Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Table of Contents
Device Type and Model Description Old NorPro Model Old Koch Model Old Glitsch Model Page Liquid Distributors INTALOX High Performance Liquid Distributors 106 Pan distributor 116 Deck distributor 126 Channel distributor with bottom orifices 136 Channel distributor with drip tubes 141 Tubular distributor 156 Trough distributor with enhanced baffle plates 186 Trough distributor with drip tubes INTALOX High Performance Liquid Redistributors 107 Pan redistributor 117 Deck redistributor with bottom orifices 127 Channel redistributor with bottom orifices 137 Channel redistributor with drip tubes Traditional Performance Liquid Distributors 905 Pan distributor with V-notch risers 906 Pan distributor with bottom orifices 916 Deck distributor with bottom orifices 926 Channel distributor with bottom orifices 976 Trough distributor with bottom orifices 985 Trough distributor with weirs 986 Trough distributor drip tubes 996 Trough distributor with drip point multipliers Traditional Performance Liquid Redistributors 917 Deck redistributor with bottom orifice 927 Channel redistributor with bottom orifice Enclosed Channel and Pressure Fed Liquid Distributors 941 Pipe-arm distributor with orifices 943 Spray nozzle distributor 961 Enclosed channel distributor for offshore applications
106 116 126 136 186 107 117 127 137 798 845 816, 916 1016 806
7 8 8 9 10 10 11 7 8 8 9
NRD-651 DRO-601 RTD-551- 554 VND-701,711 TNT-727 TNS RTD-552-554 RTD-552-554 POH-901 SNH-951-X
12 12 13 13 14 14 15 34 13 13 16 16 17
Description
Page
Liquid Feed Devices 119 INTALOX High Performance Liquid Only Feed Pipe 719 Liquid only feed pipe Mixed Liquid/Vapor and Flash Feed Devices 705 Flashing feed chamber 745 Flashing feed pipe 755 Flashing or mixed phase feed gallery 758 Enhanced vapor horn 765 Suppressed flashing feed distributor 788 Enhanced V-baffle vapor inlet diffuser 798 Vapor inlet for FCC Main Fractionators Vapor Feed and Distribution Devices 716 Deck type vapor distributor 746 Lateral arm vapor distributor 748 Vapor diffuser 768 EVENFLOW Vane Type Vapor Distributor Liquid Collectors 611 Deck style liquid collector 613 Deck style liquid collector for offshore application 621 Trough style liquid collector 622 Trough style liquid collector for fouling services 633 Chevron vane liquid collector Packing Bed Limiters 803 Structured packing bed limiter, non-interfering 805 Random packing bed limiter, non-interfering 815 Anti-migration screen between different packing sizes 825 Random packing bed limiter 845 Bed limiter used in combination with spray distributors 883 Structured packing bed limiter/liquid distributor support Packing Support Plates 802 S tructured packing support grid 804 Random packing gas injection support plate 814 Random packing gas injection support plate, small diameter 824 Light duty random packing support plate General Details and Other Topics Construction details Special tower internals
119, 129 719, 729 855 655 755 192 144 350 896 198 196 194 833 733 633 133 103 111 823 822
340
18 19 19 20 20 21 22 34 21 34 23 23 24 24 25 34 25 34 26 27 27 28 34 28 34 29 30 30 31 31 32 33 34
CTD-501 CTD-521
Liquid Distribution
Liquid Distribution Liquid distributors are used in packed columns above each bed of packing. The distributor, depending upon its design features, is elevated between 0 to 8 in. [0-200mm] above the packing. The space is determined by the distributor type and the vertical height required to disengage the vapor phase from the packing before it flows through the distributor gas passage area. An ideal distributor possesses the following attributes, each having a specific effect on the overall performance of the packed tower: Uniform liquid distribution Proper operation through its turn-down range Low vapor phase pressure drop Resistance to plugging or fouling Optimal use of vessel height for proper performance Minimal liquid residence time Mixing capability for redistribution to the next bed The introduction of high performance tower packings in the 1970s and 1980s accentuated the design deficiencies of distributors available at the time. In response, Koch-Glitsch introduced distributors with features to correct these deficiencies. These important features are well understood by Koch-Glitsch and have been incorporated in the family of INTALOX high performance distributors. Koch-Glitsch offers two categories of liquid distributors to meet the requirements of specific applications. In determining which category to choose, it is necessary to know the sensitivity of the process and whether the liquid distribution will significantly affect the overall tower performance. As a general rule: Koch-Glitsch INTALOX high performance distributors are used typically with FLEXIPAC, FLEXIPAC HC, INTALOX and wire gauze structured packings or IMTP, SNOWFLAKE, CMR and -ETA RING high performance random packings in the following services: distillation, processes approaching equilibrium or heat-transfer applications with close approach temperature. Koch-Glitsch traditional distributors are generally used with traditional packings (FLEXIRING and HY-PAK Random Packings, plastic Super INTALOX Saddles, FLEXIGRID and GLITSCH GRID Structured Packings) in general absorption, stripping and heat transfer applications. Traditional distributors take advantage of standardized, pre-engineered design and the optimal use of raw materials. These distributors do not generally provide liquid flow uniformity comparable to INTALOX high performance distributors. As always, there are exceptions to the general rules. Occasionally High performance packing may be used with traditional distributors in cases when only certain aspects of a high performance packing are desired. An example would be to take advantage of the high capacity of IMTP packing or the low pressure drop of FLEXIPAC HC structured packing, when the separation efficiency demands are not high. Traditional packing may be used with high performance distributors in cases when a process is licensed and specified with a certain type of packing. Redistribution The decision of when to install more than one packed bed and redistribute the liquid is somewhat more involved.There are six major reasons to split a packed bed and redistribute the liquid: Feed introduction Product side draw High theoretical stage count Desire to cross-mix the liquid Liquid maldistribution Physical weight of the packed bed
