COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Lecture # 7
21st Feb 2007

Instructor
WASEEM KHAN

Centre for Advanced Studies in Engineering

Demodulation of Ordinary AM signal

1.5
Demodulation is the
Amplitude (volt)

inverse process of 1 Message

modulation. signal
0.5
This process drags a
bandpass signal back to
0
baseband. 0 0.05 0.1
Time (seconds)
The easiest way of 2
demodulation of ordinary
Amplitude (volt)

1
AM is envelope detector. Modulated
0 carrier and
At the receiver, the envelope
modulated signal can be -1

rectified to extract -2
0 0.05 0.1
envelope Time (seconds)

Demodulation of Ordinary AM signal

If xAM(t) = [m(t) + A] cos(2 f t + )
then required condition for envelope detection is
A | min {m(t)} |
The same can be written in terms of modulation index.
min m t
Modulation index
A
The condition for envelope detection can be formulated as
1
When > 1, the carrier is said to be overmodulated
resulting in envelope distortion.

1
Demodulation of DSB-SC AM
In case of DSB-SC AM, zero crossing signal reverses
the phase of the carrier and envelope detection method
is unable to account for it.
Messsage signal
1
Modulated carrier
Zerocrossing
zero srossing
Amplitude (volt)

Zero srossing
zero crossing
-1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Time (seconds)

Demodulation of DSB-SC AM
Coherent demodulation is required for DSB-SC AM.
This involves generation of the replica of carrier
frequency at the receiver (note that ordinary AM receiver
doesn t generate local carrier signal).
The local replica of carrier at receiver must be phase
coherent with the carrier generated at the transmitter.

Demodulation of DSB-SC AM
A coherent receiver mixes the incoming signal with a locally
generated carrier.
Multiplying the received signal r(t) by the local carrier yields a
signal with a baseband component plus a component at a
frequency twice of carrier.
Passing this signal through a low pass filter eliminates the high
frequency component.

2
Demodulation of DSB-SC AM
Mathematical representation
The received signal is of the form

r (t ) m(t ) cos( c t )
When the incoming signal is multiplied by local carrier signal, we get
r (t ) cos( c t ) m (t ) cos( c t ) cos( c t )
m (t )
cos( 2 ct ) cos( )
2
If the two carrier signals are synchronized, i.e. = , then
m (t ) m (t )
r (t ) cos( c t ) cos(2 c t 2 ) cos(0)
2 2
filtered by LPF

SSB AM can also be demodulated using the same technique.

Phase and Frequency Relation

cos( t + )
Initial phase or angle

Instantaneous phase or angle

d (instantaneous phase)
Instantaneous frequency
dt

Angle modulation

Angle modulation is the process by which the phase

angle of a carrier is varied according to the message
signal.
Angle modulation is sub-classified into frequency
modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM).
In PM, the instantaneous phase deviation of the carrier is
proportional to the message signal.
In FM, the instantaneous frequency deviation of the
carrier is proportional to the message signal.

3
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