity and electricity can be used to run various home appliances which can make life easier. Thus water running or stored is a source of energy. © — The stored water holds potential energy and when it runs it has kinetic energy. This conversion takes place naturally and depends upon law of conservation of energy. © Power is a very important tool for comprehensive development of mankind as well as the world. The availability of power resources in a country is directly proportional to its growth. These days developing countries are facing Power Crisis which in turn is affecting industrial, financial as well as social improvement of these countries. © There in present subject we have to study the production of power by using energy of water.) Hydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification) Pg no, ( a (1.2) ¢ Hydro Power Engineering can be simply defined as the process o energy stored in water to produce electrical energy. This is simply of conservation of energy. And the power produced during this called as Hydroelectric Power and the system in which such powe: is simply referred as hydro power plant or water power plant or plants. f Converting based on tay, Procedure jg T 1s Produceg simply hyde tS Energy e — It is the capacity to do work. The work can be of tremendous types such as heating of water in the geyser, refrigeration of cold drinks in the fridge, driving a car etc. Everything requires energy. © — The world is growing in all dimensions the demand of energy is increasing day by day and it will continue to increase exponentially. Therefore it becomes an extreme important thing to meet the growing demand of energy. Sources of Energy Typically classified in following two categories. Fig. ' a | UQ. Explain conventional sources of energy. t ! GQ. Classify conventional and Non-conventional sources The large amount of energy can be derived by u in, ne us - sources of energy. ¥ using following conventional lL OEE ULB RG ES UGE REU CLE Ee of energy, | ay) Cine Sullales tet care € omeletThese method are being used traditionally since many years. (1) Thermal Power (2) Hydroelectric Power (3) Thermo nuclear power. —_—_—_——oore eee pi 1.2 NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY They are the sources of energy that are recently trending but not widely used till the date. Sources can be also referred as renewable source of energy because they can be used again and again but can’t be consumed. (1) SolarPower (2) Wind Power (3) Tidalpower (4) Geothermal power etc. (5) Biomass etc Fig. 1.2.1 : Contribution of Non- Conventional Sources of Energy 1.3. TYPES OF POWER PLANTS A power plant is an industrial facility that generates electricity from Primary energy. Most power plants use one or more generators that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy in order to supply power to the electrical grid for society's electrical needs. (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) fal Tech-Neo Publicationsan Hydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classifica; ion) ae, Sho. Power Plants i According to the mechanism of generation of energy S classified as follows : Wi iy % 1.3.1 Thermal Power Plants . Power plants use heat energy generated by the combustion of free fuel but in the combustion process is utilised to heat water to ican : steam is generated during the process, this team is then Passed hehe any high pressure conditions and electricity is generated, natural gas ang ine i widely used fossil fuels for this process. Coal ap Superheated steam Water Fuel ‘Steam for inlet (Coal) condensation process Fig. 1.3.1 : Working Principle of Thermal Power Plant Thermal power plant comes under conventional source of energy. First fully functional thermal power plant operated in India in 1899 in Kolkata the British Empire. Large number of power plants installed in regional area having capacity of few KW to MW as per the necessity. May 2022 India thermal power production capacity is reached up to 236.1 GW it was just 854 MW in 1947 and it is going to grow at the rate of approximately 8% per year. The Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station in the Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh, with an installed capacity of 4,760MW, is currently the biggest thermal power plant in India. The efficiency of thermal power plant is between 35 to 50%. The availability of and the cost involved in mining, transportation of fuel and disposal of waste product. tS Advantages (1) Low investment cost as compared to hydroelectric power plant. (2) Less survey is to be done before installation of the plant as compared to hydro power plant. (3) High efficiency can be achieved if plant is nearer to the mining site. (4) Require smaller space to install that hydro power plant. (5) Less area is affected during construction and operation of the plant. (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) fel Tech-Neo Publications alHydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no. (1-5) SSS t& Disadvantages (I) 2) @) (4) (5) 6) ) It requires a good network of transportation fossil fuel from coal mines to the plant. Mostly suitable where Railway lines are available. Availability of water source near the plant can be a major issue in uninterrupted working of the plant. Lack of water may lead to less production of electricity. Emission of greenhouse gases has adverse effect on climate. Frequent maintenance of