Shear Viscosity of Neutron Matter

from realistic nucleon-nucleon Interactions

Marco Valli ` Department of Physics, Universita La Sapienza, Roma and INFN, Sezione di Roma Advisor: Omar Benhar INFN, Sezione di Roma ` and Department of Physics, Universita La Sapienza, Roma

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Outline
Motivations Stability of rotating Neutron Stars Properties of dense matter Calculations of Formalism Results Conclusions & Future Perspectives Applications Further improvements

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Motivations
Perturbed Neutron Stars (NS) emit Gravitational Waves at the characteristic frequencies of their quasi-normal modes Damping times carry information on the properties of matter in the stars interior Rotating perfect uid stars are unstable at any rotation rate, due to CFS-instability Dissipative mechanisms act to prevent the instability from setting in, but theyre poorly understood and difcult to model in a realistic fashion

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Aim of the Thesis

Viscosity plays a pivotal role in determing the stability of rotating NS Early estimates where based on the use of in-vacuum phase-shifts to estimate the scattering probability, with the assumption that it is not affected by medium effects The calculation of transport properties of NS matter and the determination of its Equation of State (EoS) should be carried out using the same dynamical model Our work is aimed at making a rst step towards this goal

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Main difculties
The main difculty associated with our approach is the calculation of the neutron-neutron scattering cross section in the nuclear medium This has been carried out by using an effective interaction, derived from a highly realistic nucleon-nucleon (NN) potential We combined the results of Landau Theory of Normal Fermi Liquids and Nuclear Many-Body Theory to obtain the shear viscosity coefcient of pure neutron matter

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NS cross section

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NS inner core
< < In the density region 0 20 , all models of EoS based on hadronic degrees of freedom predict that NS matter consists mainly of n, with a small number of p, e and

At any given density the fraction of protons and leptons is determined by the requirements of weak equilibrium and charge neutrality: it turns out to be 10% Modelling NS matter with pure neutron matter is a reasonable approximation for many applications

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Shear viscosity
When a velocity gradient exist in a uid, a shearing stress is developed between two layers of uid with different velocities is the transport coefcient that characterizes diffusion of momentum tranverse to the direction of propagation, due to collisions of uid particles in the medium

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From Landau Theory

= AK 1 4

4 + 3 ( + 1)(2 + 1) ( + 1)(2 + 1)

=0

AK

2 1 2 = m vF 2 5 (1 ) W d W(, ) 2 cos (/2)

8 4 1 2 T = (m )3 W =

W(, ) 1 3 sin4 (/2) sin2 W(, )

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Nuclear and Neutron Matter

Nuclear Matter (NM) is an hypothetical, homogeneus, innite system of interacting nucleons (with Coulomb force turned off) NM can be thought of as a giant nucleus, with given number of neutrons and protons NM is usually described as a collection of pointlike, nonrelativistic nucleons, with H=
i

t(i) +
i<j

v(i, j) + . . .

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Nuclear Matter Theory

Analysis of NM is as an intermediate step towards a description of real nuclei and for developing a realistic model of NS matter Main goal: reproduce empirical saturation properties and derive an EoS capable to explain those data starting from the elementary NN interaction Due to the complexity of QCD, one has to rely on dynamical models in which nucleons play the role of effective degrees of freedom

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Nuclear forces and NN interactions

From the analysis of nuclear systematics, twoand few-nucleons systems, we know that The NN interaction has a nite range, is noncentral and depends on spin and isospin but not on electric charge The NN force is strongly repulsive at short distances and attractive at long distances Long-range behavior is well described by the one-pion-exchange potential v

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Phenomenological NN potentials
The full NN interactions is usually written as v(i, j) = v + vR =
n The minimal set (v6 ) is given by n v n (rij )Oij

O n6 = [1, (1 2 ), S12 ] [1, (1 2 )] They close an algebra [O m , O n ] =

k

K kmn O k

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Modern NN potentials
n The shapes of the radial functions vij are chosen in such a way as to reproduce the avalaible data The static potential v6 provides a reasonable account of deuteron properties

A better description of NN scattering is given by v8 , including O n=7,8 = L S [1, (1 2 )] Best available ts of NN scattering data are written in terms of 18 operators (v18 )