Introduction of a liquid or vapor feed to a column requires a space in the packing and redistribution of the liquid phase. Important factors to keep in mind with the introduction of a liquid feed are the temperature and composition of the feed stream compared to the internal column liquid. Normally, unless the feed rate is small compared to the flow rate of the internal column liquid, it is desirable to mix the feed with the internal liquid to provide compositional uniformity before distributing it to the packed bed below. It is also advisable to mix the feed stream and internal liquid when their temperatures are significantly different. The degree of the thoroughness of the mixing depends upon the magnitude of the differences and to what extent the gradients are expected to affect the overall performance. Liquid cross-mixing and maldistribution correction often go hand-in-hand. When a packed column is designed with a large number of theoretical stages or transfer units, a constant liquid to vapor ratio (L/V) is needed to achieve the best overall column performance. Redistribution of the liquid ensures that the L/V ratio is maintained, while cross-mixing between beds ensures uniform composition. Based on Koch-Glitschs operating experience, a rule-of-thumb is to limit a single packed bed to no more than 20 theoretical stages or transfer units. Consult a Koch-Glitsch technical representative for further details. Note that in some special circumstances, Koch-Glitsch applies more restrictive rules than those discussed above.
The effect liquid distribution quality on tower The Effectofof LiquidbyDistribution Quality performance is shown these actual results: 20 20 18 Actual Actual stages per bed Packing Stages Per Bed of 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Distribution Quality (%) Distribution Quality (%) Stages per Bed with HETP System Base System Base HETP
20
16
16
12
12
8 8
0 30
50
100
150
200 700
25
600
HETP, inches
500 400
15
INTALOX Structured Packing 1T
300 200
10
5 100 0 0 5 10
Drip Points/ft2
0 15 20
HETP, mm
20
Operating Range
A distributor will give its best performance at and around 100% of the design liquid flow rate. As the rate decreases and the liquid head drops, levelness of the distributor as well as gradients in liquid level become a larger percentage of the operating liquid head. At some turndown rate, the flow variation from point-topoint will fall outside of acceptable limits. INTALOX distributors are designed to have a maximum flow variation, defined as the coefficient of variation (Cv), equal to no more than 3% at design rates and no more than 5% at turndown rates. Special designs are available for many INTALOX high performance distributors that will result in even lower flow variation. Typical turndown ranges are given in the description for the various distributor models.
Orifice Size
In gravity-fed distributors, the orifice size is dependent upon the drip point density, the specific liquid rate and the height of the liquid. For a single level orifice, with an operating range of 60 to 120% of the design flow, the approximate orifice size is indicated in the graph below.
150 30
1.00
0.75
20
0.00
] ts/m poin 2 60 ft [ 2] ints/ po ts/m 5.5 poin 2 [85 ts/ft 2 poin 8 /m ] oints p 2 130 s/ft [ point 12
25
Liquid Distributors
Depending on the flow rates, column configuration and general mechanical preferences, there are several ways to achieve good liquid distribution. Deck Type Distributors Deck style distributors are clamped on an annular ring that is seal welded to the tower wall. For revamp applications of trayed columns, most often an existing tray ring is utilized and seal welded segments are added as needed. In the case where welding is not permitted, bolt-in segments are available by special request but provide a less reliable liquid seal. Leakage from and around bolt-in support ring segments can be a significant portion of the total liquid flow, resulting in poor distribution quality. In this case, a trough or channel type distributor should be considered. Channel Type Distributors The center channel is designed as a structural member allowing the distributors to rest on a support ring and span columns up to 20 ft [6 m] without the need for additional beams. Locating the distributor on existing support ring in revamp work often makes it easy to determine the tower layout. Supporting a channel type distributor on an annular ring generally requires a more complex design and construction in order to provide drip points at the proper proximity to the tower wall. This increased complexity can be avoided by supporting channel type distributor with the center channel resting on a seat and the channel troughs hung from beams or a ring above. Both beam and ring supported channel distributors can be designed to accommodate uplift conditions.The center channel of a channel type distributor provides cross flow capacity between troughs, to enable liquid head equalization. The addition of covers or hats over the gas riser area provides the ability to turn the device into a redistributor for use between packed beds. This design is especially useful when tower elevation is tight and minimal height for redistribution is required. Trough Type Distributors Trough type distributors are usually hung from beams. When used in conjunction with structured packings, in special circumstances, the trough distributor may be supported from an integral support system resting directly on the packing. Trough type distributors are easily installed and leveled, do not require gaskets and have no annular ring below to interfere with the distribution pattern. Each trough is fed a metered amount of liquid from one or more parting boxes. Because there is no flow communication between troughs, the performance of the parting box is critical. Koch-Glitschs years of experience ensure parting box designs for proper flow metering. When used between packed beds for redistribution, a trough type distributor requires the use of a collector to catch the liquid from the bed above. The use of a separate collector provides complete cross mixing of the liquid before redistribution and also allows mixing of feed streams with the internal column liquid. A separate collector requires more column height than a channel type redistributor.