plant component is required. The operational life of power plant is less up to 25 years, Disposal of ash is the most serious issue among all. The Amaron energy project was wind up in India due to the same reason. ys 1.3.2 Nuclear Power Plant It is another conventional as well as source of energy. The basic principle of nuclear power plant is somewhat similar to that of the thermal power plant; ile. to use heat produced for conversion of water into high pressurized steam which further rotate the turbine. But the fuel used for it is radioactive material and the heat is obtained by division of atoms of radioactive material in controlled manner in the reactor. This process is also called as nuclear fission. Usually Uranium obtained as ore in the mining process. The heat obtained from fission reaction is transferred to water by using suitable coolants, once the steam is obtained then it is passed over steam turbine and electricity is generated. The used steam is again condenser back to convert into water and again the cycle is performed. The power generation using nuclear energy started in USA in 1957 and in UK in 1956. India's first fully operated nuclear power plant was established in 1969 at Tarapur. Nuclear energy is considered as economical and green source of energy. In India it is fourth largest source of energy. In advance countries like France Sweden and Japan the contribution of nuclear energy is about 30 to 80% but in India we are too much lagging behind till the date and we have only approximately 2.5% of contribution of nuclear power plants in countries total electricity generation capacity. . Since huge quantity of energy can be obtained by nuclear reaction it is one of the reliable source of increasing energy demand of the world. (New syllabus wef academic year 22-23) (P8-76) Tech-Neo PublicationsHydropower Engg (gPPu-Sem.8 Nuclear ‘ Moderator ‘Heat Condenser reactor exchanger Fig. 1.3.2 : Nuclear Power Plant tS Advantages (1) Itis economical and green source of energy. (2) As there is no combustion process therefore greenhouse gases are not release into atmosphere. (3) There is no activation of land is required the project can be established in a fe: _ of acres. (4) Large quantity of Uranium is available in India as well as in the world which ca sustain to fulfil growing demand of power. (5) Generation of electricity is not affected due to climatic condition such as rair wind, clouds etc which is possible in case of wind and solar energy. == Disadvantages (1) Disposal and storage of nuclear waste. (2) Uranium decomposes into harmful sub atomic masses. (3) Accidental leakage of radiation and large-scale accidents can be catastrophic. (4). Installation cost is very high as compared to the other power station. (5) Highest standards of safety are to be maintained. (6) Precautions to be taken to speed up or slow down the nuclear chain reaction. (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) el Tech-Neo PublicationHydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no. (1-7) SeSeq0">0SS— i Soo a 1 UQ. 1 6Q 1 UQ. 1.3.3 Hydro-Power Plant How hydroelectric power is developed? [EaaWN UME COMc ra Give the advantages and disadvantages of Hydroelectric power plant. What is meant by Hydro-power ? Discuss the relative merits and } ' 1 1 1 1 demerits of hydropower as compared to other powers. ‘AGUS Q. 1(a), April 18, 3 Marks) Tail water outlet Synchronization Fig. 1.3.3 : Hydro Power Plant Working Hydra means water and when water is used for generation of power it is referred as hydro power plant. Unlike Uranium and coal water is available freely in the universe as well as the transportation of water from one place to another can be take place by means of gravity so there is again no cost involved for transportation. The countries like India which come under the influence of monsoon, plenty of water is available due to precipitation. This water is merged into ocean and seas such water can be utilised for generation of electricity, Hydroelectric power emerged in USA in 1982 followed by Sweden and Japan. In India a hydropower plant of 138MW installed capacity was commissioned in 1897 at Sidrapong in West Bengal. During the period of two world wars considerable number of hydro power plants installed Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) al Tech-Neo Publications | Se—= Hydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants @, Its Clasgi e = Recently In hydro power generation Capacity is Teached Koyna Hydroelectric Project is the largest hydroelectric 6000 Mw. It is a complex project with four dams including the she Plant in j Ty Koynariver, Maharashtra hence the name is Koyna Hy ee dam on th ¢ Because hydropower uses water to generate electricity, plants : Project, on or near a water source. The energy available ftom the ns Usually locate on both the volume of the water flow and the change in pain Water dene the head-from one point to another. The greater the flow and the ied Own a the more the electricity that can be generated, her the hea ¢ — At the plant level, water flows through a Pipe-also known as a Penstock spins the blades in a turbine, which, in tum, Spins a generator that ai then produces electricity. Most conventional hydroelectric facilities operate a including run-of-the-river systems and pumped storage systems, a) S$ Advantages (1) While generating hydropower no water is consumed, only the kinetic energy of water is used to