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Nuclear Many-Body Theory (NMBT)

Understanding properties of dense matter is made difcult by both the complexity of the interactions and the approximations implied in any description of many-particle systems The main difculty associated with the use of nuclear potential models in a many-body calculation lies in the strong repulsive core of the NN force, which cannot be handled within standard perturbation theory Within NMBT the uncertainities associated with the dynamical model and the many-body calculations are decoupled

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Correlated Basis Function (CBF)

In CBF the nonperturbative effects due to the short-range repulsion are embodied in the basis functions The correlated states of NM are obtained from the Fermi gas (FG) states: |n F |nF G The correlation operator reects the complexity of the NN interactions
N

F (1, . . . , N ) = S
j>i=1

fij ,

fij =
p

n f n (rij )Oij

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CBF Perturbation Theory

Based on the decomposition H = H0 + H1 , m|H0 |n m|H1 |n = mn m|H|n = (1 mn ) m|H|n

If the correlated states have large overlaps with the eigenstates of H, the matrix elements of H1 are small and the perturbative expansion in power of H1 is rapidly convergent The calculation of matrix elements involves severe difculties and requires a suitable approximation scheme

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Cluster Expansion
The matrix elements of a many-body operator can be written as a sum, whose terms correspond to contributions from isolated clusters with an increasing number of particles H = T0 + (E)2 + (E)3 + . . . + (E)N Each term can be represented by a diagram and selected classes of diagrams can be summed up to all order solving a set of integral equations (FHNC)

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Effective Interaction
At lowest order of CBF, Ve is dened by H 0F G |T0 +
i<j

ve (i, j)|0F G

This approach allows for obtaining NM observables using perturbation theory in the FG basis We carried out the cluster expansion up to two-body cluster level

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Ve at two-body cluster
1 2 2 ( fij ) (fij ) + v(i, j)fij m m 1 2 n n + v(i, j) fij ve (rij )Oij m n

ve = fij fij

Ve is determined by the correlation functions fij : the shapes of f n (rij ) are obtained from the functional minimization of 0|H|0 at two-body cluster level, yielding a set of coupled Euler-Lagrange equations

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Central component of Ve
= 0 1 0 0 40 4

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Testing Ve : EoS, . . .

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. . . and m

Fairly good agreement with variational and MonteCarlo approaches

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Thermal effects
Calculation of requires the extension of CBF formalism to nite temperature systems The thermal regime relevant to our < applications corresponds to T 10 MeV These energies are much lower than the mass of the lightest strong-interacting particle ( meson, m 140 MeV) It is reasonable to assume that the dynamics is not affected by such a nite temperature (we checked this holds true!)

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Results with in-vacuum x-section

No model dependence

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Using the medium-modied x-sec

Large increase of due to medium effects

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Damping time

increase due to the suppression of W

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Outlook
We carried out a calculation of shear viscosity of pure neutron matter: in which medium modications of the scattering probability are consistently taken into account performed using a many-body approach based on an effective interaction, derived within the framework of CBF theory including effects of many-nucleon forces

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Conclusions
From our effective interaction model, we obtained results in fairly good agreement with those of highly rened many-body calculations, both for the EoS and for single-particle properties (m ), and The emerging picture suggests that our approach captures the relevant physics Our results shows that medium modications on W lead to a large increase of ; they can be employed in a quantitative analysis of the effects of viscosity on NS oscillations

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So . . .
Our work should be seen as a rst step towards the development of a general computational scheme, allowing for a consisent evaluation of the properties of NS matter using standard perturbation theory in the Fermi gas basis
O. Benhar & M. Valli, Physical Review Letters (in press)

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Future Perspectives
EoS of matter in weak (i.e. ) equilibrium Corresponding transport coefcients from a generalization of Landau Theory to the case of a multicomponent liquid Superuid gap and critical temperature TC Response of NM to interaction with low-energy neutrino Inclusion of thermal effects (for T m ), relevant to the study of supernov and hot, newly-born NS

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A Final Remark
Our approach can and should be further developed Possible improvements only pertain the structure of the effective interaction (inclusion of the non-static components) and do not involve going to higher order in the cluster expansion Effective theories are designed to provide lowest-order results reasonably accounting for the available data

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