Construction Details
Standard connection to the tower wall is by bolting to clips. As an option, the distributor can be suspended from clips or a ring trapped between body flanges. Setting the distributor on an annular ring is not recommended. All joints in multi-piece pans are gasketed. The standard design for a Model 107 redistributor includes gas riser covers and a weld-on wall wiper.
Design Options
Orifice strainers Expandable and gasketed wall wiper (Model 107) Suspended mounting Raised tube metering for high turndown or fouling concern Anti-migration bars
Construction Details
The Model 116/117 distributor is clamped onto an annular ring that is seal-welded to the tower wall, with clamps provided. Hence, distributor levelness is determined by the ring levelness. Design of the Model 116/117 distributor takes into account support ring levelness tolerances within ASME code or as otherwise specified. All joints are gasketed. For redistribution between beds, a separate liquid collector is not required. The standard design for a Model 117 redistributor includes gas riser covers to collect liquid.
Model 126 INTALOX Channel Distributor with Bottom Orifices ( Model 127 Redistributor)
Diameters greater than 36 in. [900 mm] Liquid rates between 2 - 16 gpm/ft2 [5 - 40 m3/m2 h] Orifices in channel base Limited fouling resistance Structural center channel provides flow equalization Orifices in the base of the channels are positioned to optimize distribution quality. Vapor passage is provided by the space between the channels. Rates lower than 2 gpm/ft2 [5 m3/m2 h] can be accommodated but a Model 136 sidewall orifice distributor should be considered first. For systems with liquid rates in excess of 12 gpm/ft2 [30 m3/m2 h] a Model 116 deck style distributor should be considered. The channel-type construction allows easy liquid sealing and distributor leveling, which is essential in large diameter towers. Because this distributor normally handles intermediate liquid flow rates, the orifices are usually large enough to allow low to moderate fouling resistance. The standard turndown range is 2 : 1.
Construction Details
The Model 126/127 distributor rests on an annular ring or is suspended from a ring or beams. All joints are gasketed. The standard design for a Model 127 redistributor includes a weld-on wall wiper and bolted gas riser covers, used to collect and redistribute liquid. The redistributor design uses less column height than a separate collector/distributor layout and is valuable where space is limited and total cross mixing of liquid between beds is not critical.
Design Options
Model 127 cross-mixing capability (extent is dependent on diameter and rate) Orifice strainers Leveling screws Expandable and gasketed wall wiper (small diameter Model 127)
Model 136 INTALOX Channel Distributor with Drip Tubes (Model 137 Redistributor)
Diameters greater than 10 in. [250 mm] Liquid rates between 0.3 - 12 gpm/ft2 [0.75 - 30 m3/m2 h] Structural center channel provides flow equalization Liquid overflow protection Side-wall orifices Fouling resistant Orifices in the sidewalls of the channels are positioned to optimize distribution quality. Vapor passage is provided by the space between the troughs. The fouling resistance of this distributor is higher than that of deck-type distributors because it features a debris collection zone below the sidewall orifices. The center channel of the distributor provides structural support as well as equalization of liquid between troughs. The liquid from each drip point is conducted into the lower vapor velocity region below the distributor troughs. This results in low entrainment levels. In addition, overflow holes are provided at each conductor tube to ensure that if the maximum flow range of the distributor is exceeded, the liquid will be conducted to the packing in a controlled manner rather than to randomly spill over the troughs. The standard turndown for a single sidewall orifice is 2 : 1. Using multiple orifices at two or more levels of the same discharge conductor can extend the turndown range. Turndown ratios up to 10 : 1 are achievable. The flow variation will be higher throughout all or part of the operating range with multi-level orifices.
Construction Details
The Model 136/137 distributor are usually constructed as pans for diameters below 30 in. [750 mm] and as channels for diameters above 30 in. [750 mm]. The Model 136/137 distributor rests on an annular ring or is suspended from beams or clips. All joints are gasketed. The standard design for the Model 137 redistributor includes a weld-on wall wiper and bolted gas riser covers to collect and redistribute liquid. The redistributor design uses less column height than a separate collector/distributor layout and is valuable where space is limited and total cross mixing of liquid between beds is not critical.
Design Options
Cross-mixing capability (extent is dependent on diameter and rate) Orifice strainers Leveling screws Multi-level orifices Expandable and gasketed wall wiper (small diameter Model 137) Removable drip tubes
Construction Details
As the standard, the Model 141 distributor is supported and leveled from an integral distributor support grid (Model 883). For redistribution between packed beds, a separate liquid collector is required. The use of a separate liquid collector provides total cross mixing of the liquid between beds.