drive the turbine and after it water can be used for various Purposes such as agricultural, industrial, domestic etc, (2) Running cost of hydroelectric power plant is very less as compared to thermal power plant. (3) The risk associated with hydroelectric Power plant is is very less as compared to nuclear power plant. (4) The efficiency of hydroelectric power plant is very high (90-95%) while thermal power plant has efficiency up to 40%. (5) The operation of hydro power plant is easier as compared to nuclear or thermal plant. It is particularly useful for achieving high peak off power output by controlling the sluice gates and other plant components. (6) When electricity is not needed then sluice gay can be e closed until needed. (7) The backwater of dam can be used for fish farming, boating or sports activities. (8) The design period of damis very high therefore it can be used for long time. to 4 ' Disadvantages (1) Cost of construction is too high. (2) The back water can destroy huge forest and cultivable land. (3) Human habitats are highly affected near river banks on both sides. (4) Extensive survey is to be done while deciding the place for construction as we as the future consequences after construction of the Dam. (5) Technically sound engineers and professionals are to be continuously engaged : construction site during the process. This sometimes affects the speed © Progression due to lack of skill working professionals. ications (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) Tech-Neo Publicatio”Hydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no. (1-9) el (6) Delay in construction increases the cost which ultimately decreases the efficiency and profitability of the structure, (7) Such a plants are at very high danger in earthquake like natural disasters. (8) Construction of dams on running river sometimes creates disputes between two States or countries. Because construction of dam causes interruption in the flow of water which can lead to the deficiency in neighbouring state's or country's necessity. ya 1.3.4 Tidal Power Plant turbine set (a) High tide turbine set (b) Low tide Fig. 1.3.4 : Schematic Diagram of Tidal Power Generation © — Power generated by utilising the energy of ocean or sea water during high or low tide is known as tidal power. * — It is considered as non conventional as well as renewable source of energy because tidal flow is a natural process and it is never ending. © — The difference in heads of water during tidal and ebb period is called as tidal range. Sea water rises and fall twice a day each full-cycle occupying about 12 hour 25 minutes. The exact time of tide can we accurately predicted with the help of tide tables. (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) fel Tech-Neo Publicationsdro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no. (1. 49 .sem.8-Civil) (Hy by the flow of water from higher to lower level turbines is enerated : : ris 8 ts of tidal power plant are powerhouse dikes, sluice gatey e The powel the principal componen etc. sag high tide the eae in the process turns the turbi ; - a the ebb tide, water flows back to sea turning the turbines and generating e During ain, Such 2 process continuous throughout a day in specific intervals ecto power generation is not constant and it is totally depend upon rising and falling tidal time. Such a rise and fall in the sea Jevel is done by the gravitational effects of moon and sun. " ¢ The first project of 240 MW power generation from tidal energy was constructed in France in 1967. Since India has @ Jong coastline about 7500 km, can generate more than 10000 Mw of tidal enerey per year. In Bhavnagar, Gujarat 900 MW power project is functioning. t= Advantages (1) Itis unending source of energy. (2) There is no negative impact on Ei (3) There is no loss of Jand and forest. (4) It can operate irrespective of Season. en air and water from sea enters the basin and gates are OP! ine to generate power. vironment because it is pollution free. B= Disadvantages (1) Not suitable everywhere since it requires coastal area as well as there must be considerable difference in tidal range. (2) Equipment are constantly in the vicinity of sali of corrosive effect with the equipment. (3) Fishing and tourism near coastal area can be affected. (4) Power production is not constant which is also one of the major drawb: tidal power plants. z. 1.3.5 Solar Energy The sun i a nl than enough energy to meet the whole word's enersy source, the only Shion vier n't run out anytime soon. As a renewable energ) efficient and cost-effective way. power is our ability to tur it into electricity inw ine water so there are high chances ack of t= Advantages (1) Solar energy — a clean source. (2) No greenhouse gas emission: iS are released i ay on into the atmosph hai panels to create electricity. And because the sun eas signet thot we'll ever need, electricity fro 2 m solar power i ‘ ij eee iene) oka ee important energy source? N e.f academi 7 -7. Tech-Ne (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) iB) ‘ech-Neo Publicatio! A 0 Publicat! s 7Hydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no. (1-11) SSS SS———_—_—__ 00500 (3) No fuel to bum (4) After solar panels have been installed, operational costs are quite low compared to other forms of power generation. Fuel isn’t required, and this means that solar power can create large amounts of electricity without the uncertainty