What is a protist? A protist is a unicellular eukaryote. Quite varied in both structure and function.

Describe the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of the endomembrane system (nuclear envelope, ER), mitochondria and plastids? What evidence supports this theory?

How does a person contract Giardia? Trypanosoma? Plasmodium? How does each affect a person? Giardia diplomonads specifically giardia lamblia. Can get from drinking contaminated fresh water. Intestines of mammals. Diarria, vomiting. Trypanosoma kinetoplastids in the genus Trypanosoma. Africdan sleeping sickness. Neurological disease that can be contracted from contaminated fresh water and moist terrestrial ecosystems. Bait and switch. Plasmodium parasite that causes malaria. Can be contracted from infected mosquitos.

Phytoplankton =drifting photosynthetic organisms, Name several types of protists and one type of bacteria found in phytoplankton. What is their role of phytoplankton? What are the causes and effects of red tide?

How do Euglena, Paramecium, and Amoeba move? Eat? What problem do they face as freshwater organisms? How is this overcome? Euglena long flagellum. It is a mixotroph that switches between the two modes depending on sunlight availability. Paramecium cilla. Heterotrophic. Amoeba pseudopodia. Not monophyletic. Hetertorphic. Problems of freshwater : hypotonic environment so organelles such as the contractile vacuole help expel the surplus water inside the cytoplasm.

Compare golden, brown, green, and red algae. Which are mainly multicellular/unicellular? Which live deepest in the ocean? why? Which do we consider to be seaweeds. Golden: cells are typically biflagellated with both on one side. Components of freshwater and marine plankton. ALL ARE PHOTOSYNTHETIC, SOME ARE MIXOTROPHIC. MOST SPECIES UNICELLULAR. Some are colonial. Can form protective cysts that help the algae survive for decades.

Brown: Largest, most complex. All multicellular, most marine. Cool water. Specialized tissues and organs that resemble those in plants. Convergent evolution analogous structures with plants. Algin. SEAWEEDS. Green: closely related to plants. Two groups: charophytes and chlorophytes. The former is most closely related to land plants. The latter range from unicellular to multicellular. Photosynthetic output. Algal blooms. 3 mechs of evo. Page 591. Red: sushi. Shallow water deep water depending on quantity of red pigment. Some lack pigmentation and function heterotrophically. Most multicellular.alternation of gens.
How are radiolarians similar to diatoms? How do plasmodial and cellular slime molds compare?

In what way are termites associated with protists? SEAWEEDS.deepest. CH 31 What are the defining features of the kingdom fungi? The way they obtain their food heterotrophic. Secrete powerful enzymes to digest outside the body. Extracellular digestion. Grow by forming multicellular filaments hyphae. Chitin Spores. Describe the structure of a fungus. What adaptations do fungi have for absorptive nutrition? Adaptations hyphae and cytoplasmic streaming. More efficient than plants. Can mutualize plants. How does a spore differ from a seed or gamete? Spores are haploid and are not intended to fertilize another fungus. Rather, they disperse, land, and grow where they are able to find food. Seeds are diploid. Some fungi reproduce sexually and others reproduce asexually. How are these reproductive life cycles different? What role do plasmogamy and karyogamy play? Well self explanatory. Usually they switch to sexual when the going becomes rough because it increases the genetic variation. Usually they are asexual. Plasmogamy is the stage in which a process similar to crossing over happens. This increases diversity. Karyogamy process in which haploid nuclei fuse producing diploid cells. Zygotes and other transient structures form during karyogamy, the only diploid stage in most fungi. Meiosis then restores the haploid condition. Describe the distinguishing features of each of the following groups of fungi: chytridiomycota, zygomycota, ascomycota, and basidiomycota.

Chytrids: ZoOspores Zgyomycetes: resistant zygosporangium(seed) Glomermycetes: mycorrhizaes with plants Asco: forms ascocarps sac like Basidomycetes: bulbesque typical mushroom we see above ground-> FRUITING

STRUCTURE most of fungi is beneath in mycelium

Describe the symbiotic relationships of lichen and mycorrhizae. Lichen: millions of photosynthetic cells held in a mass of fungal hyphae. Grow on rocks,rotting logs,trees and roofs in various forms. Photosynthetic partners are unicellular or filamentous green algae or cyanobacteria. Mostly comycete but one glomeromycete and several basidio mycete lichens are known. Fungus usually responsible for shape. Lichen fungi + cyanobacteria Mychorrizae:fungi + plants. What helpful and harmful roles do fungi play in ecosystems? What nutrient cycle do fungi impact most? How do fungi impact humans? +: increase plant productivity, helpful for reducing emissions. Decomposers. - Produce lsd. Many ppl have died from overdosage. Some are parasitic. Human impact? They help mediate the environment. Nutrient cycle do they impact most? How do the cell walls of fungi, plants, and bacteria differ? Chitin v cellulose.