Design Options
Turndown ratio greater than 2 : 1 Non-standard mounting arrangements Diameters exceeding standard range
Construction Details
The Model 156 is suspended from beams. The troughs are continuous across the column diameter and are fed with one or more parting boxes. Details of baffle arrangement are variable depending upon specific liquid rates and are determined at the time of design. There are no joints to seal, therefore, no gaskets are required for this distributor. For redistribution between packed beds, a separate liquid collector is required. The use of a separate liquid collector provides total cross mixing of the liquid between beds.
Design Options
Mount on packing with the Model 883 bed limiter/support Metering boxes
10
Construction Details
As the standard, the Model 186 distributor is suspended from beams. By special request, and within a limited range of diameters, provisions can be made for the distributor to rest on an existing support ring. Model 186 troughs are continuous across the column diameter and are fed with one or more parting boxes. There are no joints to seal, therefore, no gaskets are required. For redistribution between packed beds, a separate liquid collector is required. The use of a separate liquid collector provides total cross mixing of the liquid between beds.
Design Options
Orifice strainers Multi-level orifices Metering Boxes Mounted on support ring or supported by Model 883 bed limiter/support
11
Construction Details
This distributor is supported either by a full support ring or by lugs. Gasketed joints are standard for multi-piece pans when liquid rates are below 4 gpm/ft2 [10 m3/m2 h].
Design Options
One-piece construction for body flanged columns
Construction Details
This distributor is supported either by a full support ring or by lugs. Gasketed joints are standard for multi-piece pans when liquid rates are below 4 gpm/ft2 [10 m3/m2 h]. This device is not available in a design suitable for use as a redistributor.
Design Options
One-piece construction for body flanged columns Gasketing for liquid rates above 4 gpm/ft2 Raised tube metering for high turndown or fouling concern Anti-migration bars
12
Model 916 Deck Distributor with Bottom Orifices (Model 917 Redistributor)
Diameters greater than 12 in. [300 mm] Liquid rates between 1 - 50 gpm/ft2 [2.5 - 120 m3/m2 h] Orifices in deck The deck-type construction gives liquid level balance around the periphery of the distributor and additionally across the mid-span beam in large diameter columns. Vapor passage is provided through long, rectangular gas risers. At lower liquid rates, as distribution orifice diameters get smaller, this distributor provides minimal fouling resistance. If fouling resistance is important a trough type distributor with sidewall orifices should be considered. The maximum turndown range is determined by the size of the manway access. The standard turndown range is 2.5 : 1.
Construction Details
The distributor rests on an annular ring and is secured with tray clamps. For redistribution between beds, a separate liquid collector is not needed. The standard design for a Model 917 redistributor includes gas riser covers to collect liquid. Distributors in services with liquid rates below 4 gpm/ft2 [10 m3/m2 h] are gasketed as standard.
Design Options
Gasketing for liquid rates above 4 gpm/ft2 Parting box
Model 926 Channel Distributor with Bottom Orifices (Model 927 Redistributor)
Diameters greater than 36 in. [900 mm] Liquid rates between 1 - 20 gpm/ft2 [2.5 - 50 m3/m2 h] Orifices in base Limited fouling resistance Structural center channel provides flow equalization The Model 926 distributor is a channel type distributor providing good cross flow and liquid handling capacity with low leakage compared to a deck style (Model 916) distributor. The structural center sump allows this distributor to be used in large diameter columns, up to 26 ft [8 m], without the need for additional support beams. The standard turndown range is 1.8 : 1.
Construction Details
The Model 926/927 distributor rests on an annular ring. Gasketed joints are standard for liquid rates below 4 gpm/ft2 [10 m3/m2 h]. The Model 927 redistributor includes gas riser area covers to collect liquid as well as a wall wiper to be welded to the column wall.
Design Options
Cross mixing (Model 927) Clamped to support ring for uplift resistances Leveling screws
13
Construction Details
As the standard, the Model 976 distributor is suspended from beams. Within a limited range of diameters, provisions can be made for the distributor to rest on an existing support ring. For redistribution between packed beds, a separate liquid collector is required. The use of a separate liquid collector provides cross mixing of liquid between beds. There are no joints to seal for this distributor, therefore, no gaskets are required.
Design Options
Orifice strainers Mount on support ring
Construction Details
The Model 985 distributor rests on a full annular ring. For redistribution between packed beds, a separate liquid collector is required.
Design Options
Clamped to support ring Uplift resistant Distribution notch shape Guide channels
14
Construction Details
As the standard, the Model 986 distributor is suspended from beams. Upon special request, and within a limited range of diameters, provisions can be made for the distributor to rest on an existing support ring. For redistribution between packed beds, a separate liquid collector is required. The use of a separate liquid collector provides total cross mixing of the liquid between beds.
Design Options
Orifice strainers High turndown ratio Metering boxes Mount on support ring or supported by Model 883 bed limiter/support
15
Construction Details
The header section is flanged for standard horizontal feed from the side of the tower. Inlet flange mates to a 150 psi [PN 10] flange. The end of the header opposite the flange connection as well as the lateral ends are supported by clips as required. Laterals attach to the main header with flanged connections as standard. When an external column feed is not present and for using this device as a redistributor, a total draw-off liquid collector with an external pump loop is required.
Design Options
Threaded header and laterals (4" [100 mm] and under) Vertical-feed header, on tower centerline Bayonet-style construction for small towers
Construction Details
The header section is flanged for standard horizontal feed from the side of the tower. The flange mates to a 150 psi [PN 10] flange. Laterals attached to the main header with flanged connections are standard. For small diameter columns, the ends of the header and laterals are supported by clips as required. For larger diameter columns, laterals are attached to beams.