and expense of securing a fuel supply. tS Disadvantages (1) Large area is required for big power project. (2) Sunlight is not constantly available throughout the year production of power in cloudy days is highly affected. (3) Cost of solar panel is high. (4) Solar panels are delicate so there are high chances of physical damage to the panels, (5) High initial cost. %% 1.3.6 Wind Power Plant e — Wind as a energy is utilized to rotate the blades of wind turbine and wind energy is converted to electrical energy in wind power plant. India's estimated wind power potential is more than 20000 MW. Mill blades Wind — 7 Transmission line Fig. 1.3.5 : Wind Power Plant * — India stands 4th in the world in generation of wind power. Tamil Nadu and Gujrat are considered ideal for production of wind energy due to availability of necessary speed of wind to rotate the turbine and large coastal line. (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) Cy Tech-Neo Publicationsivil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg No. (1 Hydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8- : Current wind energy production capacity of the country is 1024 Mw hich be multiplied number of times if proper planning is done to reduce the ini cost of the plant. is Recently, installation of wind mill in the ocean has also proved outstandi results since limitless space is available in the ocean for installation as well; there is availability of sufficient wind speed without any obstruction almost ‘a the time to rotate turbines. tS Advantages (1) Never ending and green source of energy. (2) Wind is available naturally. (3) No burning of fossil fuel is required so greenhouse effect. (4) No acquisition of cultural land is required. (5) Highly suitable for hilly areas. tS Disadvantages (1) Power production fluctuates due to speed and direction of wind. (2) The rotating Blades of windmill produce noise. (3) Reduces underground water table. (4) Not suitable for every location. ww 1.3.7 Biomass Energy e Energy obtained from waste of human animal and plant is considered as biological energy. © Itis also clean cheap and non polluting source of energy. © — It is a non conventional source which decomposers the biological waste and produce a gas known as biogas. © — This is combustible gas and can be further used for domestic or industrial use. Now a days Govt. Of India is offering various schemes and subsidies to encourage the installation of domestic Bio Gas Plant popularly known as Gobar Gas Plant to farmers, cow keepers and individuals. [= Advantages (1) Green, clean and pollution reducing source of energy. (2) Suitable for domestic purpose. (3) Suitable in rural areas. (4) _ Its more affordable than fossil fuels. (5) There will be less waste of landfills. SS Disadvantages (1) Less energy output. (2) Not suitable for big cities. (3) Lack of awareness in people. (4) Functioning depends upon the availability of biological waste. (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) Tech-Neo PublicationsHydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no. (1-13) ya 1.35.8 Geothermal Energy e Geothermal energy comes from the heat of the Earth’: e Reservoirs of steam or hot water with temperatures higher than about 225°F can generate electricity, while lower-temperature geothermal fluids are often used directly for heating and other applications, 's interior. This heat energy is derived from interior of the earth by boring it up to certain depth. India's Geo thermal field are of intermediate to draw great potential temperature between 100 to 150 degree Celsius. California Holds the Largest Geothermal Plant. Since the earth's crust has been trapped tremendous heat within it so it is also an everlasting source of energy for mankind. Fig. 1.3.6 : Working of geothermal Plant 5S Advantages (1) Itis eternal and green source of energy. (2) It has much potential than other renewable sources of energy (3) It has little impact on our environment. "= Disadvantages (1) Difficult To obtain heat energy from Earth's interior (2) The methods of drawing out such heat are still under developing process. (3) Limited potential for India. (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) Tech-Neo Publications iHydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no, (1- bl 1.4 ELEMENTS OF HYDROPOWER SCHEME SESE Ee = 1 UQ. Draw the schematic layout of hydroelectric plant. Explain functions o (SPPU - Dec.17, May17) 1 Penstock. i + GQ. Write a note on Penstock. ~ Hydro power scheme can be also referred as hydro power plant. Hydroelectri power plant typically consists of following elements (components): Maximum water level Transmission Power transmission Fig. 1.4.1 : Elements of Hydro Power Plant % 1.4.1 Dam or Reservoir © Reservoir is created in hydro power plant to store water and release it for Power generation. ¢ — Reservoir is made by construction of dam across the river. © — The necessity of dam is to create sufficient here of water that can be able to rotate the turbine with Tequired revolution so as to generate electricity. It is also called as storage basin. ¢ Its main function is to store water carried out by the river ¢ Usually the capacity of such reservoir wire is to hold water requirement of entire year. (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) Tech-Neo Publications| Hydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no. (1-15) a —_——SSSEE_ EEO The dam is usually