Design Options
Maximum free passage nozzles for fouling services Special piping design for fouling service
Full cone spray nozzles with an angle of 90 or 120 are the standard design for most applications. Spray nozzles providing maximum free passage
and special distributor configurations to prevent liquid stagnation are typically recommended for refining column wash beds or other applications where complete wetting is critical to avoid fouling. Turndown ratio is limited to 2 : 1 by the range of effective operation of the spray nozzles.
16
Construction Details
This distributor is hung from beams and is securely attached to withstand the rigors of column motion. When located at the top of the column with a reflux stream, the reflux pump pressure is used to provide liquid head. For use as a redistributor, a separate Model 613 liquid collector, (specifically designed for motion column service), is used in conjunction with the Model 961 distributor to provide the necessary liquid head. The column height requirement is dependent upon turndown range and motion dynamics.
Design Options
Dependent on column configuration and requirement.
Testing of Model 961 enclosed channel distributor in the Koch-Glitsch test facility simulating wave motion.
17
Feed Devices
Obtaining desirable tower performance requires the proper handling of liquid and vapor entering the column. The types of feeds or inlets into a column can generally be classified into four major categories: Liquid only (contains less than 1% vapor by volume ) Mixed liquid and vapor, flashing or suppressed flash Vapor only Reboiler returns The selection criteria for each category of feed device is unique. Liquid-Only Feeds Among the factors Koch-Glitsch considers in designing a liquid feed device are; type of distributor, expected distributor performance, flow rate, operating range, degree of sub-cooled liquid and whether mixing with overhead liquid is required. When the feed or reflux liquid is significantly sub-cooled, a specially designed feed arrangement may be required. A liquid with a wide temperature gradient, even if properly distributed to a packed bed, can induce mal-distribution due to uneven condensation. The feed arrangement for these conditions depends on the distributor type. Please consult a Koch-Glitsch technical representative for recommendations. Liquid-Vapor and Flashing Feeds For mixed liquid-vapor or flashing feed devices above a distributor, the selection depends on the distributor type, liquid and vapor flow rates, turndown, column height needed for disengagement and vapor distribution as well as the degree of mixing of the inlet liquid with the overhead liquid. In all cases, separating the vapor and the liquid phases is a primary concern. In some cases the requirements for additional pre-distribution may alter certain distributor designs. For a mixed liquid-vapor or suppressed flash reboiler return stream, the selection of the device depends on flow rate, ratio of liquid and vapor flow, flow regime, nozzle size and arrangement, column height needed for vapor disengagement and the tower separation requirements. Vapor-Only Feeds Two factors must be considered in choosing the proper device for a vapor only feed. 1. The kinetic energy of the inlet vapor must be considered in relation to the pressure drop in the packed bed, the feed nozzle arrangement and the tower separation requirements. 2. If there is a gross mismatch in the composition and/or temperature between the inlet vapor stream and bulk vapor flow, mixing of the two vapors optimizes the performance of the packing above. Specific equipment for vapor distribution may not be required if sufficient column height is available for equalization or if the pressure drop in the packed bed is sufficient to provide proper vapor distribution. Reboiler Returns To determine the need for and the type of device required for a reboiler return, the first step is to consider the condition of the stream and its kinetic energy. For vapor-only returns, the kinetic energy of the inlet vapor must be considered in relation to the pressure drop in the packed bed, the feed nozzle size and arrangement, as well as the tower separation requirements. CFD Modeling Good vapor distribution is essential to achieve superior separation efficiency. Particularly in refinery towers, poor vapor distribution can be a major source of coke formation resulting in frequent unit shutdowns. Koch-Glitsch uses modern Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling technology to analyze the performance of existing equipment and to develop new improved designs. This involves computer modeling of the 3dimensional configuration of the column internals to provide detailed predictions of fluid flow (velocity profiles, etc). A commercially available CFD software package is used in conjunction with expertise developed by Koch-Glitsch to analyze vapor and liquid distributors as well as packing performance. Koch-Glitsch offers CFD services for the following tasks: Development and optimization of new mass transfer equipment Troubleshooting or analysis of existing equipment Confirmation of equipment designs prior to fabrication and installation
18
Construction Details
The Model 119 feed pipe is attached to an internal column flange with further support by tower wall clips. Branched piping is flanged as the standard, although, piping may have threaded connections for pipe diameters less than 4 in. [100 mm]. For large diameter headers, where manway access is limiting, field welding may be required.
Design Options
Bayonet-style construction for limited applications All-flanged construction Special design for subcooled feed
Construction Details
The Model 719 feed pipe is attached to an internal column flange with further support by tower wall clips. Piping may have threaded connections for pipe diameters less than 4 in. [100 mm]. For large diameter headers, where manway access is limiting, field welding may be required.
Design Options
Bayonet-style construction All-flanged construction
19
Construction Details
For column diameters under 22 in. [530 mm], the Model 705 feed chamber is constructed in one piece. For larger diameters the chamber is constructed in multiple pieces. For inlet pipe sizes less than 4 in. [100 mm], the Model 705 feed chamber attaches to a threaded, bayonet style pipe (supplied by others). Inlet sizes 4 in. [100 mm] and larger are attached with a flange as standard.
Design Options
Supply of bayonet inlet
Construction Details
The Model 745 feed pipe is connected to an internal column flange and further supported by a wall clip. The flash trough bolts to clips, seats or beams depending upon location and size. The inlet pipe flange is gasketed, while the need for gasketing of the flash trough depends on the type device below it.
Design Options
Bayonet type feed pipe Vapor hood
20
Construction Details
The inside of the gallery is normally polygonal, built in sections as necessary for column access. The gallery is clamped to a support ring as the standard attachment.
Design Options
Joint gasketing Liquid collection from above
Construction Details
This device is field welded to the vessel wall.
Design Options
Erosion allowance Anti-swirl baffle
21
Construction Details
The enhanced vapor horn is available in any weldable metal and is designed for field welded assembly to provide maximum strength and reliability. This technology can be successfully adapted to a wide variety of feed inlet configurations including both radial and tangential feed nozzles as well as the use of multiple feed inlets.
Design Options
Radial or tangential inlets Multiple feed inlets Heavy-duty design for increased uplift protection CFD analysis Wear plates
22
Construction Details
The Model 716 vapor distributor is clamped to a support ring and typically requires bolting bars and segmental supports for its downcomer and seal pan. Midspan beams may be used for larger diameter towers. Standard construction will withstand 50 lbs/ft2 [0.024 bar] upward force. However, special designs are available which can withstand greater uplift requirements.
Design Options
Liquid draw sump Pipe downcomers, if applicable Uplift specifications
Construction Details
The main header attaches to an inlet flange (supplied by others) and is further supported supplied by a wall clip. The laterals are supported by wall clips, as needed. Access diameter must be sufficient to accommodate the header assembly. For large diameter headers, where manway access is limiting, field welding may be required. Laterals are flanged as the standard, but may have threaded connections for pipes 4 in. [100 mm] and less.
Design Options
All flanged construction Bayonet-type for small columns
23
Construction Details
This device is attached to an internal tower inlet flange (supplied by others) and is further supported by a vessel wall clip as the standard construction. Optionally, the inside pipe can be designed to bayonet into the vapor inlet nozzle, in lieu of an internal flange. One-piece construction is standard provided column access diameter is sufficient. Otherwise, multi-piece construction is provided. In some cases, field welding of multi-piece construction may be required.
Design Options
Bayonet inlet construction
Construction Details Multi-piece construction is supplied for installation through a vessel manway. Flanged and bolted construction is supplied as the standard. Field welded construction is an available option. The inlet attachment requires welding to the vessel wall. Additional support clips welded to the vessel may be required. As an option, attachment can be made to an existing internal nozzle flange.
Design Options Field welded construction Attachment to existing flange CFD analysis
24
Construction Details
Joint construction details are variable depending upon the degree of leakage allowable. Both gasketed and seal welded construction are available for deck sections as well as for attachment inside the column. If the deck sections exceed the height permitting manway access, due to tall vapor riser height, the vapor risers are supplied as separate pieces. These can be supplied as flanged, bolted and gasketed construction or to be field seal welded to the decks during installation.
Design Options
Vapor riser height Seal welded or gasketed construction Sump configurations Downcomer variations Body flange mounting
Construction Details
All trough joints are bolted and gasketed. The troughs rest on a 360 support ring. The center sump must be partially welded to a seat. The wall wiper is welded to the vessel as the standard. Vapor riser covers are bolted above the riser area and drain into the center sump. If the sump size required for process conditions exceeds the size of manway access, these pieces are supplied in sections, to be field welded.
Design Options
Sloped construction for drainage Gasketed and clamped wall wiper Manway access through collector
25
Construction Details
The collector vanes are supported by channels bolted to an annular sump. The annular sump is seal welded to the vessel and is supplied by others. For small diameter columns with body flanges, the ring of the annular sump may be supplied as sandwiched between body flanges. As there are no joints to seal, no gaskets are needed for the collector itself. Gaskets may be required for flanged connections of downpipes as required.
Design Options
Vane shape and size Supply of annular sump Mount between vessel body flanges
26
Bed Limiters
Structured Packing Bed limiters for structured packing are recommended when there is the potential for packing displacement during upset conditions. Many columns operate at a low pressure drop and a low percentage of flood and are not prone to sudden vapor surges. In these cases, bed limiters are not required. In some cases, where upset conditions are not a concern, the Model 883 bed limiter/liquid distributor support for structured packing may act as a support for a trough type liquid distributor. Except in the case of the Model 883, the bed limiter is not included as part of any other support device. Only a non-interfering bed limiter design should be used with INTALOX high performance distributors. Random Packing A packing retention device is recommended whenever there is the potential for sufficient vapor load to fluidize the top of a packed bed. As packing approaches and enters an upset or flooding condition, the pressure drop rises quickly and often uncontrollably. If a packed column goes into flood, this rate will nearly always result in the top of the bed being fluidized. Because conditions that result in the fluidization of some or all of the packing at the top of a bed are difficult to predict, a packing retention device is always recommended for random packings. The two basic ways to prevent the upward movement of random packing are to use bed limiters or anti-migration devices. Bed limiters confine the packing movement and either attach to the vessel wall or rest on top of the packing. Sometimes, locator bars are used to limit movement. Bed limiters attached to the vessel either by clips or clamped to a support ring generally require integral structural members that can interfere with the liquid distribution pattern. These types are not recommended for use with high performance liquid distributors. Only a non-interfering bed limiter design should be used with INTALOX high performance distributors. Another method of retaining packing is to use anti-migration bars at the base of the vapor risers of a liquid distributor. For most distributor designs using round or rectangular vapor risers, this option is available provided the distributor is not continuously subjected to high vapor load. The anti-migration devices will not prevent the packing from becoming fluidized and unleveled at the top of the bed, but will keep the packing from being blown up through the vapor risers.