built at such a location where the stored water can have maximum potential energy so as this potential energy can be efficiently used to convert into kinetic energy and for the two electric energy without many efforts. ys 1.4.2 Intake Structure It is constructed to feed water to the turbine from reservoir. Before feeding water to the turbine it flows through a closed conduit called as penstocks. Intake structures are provided with trash rack so as to prevent the entry of debris and biological matter such as dead animals etc into the penstock so as to avoid further damage to gates and turbine runners. Flat steel bus placed at a specific distance say 20 to 40 cm from each other. When water flows through intake structure its velocity is restricted up to 1.6 metre per second, such reduction in the velocity is for the purpose to trap all unnecessary matter through the trash rack. The intake design specifically depend upon the head of dam and its type. wm 1.4.3 Penstock It carries water from intake structure to the power plant. Water flowing through this pipe is under high pressure and velocity so its diameter and thickness is so designed to withstand it. The design of diameter of penstock is governed by economic diameter criteria as well as water hammer effect due to sudden change in pressure of flowing water. The penstock is usually kept underground to absorb vibrations due to flow of water. The amount of water flowing through penstock is directly responsible for the Power generated in the hydroelectric power plant. Short length of penstock is usually provided with thicker wall while long Penstocks are provided with surge tanks to absorb additional water pressure. Sharp bends must be avoided while designing a penstock because they cause loss of head and require special encourages holding. %& 1.4.4 Surge Tanks GQ. Daw neat diagram of surge tank and explain its role in hydropower ' plant. : UQ. What are surge tanks ? Explain the factions of it. t ORAS | (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) ~ —_— Itis also called as surge chamber. lk Tech-Neo PublicationsHydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.e-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)..Pg no. ( 16 © The simplest type of Surge chamber consists of a cylindrical chamber Open t, the atmosphere and directly connected to the pen stop near the powerhouse, © They are constructed to absorb water hammer pressure due to the fluctuations in load. Such fluctuations occur when water is rejected by the turbine and Xcess pressure is created in the penstock this may cause busting of it, to avoid these water head in Surge tank increases and pressure in the penstock decreases, © — Besides, it also provides necessary e head to the flowing water through the Pipe when hair available in reservoir is not enough, show it acts as buffer stock of water for the power house. %& 1.4.5 Hydraulic Turbine © Itis a machine which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy which it is used in running and electric generator. © The mechanical energy developed by the turbine is used to generate electric energy by directly coupling the shaft of turbine with the generator. Turbine consists of wheel called as runner which is provided with specially designed blades or buckets. They are widely divided into two categories : (a) Impulse turbine (b) Reaction turbine % 1.4.6 Power House Power house is underground structure constructed to support hydraulic and electric equipment. For most of the power plant consist of reaction turbine the substructure built by using concrete block extending from foundation to the generator floor with waterways formed within it. Following are the items of equipment to be Provided in the layout of Powerhouse. (1) Hydraulic Equipment @ ‘Turbines (ii) Gates and valves ii) Flow measurement equipment (iv) Governors (2) Electrical equipment (i) Generator Gi) Transformer iii) Air ducts «1.4.7 Tailrace © It consist of outflow from dropped due to the river may be and open channel or closed channel running free under Pressure. Power house is constructed near the river then water is directly discharged into the river but if there is considerable distance between river and power house at that time channel is constructed to carry water. Proper design and maintenance of Railways is necessary to avoid excessive silting and scouring effect of its bed. (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) Tech-Neo Publications_— Hydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no. (1-17) a i 1.5 HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA « Most of the Indian population live in rural area are unable to get the access of electricity for 24 hours. * Power is also in main constraint in running manufacturing businesses in the country. « India's energy shortfall is more than 10% which in tum directly affect the medium scale businesses which are unable to afford costly power supplies. Following are the objectives of hydropower development in India : (1) The most important objective is to get maximum benefit from available water in lowest possible cost and with minimum harm to the environment. (2) To plan, analyse, design, construction and operation of hydroelectric power plant in most efficient manner. (3) To meet exponentially growing demand of power for years to come. e Hydropower is renewable energy source because it uses the water which is available naturally due to