Construction Details
Standard construction will withstand 50 lbs/ft2 [0.024 bar] upward force.
Design Options
Greater uplift resistance Jack screws for diameters under 36 in. [900 mm]
27
Construction Details
Standard construction will withstand 50 lbs/ft2 [0.024 bar] upward force.
Design Options
Increased uplift resistance
Construction Details
The bed limiter is designed to withstand 50 lbs/ft2 [0.024 bar] uniform uplift. The standard method of attachment to the vessel is to clamp to an annular ring welded in the column. As an option, the attachment method may be with clips welded to the vessel wall.
Design Options
Increased uplift resistance Jack screws or clamps for diameters up to 36 in. [900 mm] Clip mounted to vessel
28
Construction Details
Standard construction is to have the Model 883 bed limiter rest directly on the structured packing with the weight of the distributor limiting the bed movement. As an alternative, the Model 883 bed limiter can be attached to the vessel with wall clips. When attached with clips, standard construction will withstand 50 lbs/ft2 [0.024 bar] upward force.
Design Options
Jack screws for diameters under 36 in. [900 mm] Attach to vessel wall clips for uplift resistance
29
Support Plates
Every packed bed will need a support. Two critical factors to be considered in the design of a packing support are: It must physically retain and support the packed bed under operating conditions in the column including but not limited to packing type and size, design temperature, bed depth, operating liquid holdup, material of construction, corrosion allowance, material buildup in the bed and surge conditions. It must have a high percentage of free area to allow unrestricted countercurrent flow of downcoming liquid and upward flowing vapor. Pressure drop calculations for all KochGlitsch packings include the pressure drop of the properly designed support. All supports are designed to handle the flow rates specified at the time of order placement and will not limit the capacity of the packing they retain. Random packing uses a gas-injection type support that provides separate passages for liquid and vapor flow so that the two phases do not compete for the same opening. Packing elements are retained with specific slot openings while the contour of the support provides a high percentage of open area. The inherent construction of structured packing allows it to be supported by a simple open grid structure. FLEXIGRID structured packing may utilize a beam and/or an open grid structure.
Construction Details
For very small diameter columns, the support rests on lugs. For all others, the Model 802 support grid rests on a 360 support ring. Support ring load calculations are the responsibility of others. Midspan beams may be required, depending upon column diameter and load requirements. Grid sections are bolted together but are not clamped to the support ring as the standard.
Design Options
Support ring clamps Uplift resistance
30
Construction Details
The support rests on a 360 support ring. Support ring load calculations are the responsibility of others. Columns with diameters larger than 14 ft [4.2 m] generally require the use of midspan beams. Smaller diameter columns may require midspan beams depending upon material of construction, design load and temperature.
Design Options
Construction Details
This support rests on a 360 support ring. Support ring load calculations are the responsibility of others. Optional one-piece construction (for body flanged columns only) may rest on tower clips.
Design Options
One piece construction Support ring clamping
31
Construction Details
Expanded metal is utilized in the construction of the Model 824 support plate and its availability may limit the materials of construction offered for this support.
Design Options
Support ring clamps for towers greater than 12 in. [300 mm] One-piece construction
32
Construction Details
Metal
Tower internals are available in any formable, weldable sheet metal material. Where pipe is involved in the design, the choice must be any weldable metal for which pipe and flanges are readily available. The following materials are most often used for tower internals: Carbon steel (not recommended for liquid distributors) Stainless steel (low carbon content is preferred); Ferritic, Austenitic, Duplex, Martensitic Nickel alloys Copper alloys Titanium, Zirconium Internals are not stress relieved or annealed and do not typically conform to pressure vessel standards. Internals fabricated from sheet metal materials will be supplied in "as-sheared" condition. Designs including corrosion allowances are available for many tower internals. Designs with corrosion allowances are not recommended for liquid distributors since corrosion of the metering device will affect performance. Designs for INTALOX high performance liquid distributors are not available with corrosion allowances. In some cases for pipe connections with diameters under 4 in. [100 mm], threaded connections may be used. Please include specific requirements concerning flange type, rating or pipe schedule specifications at the time of inquiry.
Manway Access
All tower internals are designed in sections to pass through vessel manways. Tower internals are designed to pass through a vessel manway of 18 in [450 mm] minimum inside diameter, unless otherwise specified. Larger manways often provide the ability to increase turndown ratio on distributors and/or to optimize the design of components for faster, easier installation. Please provide manway locations and sizes at the time of inquiry.