rain, after using water it is again allowed to flow through stream, rivers to the ocean and again the cycle is repeated. ¢ India has vast potential for hydropower generation, particularly in Northern and North Eastern region. As per the estimate made by central electricity authority the hydropower potential capacity of the country is 1040 8.7 GW. © The hydro power can be installed on different river basin in India is shown below: robable Potential in| Installed capacity _ upto 313.2012 in | Mkw (OW) Indus basin 11.08 | Ganga basin 20.711 4.99 Central Indian River 4,152 3.15 Systems Western flowing rivers of 9.430 5.66 Souther India Easter flowing rivers of 14.511 1.78 Souther India Brahmaputra Basin 66.665 1.85 | Total 148.701 34.51 (New Syllabus wef academic year 22-23) (P8-76) Tech-Neo Publicationste Hydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no, (1-4 & & 100: 8 Share of Hydro-power (%) —=— Installed Capacity x 1000 MW 88g 3 38 -—3—4— 0 1947 '50 '56 ‘61 ‘66 '69 '74 ‘79 ‘85 90 '92 '97 200207 09 41 42 43 Years —= Fig. 1.5.1 : Power Generation Development Till 2013 ¢ — Hydropower development is one of the most Crisis due to irregular supply of coal and oil due to the war, ¢ Their countries realised to develop power generation Projects by using own on resources available such as water, wind etc. Out of which water was the most suitable source of power generation and it proved to be, In India, the history of hydroelectric power generation started small unit of 130 kW in Sindrapong power station in November 1897, During the period of (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) ‘ech-Neo PublicationsHydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no. siete area hydroelectric Power generation in the country was ¢ In 1948, (Central electricity authorit where established by the act of pi multipurpose river valley projects, country are as follows : (i) BakraNangal - 1050 MW ii) Thien in Punjab 480 Mw (ii) Rihand in Ramganga 300 MW (iv) Ukai in Gujarat 300MW (v) NagarjunSagar 100MW (vi) Kundah stage 1,2,3 and 4 825 MW in Tamilnadu (vii) Tungbhadra in Karnataka 126MW ete. ity (CBA) State Electricity Boards (SEBs) arliament to accelerate the development of Some of the notable projects developed in the = Challenges of hydropower development While hydropower plays an important role in the energy and development strategies of India, such natural resource Projects are inherently challenging, environmental and social impacts are inevitable but they can be mitigated. © Hydropower development in India has seen significant strides in understanding and addressing these impacts and the lessons learned from past engagements are now being incorporated in project selection and design. © These lessons, coupled with suggestions from civil society, have resulted in changes to the laws and regulations that govern hydropower development today. ¢ As a result, there have been improvements on the ground, including greater public consultation with people affected by such Projects; better monitoring of the environmental and social aspects of projects; and improvements in resettlement policy and practice. © — The Government has also ensured that the methodology used by Central power agencies to select sites has improved, as has the capacity of various hydropower developing agencies to deal with complexities in project identification, engineering and design. ' 1 1 1 ) y 1 1 ) 1 (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) Tech-Neo Publications| Hydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no, (1-29) © A pumped storage plant generate power during peak hours, but during off hours water is pumped back from tail water pool to the head water poo} ty future use. © — Type of hydroelectric power plant works same as that of conventional Power Plant except that when these are not generating power then they are useq to pump water from tail side to the high level by using secondary power from other plant in the system. © — The main purpose of this plant is to assist the existing hydroelectric power Plant which is unable to meet power demand during peak hours. Type of plant is in working only during high power demand. The power used to lift water from a lower reservoir to a higher Reservoir is usually cheap and the same water is utilised again and again so no water is wasted. Another important thing to be noted about this type of plant is that, for low head up the simple pump turbine can be used. This pump turbine work as turbine as well as pump. During peak hours, when water is moving from higher reserve wire level to lower Reservoir level at that time they worked as a turbine to produce electricity but during off-peak hours (free hours) turbine work as a pump and lift water from lower reservoir to the higher reservoir. Such system considerably improves load factor of entire power plant. In India there are currently 56 potential sites for computer storage power plants with total region wise installation about 94000 MW as f as follows: — To pumping station Fig. 1.6.1: Pumped Storage Plant BS Advantages (1) Appreciate to meet peak hour’s power demand. (2) No flowing water is required because it can utilise the same water again and again. (3) Pumped storage plant capacities is not affected by variation in season as well as the river flow, it can work throughout the year. (4) Complementary with hydro electric, thermal or nuclear power Plant with equal efficiency. (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) Tech-Neo Publicationsee Hydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no. (1-21) OSS eee (5) As compared to other peaking units, plant require low cost and are therefore economical source of peaking capacity. (6) The power required for operation of pumped storage plant is available at cheap rate why the power generated by the pump storage plant can be sold at Higher rates so overall efficiency is is improved with this net profit. (7) Sometimes this stored water can be used for fishing, drinking for farming purpose. (8) These plants are always at standby mode there can be operated at short notice time. (9) The capital cost required for establishing a pumped storage plant is relatively low. (10) This plants can be operated automatically or manually even with the help of remote controlling system. (11) Slide fluctuations in output Power alerts the pumped storage plant hence they allow great flexibility. 5 Disadvantages (1) It need energy for lifting water from a lower Reservoir to higher reservoir. (2) It is only suitable for short period and during emergency. (3) It is not efficient if distance between lower Reservoir and higher reservoir is more. %& 1.6.1 Classification Depending upon Storage (1) Pure pumped storage plant In this type no water is utilised from river runoff to maintain the level of higher Teservoir, only water from lower reservoir is pumped back to the upper reservoir level is maintained; sometime very small amount of water can be allowed from river runoff to adjust seepage loss and evaporation. (2) Mixed type compress storage plant This is also called as multiple use type. It is an ordinary reserve wire type which sir function of pumped storage utilizes river runoff to maintain the level of upper Teservoir. The amount of inflow water saves the cost required to pump water from lower to higher Reservoir in considerable amount. Nagarjuna Sagar and Kadana plant are the examples of this category. 2% 1.6.2 Classification of Power Plants on basis of Operating UQ. Explain the classification of hydro electric plant based on oper head, GQ. How would you classify water power plant based on operating head? New Syllabus we. academic year 22-23) (P8-76) [lea] Tech-Neo Publications PtHydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no, (1-29) ‘ Power plants can be convéniently classified on the basis of operating head op turbine. > (1) Low head scheme Fig. 1.6.2 : Low Head Scheme © — Operating head available for the turbine is less than 15m it is called as low head scheme. © In this scheme, a weir or barrage is constructed across the river to raise the water level and the power house is constructed in continuation with the barrage or at some distance in the downstream side of the barrage. ¢ In this time there is no need to construct reservoir or dam because it can work under low head also. e@ In this scheme water is taken to the Power house through an Intake Canal known as power canal for the diversion canal. The authority has Teported the possibility of developing loan scheme in North Eastern Tegion of India. ¢ As there is no user storage for such a scheme, the production of electricity is directly depending upon the quantity of water running through the river. Therefore it cannot give constant output of electricity all the time because due to seasonal change water availability e decreases the Production will also decrease. «= Advantages (1) Low cost of construction. (2) Able to work under low head. (3) Weir or Barrage is sufficient for operation, (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) Tech-Neo PublicationsPeereece Hydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no. (1-23) SSS Sees (4) Suitable for smaller projects (5) Highly suitable for perennial rivers tS Disadvantages (1) Output of power depends on quantity of water flowing through the river. (2) Fluctuating power output. (3) Efficiency is less. > (2) Medium head scheme Medium head skip is there in which water should vary between 15 to 60 m. Therefore for this scheme construction of dam having moderate height and Reservoir is necessary. This scheme is similar to that of the high head scheme. Fig. 1.6.3 : Medium Head Scheme "= Advantages (1) Moderate cost of construction 2) Suitable for medium projects & Disadvantages (a) Productivity is less than high head scheme ) Cost of maintenance is high. : (3) High head scheme * Under this category head is more than 60 m. (New Syllabus we.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) &) Tech-Neo Publications aEngg (SPPU-Sem.6-Cii) (Hydro Plants & Its Classiication)..Pa no. (129 Hydropower © Itis larger version of medium head scheme. © Dam of suitable height and reservoir of sufficient capacity is NECessary to raise the water up to sufficient head. © This type is suitable for big projects. Hoover Dam in USA is example of high tire year by utilising the. water stored in its reserye head scheme. Work for ent wire. Can have heights of 1800 too. India BakraNangal dam also comes under this category. Power house are constructed usually at considerable in long distance from the dam. High reservoir Fig. 1.6.4 : High Head Scheme == Advantages (1) Constant uninterrupted power output. (2) Efficiency is highest. (3) Their Reservoir are giant and therefore power can be produced for entire year even if there is no addition of water in it. t= Disadvantages (1) Very high cost of