Scope of Supply
For the fabricated internals in this brochure, Koch-Glitsch supplies all removable parts. The internals do not include vessel attachments, unless specifically stated in the item description, for connection or support, although these may be quoted/supplied separately. Examples of such attachments that may be required are: Support rings Sump frames Internal flanges at feed inlet nozzles Wall clips for support Ring channel (Model 633)
Bolting
With the exception of specific sizes for pipe flanges, all fasteners will be 3/8 in. [10 mm] unless otherwise specified. Bolting will conform to AISI standards. Bolting conforming to ASME specifications is available by special request.
Certification
Material certification is available for all fabricated internals. Positive Material Identification (PMI) testing is available by special request.
Tower I.D.
Internals Resting on or Clamped to Support Ring 0.75 [20] 1.0 [25] 1.5 [40] 2.0 [50] 2.5 [65] 3.0 [75] 3.5 [90] 4.0 [100] 4.5 [115]
Internals Through-Bolted or Using Leveling Screws 1.5 [40] 1.5 [40] 2.0 [50] 2.0 [50] 2.5 [65] 3.0 [75] 3.5 [90] 4.0 [100] 4.5 [115]
Up to 18 [up to 457] 18.1 - 24.24 [458 - 615] 24.25 - 48.24 [616 - 1225] 48.25 - 72.24 [1226 - 1835] 72.25 - 96.5 [1836 - 2450] 96.6 -144.5 [2451 - 3670] 144.6 - 168.7 [3671 - 4285] 168.8 - 216.3 [4286 - 5495] 216.4 - 240.5 [5496 - 6110]
Gasketing
For multi-piece tower internals requiring gasketed joints, many choices of gasket material are available. Where gasketing is required, braided fiberglass tape is supplied as the standard for linear joints. Depending on the service, FLEXITALLIC SF2400, expanded PTFE or spiral wound stainless steel with flexible graphite filler gaskets are supplied as the standard for flanged connections. Other gasket materials are available by special request.
Flanges
For tower internals using pipe sections or branches and where the connections are inside the column pressure boundary, the standard connections use flanges. These flanges may be standard machined pipe flanges with 150 psi [PN 10] rating or flanges fabricated by Koch-Glitsch from plate, depending on material of construction, size and availability.
If the support ring size is other than these listed above, special consideration must be given to the plate diameter and vessel tolerances.
33
Device
Liquid Distributors Feed Devices
Model
996 765
Description
Trough type distributor with drip point multipliers for very low liquid load Suppressed flash vapor feed distributor for flashing feed or suppressed vaporization reboiler return Vapor inlet designed for FCC Main Fractionators for extreme fouling application Deck style liquid collector for off-shore columns subject to tilt and motion Trough style liquid collector for fouling services Anti-migration screen used to separate two different random packing sizes in a single bed Bed limiter designed for random packed beds using spray nozzle distributors to minimize disruption of spray pattern at the top of the bed Packing support/disperser plate for use when light phase is dispersed Packing support/disperser plate for use when heavy phase is dispersed Feed pipe for dispersed phase to be used in conjunction with Models 534 or 535 above Feed distributor for the continuous phase
Annular support ring or support ring segment Free Flow support ring Support beam fabricated channel or I-beam Free Flow support beam Support truss fabricated truss or lattice beam Drip ring Beam seats and clips Rosette style wall wiper
34
Europe
Koch-Glitsch Italia S.r.l.
Viale Giulio Cesare 29 24124 Bergamo Italy tel: +39 035 2273.411 fax: +39 035 2273.400
Asia
Koch-Glitsch Korea, Ltd.
17-8, 8F, Dongsung Bldg. Yoido-dong, Youngdeungpo-ku Seoul 150-874 Korea tel: +82-2-3276-7500 fax: +82-2-3276-7590
For a complete list of our offices and facilities, visit us on the Web at www.koch-glitsch.com.
Emergency Numbers US: 1-888-KOCH-911. Europe: +39-06-928-911, +44-1782-744561, or your local Koch-Glitsch office.
Trademarks
BETA RING, CASCADE MINI-RINGS, FLEXIGRID, FLEXIPAC, FLEXIRING, GLITSCH GRID, HY-PAK, IMTP, INTALOX, INTALOX PACKED TOWER SYSTEMS with process tower L, KOCH-GLITSCH, and K KOCH-GLITSCH and SNOWFLAKE are registered trademarks of Koch-Glitsch, LP and are registered in the US and various other countries worldwide. HC is a registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch, LP and is registered in the US. BETA RING, CMR, INTALOX PACKED TOWER SYSTEMS, and YORK-EVENFLOW are trademarks of Koch-Glitsch, LP. All other trademarks, service marks, or registered trademarks that appear in this document are the trademarks or service marks of their respective owners.
Patents
BETA RING, channel distributor, enhanced vapor horn, enhanced V-baffle, FLEXIRING, IMTP, trough distributor with drip tubes, trough distributor with flow multiplier technologies are protected by various patents worldwide.
Legal Notice
The information contained in this bulletin is believed to be accurate and reliable, but is not to be construed as implying any warranty or guarantee of performance.
Bulletin KGMTIG-1. Rev. 3-2010. Printed in USA. 2003-2010. Koch-Glitsch, LP. All rights reserved.