construction. (2) Completion of the project may take several years to decades. (3) Forest and cultivable land is destroyed due to its joint reserve wires. (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) Tech-Neo Publications> Hydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no. (1-25) 5 Difference between Hydel and ¢ ‘hermal power GQ, What are the difference: 16Q, What ere s in hydropower and thermal power? ' YQ. Distinguish between thermal Power and hydel power. (2) It is cheapest source of energy about one third to one half 21 half Thermal Power Not a cheaper source of energy. Production of power does not consume water. Production of power required steam which can be obtained after eating of water at high temperature. Q) It is a multi purpose project because water stored in a Reservoir can be used for farming drinking for industrial use even for fishing. Thermal power plant has no other use then production of electricity. 4) Laser operation and maintenance cost, Operation and maintenance cost. 6) The transportation of water to the reason wire done naturally under action of gravity Transportation of coal or oil up to the plant side is to be done by suitable means. It ads cost of the project. (6) No combustion of fossil fuel is required there for it is pollution free. Combustion of fossil fuel is necessary for or operating the plant it is very harmful to the environment. @ Design life is up to hundred years. Design life it is up to 25 years. (8) Only small quantity of water is required for cooling purpose. Very large quantity of water needs for condensation process of steam. 9) (10) Also useful for controlling the flood. Since it does not require any heating or steaming of water their instant energy output can be possible. Incompatible for flood controlling. Instant energy output during peak is not possible because some time is required to convert water into steam in heating process. (ay Dam and Reservoir can be the tourism places. Thermal power plant create major problem of ash disposal after buming of coal (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) a) Tech-Neo Publicatians ee eae aTate Hydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem.8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & Its Classification)...Pg no, (te The differences between conventional and non-conventional energy sources are as Conyentional sources of energy Non-conventional sources of Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Bi, Energy, Hydro Energy, Tidy Energy, Ocean Energy are the examples of non-conventional Fossil fuel, CNG, coal, oil, natural gas are the examples of the conventional sources of energy. energy resources. "| Non-conventional energy resources The conventional sources of energy are renewable. are non renewable by any natural process. Non-conventional energy sources are eco-friendly in nature. Non-conventional energy sources do not increase pollution : (3) | These resources are available in a limited quantity. (4) | Conventional resources can also be classified as commercial and non commercial energy resources. Power house or power station is structural complex usually multi-storeyed structure essentially provides place for installation of generator, switch boards, turbines and other necessary equipment. The most important requirement of a power house is that it should be functionally efficient. For the construction of power house RCC structure is the first choice because of its durability and economy. Dimensions of the power house are usually fiction but they can be altered as per the requirement. Power house is generally consists of turbine rooms, erection bays, service bays, generator room etc. © Power house is divided into three parts : (1) Substructure : It provide stability to the power and access galleries to the draft tube. The substructure is for using reaction turbine. It also provide voter exit pipe known as exit draught tube. (New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 22-23) (P8-76) Tech-Neo Publications —ydropower Engg (SPPU-Sem 8-Civil) (Hydro Plants & its Classification) Pa n°. (1-27) (2) Superstructure : It is a part of our house which is about the generator floor. The generating unit are placed in a row at right angles to the direction of water in this region of plant. The vertical active are placed immediately below the generator and horizontal shaft turbine along the side of generator. The principal function of this area is to provide place for auxiliary equipment, ventilation and cooling equipment, air duct, compressor room, service pay, place for gantry crane and E.O.T crane. Display is generally built above the maximum water table level of surrounding area. (3) Intermediate ‘structure : Part of power house sandwiched between superstructure and substructure is known as intermediate structure. It is usually constructed at minimum water table level of surrounding region. From generator lower top of draught tube. Machine and service motor located here. It can be accessed bi or lift superstructure and substructure for maintenance or operation purpose. Main are shaft pressure release valve and crane casing located here. © Power house is a very complex structure it can be constructed on the ground underground or semi underground position depending upon the topography of area, site condition and economic consideration. Fig. 1.7.1: Power House Structure | a ee, a ere Ee ie] Tech-Nen Putblicatinne